NEWFOUNDLAND  , a large See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island, forming a See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony, its deepest portion being 300 ft. below See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-level . It contains an and occupying an important and commanding position off the island 22 m. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long . The next, Red See also:

• INDIAN

Indian See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake, is 37 m. long, with eastern See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• AMERICAN

American See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent, not dissimilar an See also:

• AREA

area of 64 sq. m . Gander Lake is 33 M. in length, and See also:

• DEER (O. E. rigor, dfor, a common Teutonic word, meaning a wild animal, cf. Ger. Tier, Du. dier, &c., probably from a root dhus-, to breathe)
• DEER, CHINESE

Deer to that occupied by See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain towards See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . It stretches Lake, through which the See also:

• HUMBER

Humber flows, is 15 m . After these directly lakes See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank across the entrance of the Gulf of St See also:

• LAWRENCE
• LAWRENCE (LAURENTIUS, LORENZO), ST
• LAWRENCE, AMOS (1786—1852)
• LAWRENCE, AMOS ADAMS (1814–1886)
• LAWRENCE, GEORGE ALFRED (1827–1876)
• LAWRENCE, JOHN LAIRD MAIR LAWRENCE, 1ST BARON (1811-1879)
• LAWRENCE, SIR HENRY MONTGOMERY (1806–1857)
• LAWRENCE, SIR THOMAS (1769–1830)
• LAWRENCE, STRINGER (1697–1775)

Lawrence, to which lakes rSandy next in e, See also:

• SIZE

size . See also:

• VICTORIA
• VICTORIA (or VITTORIA), TOMMASSO LUDOVICO DA (C. I540-C. 1613)
• VICTORIA [ALEXANDRINA VICTORIA]

Victoria, See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

Save where See also:

• HIND

Hind's, Terra the railNovaway and and lumGeorgeberIn See also:

• ING

ing See also:

• ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

access is afforded at both the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern and the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern camps have invaded them the shores of these lakes are still See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive extremities of the island . In the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west its distance from See also:

• WILDERNESS

wilderness . Cape See also:

• BRETON, BRITTON
• BRETON, JULES ADOLPHE

Breton is less than 6o m., while only 1640 m. See also:

• SEPARATE

separate its The coasts of the island, intersected by many great bays, have of See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland . It is situated been See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar to fishermen from an See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, but the interior most easterly point from the coast remained almost completely unknown until the See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological survey, between 46° 36' 50" and 51° 39' N., and between 52° 37' and still in See also:

• PROCESS

process, was begun in 1864 . See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

Chief amongst the inlets are 59°' 24' 500 W . The See also:

• TOTAL

total area of the island is about 40,200 sq .

M . Placentia See also:

• BAY

Bay, 55 M. in width at its mouth and 90 M. long; Notre or one-See also:

• SIXTH

sixth larger than Ireland: its maximum length from Cape D and ame Ba 50 m . 70 long; and StiMarand M. g; See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

Fortune y's Bay, 25nm. wide by B5 m . Innlength . See also:

• RAY (Lat. raia)
• RAY (or WRAY, as he wrote his name till 1670), JOHN (1628-1705)

Ray to Cape See also:

• NORMAN
• NORMAN, SIR HENRY WYLIE (1826-1904)

Norman is 317 m., its maximum breadth from Opposite Fortune Bay, which has several important arms, are the Cape See also:

• SPEAR (O. Eng. spere, O. H. Ger. sper, mod. Ger. speer, &c., cf. Lat. sparrs; probably related to " spar, " a beam)

Spear to Cape Anguille, 316 m . In shape it is roughly two islands of St See also:

• PIERRE

Pierre and Miquelon, ceded by treaty in 1713 to triangular, three extensive peninsulas, which project from the See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, as shelter for her fishermen, and now all that remains of north (See also:

• PETIT, SIR DINSHAW MANECKJI, BART

Petit See also:

• NORD

Nord) and south-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east . (See also:

• AVALON (also written AVALLON, AVOLLON, AVILION and AVELION)

Avalon), assisting the See also:

• CON

con- See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• SOVEREIGNTY

sovereignty in North See also:

• AMERICA

America . In the neighbourhood of formation, although the latter, the most populous region of the boating a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour) are itute(d so some of idethe most fertile lands island, is joined by a very slender See also:

• ISTHMUS (Gr.io0pbs, neck)

isthmus, at one See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place only in the island, well-timbered and containing large deposits of See also:

• COAL

coal 3 M. wide . A further See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of the Avalon See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

peninsula is wrought and other minerals . Three extensive arms run 20 M. inland from by the two bays of St See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary's and Conception . St See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John's, the Bay of Islands, the seat of a profitable See also:

• HERRING (Clupea harengus, Haring in German, le hareng in French, sill in Swedish)

herring See also:

• FISHERY (LAW OF)

fishery . Conception See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital, is situated on the eastern See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of Avalon .

Bay is one of the largest and most important in the island, having in Igor a See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population scattered through the settlements on its shores See also:

• PHYSICAL

Physical Features.—Viewed from the ocean the coasts of of over 40,000 inhabitants . Another See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal inlet is Bonavista Newfoundland appear See also:

• BLEAK, or BLICK (Alburnus lucidus)

bleak, rocky and barren . The See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall Bay, which contains numerous See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups of islands. of See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock, 200 to 300 ft. in height, is, however, broken at frequent See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

Geology.—All the great See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient rock systems, between the See also:

• LOWER

Lower intervals by deep fjords and large bays See also:

• RUNNING

running in some instances Laurentian and the Coal-See also:

• MEASURES

measures, are more or less represented at one See also:

• PART

part or another of Newfoundland . 8o to go m. inland, and throwing out smaller arms in all directions . The Laurentian See also:

• SYSTEM

system has an immense spread in the island . It For this See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason the circumference of the island, which, measured constitutes the principal See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain ranges, coming to the See also:

• SURFACE

surface from headland to headland, is about r000 m., is actually doubled. through the more See also:

• RECENT

recent deposits, on the axes of anticlinal lines, or The fjords resemble those of See also:

• NORWAY
• NORWAY (Norge)

Norway; islands are numerous, brought up by great dislocations, most of which trend nearly parallel of them clad with vegetation; and is with each other in a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general bearing of about north-north-east and some picturesque scenery south-south-west . The Laurentian See also:

• GNEISS

gneiss of the Long Range, on not uncommon. the western side, extends in a nearly straight course from Cape Near the coasts the surface of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country is of a hilly, rugged Ray to the headwaters of the See also:

• CASTOR

Castor in the great northern peninsula. See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . In the interior the elevated undulating See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau is On the south-western extremity of the island these rocks occupy the diversified by ranges of See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low hills, valleys, See also:

• WOODS, LEONARD (1774-1854)
• WOODS, SIR ALBERT (1816-1904)

woods, lakes, ponds and coast from Cape Ray to La Poile . They are largely exhibited on marshes . Much of this is a See also:

• SAVANNA

savanna country, giving sustenance to See also:

• GRAND

Grand Lake, running in a See also:

• SPUR (A.S. spura, spora, related to spornan, spurnan, to kick, spurn; cf. M.H.G. sporn, mod. Ger. Sporn)

spur from the Long Range between it large herds of caribou . All the principal See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill ranges have a N.N.E. and Red Indian Lake, and bearing for the south-eastern shores of and S.S.W. trend, as have also all the other great physical features See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

Hall's Bay . The central portion of the northern peninsula is of the island, such as the bays, larger lakes, See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers and valleys, a Laurentian, which also spreads over a wide expanse of country conformation doubtless shaped by glacial See also:

• ACTION

action during the See also:

• ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

Ice between Grand Lake and the Humber and Exploits rivers, and period .

The most important range of mountains is the Long Range, shows itself on the coast between See also:

• CANADA

Canada Bay and See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White Bay. beginning at Cape Ray and extending along the western side of the Another range of Laurentian comes up in the See also:

• DISTRICT

district of Ferryland, island for some 200 m., and having peaks more than 2000 ft. high. and shows itself occasionally on the coast of Conception Bay . Parallel to this but nearer the west coast is the Anguille Range, Thus more than See also:

• HALF

half the island is Laurentian . running from Cape Anguille to the See also:

• HIGHLANDS, THE

highlands of Bay St See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George . Three-fourths of the peninsula of Avalon are Huronian, a forma-Some of the summits of the Blomidon Range, extending along the tion which does not extend west of Fortune Bay . The See also:

• TOWN

town of St south See also:

• SHORE

shore of the Humber and Bay of Islands, attain a height of John's and, in fact, nearly all the settlements between Fortune Bay 2084 ft., being the highest on the island . Avalon peninsula is and Bonavista Bay are built upon it . See also:

• SIGNAL

Signal Hill, overlooking the also very hilly, but the greatest See also:

• ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

altitude is only 1200 ft.—North-East harbour of St John's, is capped with the See also:

• SANDSTONE

sandstone of this formation . Mountain, from which sixty-seven lakes are visible on a clear See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day . The whole Huronian system is not less than 10,000 ft. thick, and Over the interior are spread a number of detached sharply-pointed has been cut through by denudation to the Laurentian See also:

• FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor . The summits, springing abruptly from the great central plateau, bearing rocks of the Primordial See also:

• SILURIAN

Silurian See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age are spread unconformably over the See also:

• LOCAL

local name of " toffs," and serviceable as landmarks. the area thus ground down . These evidences of denudation and In comparison with the island's size large rivers are few, owing reconstruction are very clear in Conception Bay, where the rocks See also:

• OUTER

Outer, . See also:

• EEL

eel Noe CaPii See also:

• PARADISE (Gr. lrap6BEwos)

Paradise tiler 'p ^.loon cr C.er,pyifle rtC°droY See also:

• GOA

Goa& CodroYB' Catl•d Rock Pt .

t C•goY a0f'0 6 vor UE L wewerap°.na Bay st Beov ee Coat Need ~-`- St.Paudee 1., See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin /Ilt . B, See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

Green PC Bonne Say frout P . C.Crepory Chi eney Coo e Or gory Cu Trsretlll.L~ Bay of /a/q : s Bonne EO .'' P nt j cholsvillel'~, 5o . A +'Lake er neCreehP ..t l• . _ . Gres^a^BearCae Om”' B.St.Barnc SLQeneineue•.( e.Sl.Marpar I • ! Pt.Ferolle See also:

• CUSTER, GEORGE ARMSTRONG (1839-1876)

Custer Bay St . John See also:

• PORT

Port au See also:

• CHOIR (0. Fr. cuer from Lat. chorus; pronounced quire, and until the end of the 17th century so spelt, the spelling being altered to agree with the Fr. chceur)

Choir ai ,endeis P1.Riche t /n0ernachar B.`} . HOo : Nor& Mal ! SaY fablO Pt Podsd,° Pon ~• .. Sa MtSpat; ndy Self SMljeldPon0d 3Oe d ~ . . qr k !_ 'Fmena, / - o lei hgQFZJ ~` -L>B9h ~' e too NodOta F1p S g r I eN / !

/ ~.0 SN GNbou „ Y a Janu 101, a' B [ •(, FT' PeYtP : R•' r eI uayMLf'!n 'eno .Y ~1 ` rn4 e• Ru,': I •r C.Blena Great Miquelon Miquelon Mooch) LM Little Miquelon . :tG See also:

• PLATTE (so named, from the• French, because of its shallowness), or NEBRASKA

Platte PL n, See also:

• CHURN (0. Eng. cyrin; found in various forms in most Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch karn; according to the New English Dictionary not connected with " quern," a mill)

Churn,. c :See also:

• MUTE (Lat. tnutus, dumb)

Mute le. tnrmy C . SL/una,.e See also:

• HIT

hit robe ! R ~ma%Ien See also:

• NEI

Nei* .,°O .C . fn hot /F . St.Ju/.enl. See also:

• ROC

roc Harbour ,;„XCroie 1 . See also:

• FEE

Fee C H,Ihen ore . /' /See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

Bar/ 1. See also:

• ADO (d. 874)

ado a town, elkse et . Lake . There is also a wider spread of the same See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series along the valley of the Humber and See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the shores of Deer Lake and the eastern half of Grand Lake, and as far as Sandy Lake . " Coal," says Mr J . P .

Howley, F.R.G.S., See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the survey, " is known to exist at several places in this series; and seams, apparently of workable thickness, judging from their out-crops, occur on the See also:

• MIDDLE

Middle Barachois and See also:

• ROBINSON, EDWARD (1794–1863)
• ROBINSON, HENRY CRABB (1777–1867)
• ROBINSON, JOHN (1575–1625)
• ROBINSON, JOHN (1650-1723)
• ROBINSON, JOHN THOMAS ROMNEY (1792–1882)
• ROBINSON, MARY [" Perdita "] (1758–1800)
• ROBINSON, SIR JOHN BEVERLEY, BART
• ROBINSON, SIR JOSEPH BENJAMIN (1845– )
• ROBINSON, THEODORE (1852-1896)

Robinson's See also:

• BROOK

Brook, in St George's Bay." It will thus be seen that the Carboniferous series is confined to the western side, while the middle, eastern and southern portions are occupied by Silurian, Huronian and Laurentian formations . From the extent to which the Lauzon division of the See also:

• QUEBEC

Quebec See also:

• GROUP

group, the true metalliferous See also:

• ZONE (Gr. 'WV77, a girdle, from 'wvvLvay to gird)

zone of North America, prevails in the island, its yet undeveloped See also:

• MINERAL

mineral See also:

• WEALTH

wealth must be very great . See also:

• CLIMATE

Climate.—The climate is more temperate than that of most portions of the neighbouring continent . It is but rarely, and then only for a few See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours, that the thermometer sinks below zero in See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter, while the summer range rarely exceeds 8o° F., and for the most part does not rise above 7o° . The See also:

• ARCTIC (Gr. "ApKroc, the Bear, the northern constellation of Ursa Major)

Arctic current exerts a chilling See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence along the eastern coast, but as a See also:

• COMPENSATION (from Lat. compensare, to weigh one thing against another)

compensation it brings with it the enormous wealth of commercial fishes and See also:

• SEALS

seals which has rendered the See also:

• FISHERIES

fisheries the most productive in the See also:

• WORLD

world . The Gulf Stream, while it creates fogs, modifies the See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold . The salubrity of the climate is evidenced by the robust healthy See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of the inhabitants . See also:

• ENGLISH

English 111 ails o 'o go go 60 80 a Rai/wage— ..e r See also:

• COVE

Cove . 4' [init _ ornbu,nL ` _ - 'Eyentl4 \t~9~•.~e~~0 ~s°, . See also:

• RANDOM (older forms randon, randrun; from the French, cf. randir, to run quickly, impetuously; generally taken to be of Teutonic origin and connected with Ger. Rand, edge, brim, the idea being possibly of a brimming river)

Random yes '0 &intend B.d-0 .. fi- lorra' Gq,Q 4E,bt- SO wf ° tip 50 ob ./[ y arboi'"r 0 `See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black Hens C [sec Yee B[I no uriot Cow ~.eel t.Johas f See also:

• PETTY, SIR WILLIAM (1623-1687)

Petty r i 1 4; r H Petton eed am . B,p .. Lon PG t.~ i Mobil aY Bulls •n O/13Hla 'See also:

• GULL (Welsh gwylan, Breton, goelann, whence Fr. goeland)
• GULL, SIR WILLIAM WITHEY

Gull I .

eareat f . Brgyle Harbour '`. a OAi19 FCr[ytM,•6 ferrplanc Head r+ . F',muse See also:

• MARA, GERTRUD ELISABETH (1749-1833)

Mara See also:

• INGOT

ingot of the intermediary system have been ground down to the Laurentian gneiss, and, subsequently, the submarine valley thus formed has been filled up with a new set of sediments, the remains of which are still to be found skirting the shores of the bay and forming the islands in it . Rocks of the Silurian age are most extensive on the peninsula of Cape St Mary, and around the head of Trinity Bay . These belong to the Primordial Silurian group . The Lower Silurian rocks have a large development, and in them the metallic ores occur which seem destined to render the island a great See also:

• MINING

mining centre . The Lauzon division of the Quebec group, which is the true metalliferous zone of North America, has an immense spread in the island . It consists of See also:

• SERPENTINE

serpentine rocks associated with See also:

• DOLOMITES, THE

dolomites, diorites, &c., and is well known throughout North America to be usually more or less metalliferous . The Newfoundland rocks are no exception, but give See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of being See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich in metallic ores . The Middle Silurian division of rocks is also widely spread; and the most fertile belts of See also:

• LAND

land and the most valuable forests are nearly all situated on the country occupied by this formation . The great valley of the Exploits and Victoria rivers, the valley of the Gander and several smaller tracts belong to it . The Carboniferous series occupies a large area on the western side of the island, in the neighbourhood of Bay St George and Grand Open fireplaces are sufficient to warm the houses, and See also:

• FREE

free exercise in the open See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air is attainable at all seasons .

The See also:

• AVERAGE

average mean temperature at St John's is 41.2° F., the maximum being 83° and the minimum 7°; the average height of the See also:

• BAROMETER (from Gr. (3apoc, pressure, and µETpov, measure)

barometer is 29.37 in . The average rainfall is 58.3o in . Winter sets in, as a See also:

• RULE

rule, in the beginning of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December and lasts until the middle of See also:

• APRIL

April . Generally the See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow lies during this period, and the See also:

• FROST (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch, vorst, Ger. Frost, from the common Teutonic verb meaning " to freeze," Dutch, vriezcn, Ger. frieren; the Indo-European root is seen in Lat. pruina, hoar-frost, cf. prurire, to itch, burn, pruna, burning coal, Sans
• FROST, WILLIAM EDWARD (1810–1877)

frost rarely penetrates the ground to a greater See also:

• DEPTH

depth than a few inches . See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

Spring is sometimes See also:

• LATE

late in arriving, but once vegetation sets in it advances with marvellous rapidity . The autumn is usually very See also:

• FINE

fine, and is often See also:

• PRO

pro-longed till See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November . There is nothing in the climate to interfere with See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture . Tornadoes are unknown, and thunderstorms are very rare . Fogs, of which so much is said in connexion with the country, are confined to the shores and bays of the south-eastern and southern coasts . See also:

• FAUNA

Fauna.—Among the well-known See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild animals indigenous to the country the caribou or See also:

• REINDEER

reindeer hold a conspicuous place . They migrate regularly between the south-eastern and north-western portions of the island . The winter months are passed in the south, where " browse " is plentiful, and the snow is not too deep to prevent them from reaching the See also:

• LICHENS

lichens on the lower grounds .

In See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March they begin their spring See also:

• MIGRATION

migration to the barrens and mountains of the north-west . In May or See also:

• JUNE

June they bring forth their See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young . As soon as the frosts of See also:

• OCTOBER

October begin to nip the vegetation they turn south . See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September and October are the best months for stalking . In addition to the caribou, the See also:

• WOLF
• WOLF (Canis lupus)
• WOLF, FRIEDRICH AUGUST (1759-1824)
• WOLF, HUGO (1860-1903)
• WOLF, JOSEPH (1820-1899)

wolf and black See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear are found in the interior; the See also:

• FOX
• FOX, C
• FOX, CHARLES JAMES (1749-1806)
• FOX, EDWARD (c. 1496-1538)
• FOX, GEORGE (1624-1691)
• FOX, RICHARD (c. 1448-1528)
• FOX, ROBERT WERE (1789—1877)
• FOX, SIR STEPHEN (1627–1716)
• FOX, SIR WILLIAM (1812-1893)

fox (black, See also:

• SILVER

silver, See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey and red), See also:

• BEAVER
• BEAVER (from Fr. baviere, a child's bib, from bane, saliva)

beaver, See also:

• OTTER
• OTTER (0. Eng. ate, otor, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch and Ger. Otter, Dan. odder, Swed. utter; it is to be referred to the root seen in Gr. 6&ep, water)
• OTTER, SEA

otter, arctic See also:

• HARE
• HARE, SIR JOHN (1844– )

hare, North-American hare, See also:

• WEASEL (Putorius nivalis)

weasel, See also:

• HAT

hat, See also:

• RAT (a word common to Teut. and Rom. languages; probably first adopted in Teut.; the ultimate origin is not known; Skeat suggests the root rad-, to scratch; cf. Ger. Ratte, Dan. rotte, Fr. rat, &c.)

rat, See also:

• MOUSE

mouse and See also:

• MUSQUASH

musquash or See also:

• MUSK (Med. Lat. muscus, late Gr. µbvXos, possibly Pers. mushk, from Sansk. mushka, the scrotum)

musk-rat are numerous . The famous Newfoundland See also:

• DOG

dog is still to be met with, but good specimens are rare, and he appears to thrive better elsewhere . The See also:

• COMMON

common See also:

• DOGS, ISLE OF

dogs are a degenerate See also:

• MONGREL (earliest form mengrel, probably from the root meng-, or mong-, to mix, cf. mingle, among)

mongrel See also:

• RACE

race . It is estimated that there are three See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred See also:

• SPECIES

species of birds in the island, most of them being migratory . Among them may be enumerated the See also:

• EAGLE (Fr. aigle, from the Lat. aquila)

eagle, See also:

• HAWK (O. Eng. hafoc or heafoc, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch havik, Ger. Habicht; the root is hab-, haf-, to hold, cf. Lat. accipiter, from capere)

hawk, See also:

• OWL (O. Eng. Ule, Swed. Uggla, Ger. Eule—all allied to Lat. Ulula, and evidently of imitative origin)

owl, See also:

• WOODPECKER

woodpecker. See also:

• SWALLOW (A. S. swalewe, Icel. svala, Du. zwaluw, Ger. Schwalbe)

swallow, See also:

• KINGFISHER (Ger.' Konigsfischer; Walloon Roi-peheux= pecheur)

kingfisher, six species of See also:

• FLY (formed on the root of the supposed original Tent. fleugan, to fly)

fly-catchers and the same number of thrushes, warblers and swallows in great variety, finches, ravens, jays . The See also:

• PTARMIGAN (Lagopus mutus or alpinus)

ptarmigan or See also:

• WILLOW (Salix)

willow See also:

• GROUSE

grouse is very abundant, and is the finest See also:

• GAME

game-See also:

• BIRD

bird in the island . The rock ptarmigan is found in the highest and barest mountain ridges . 'The American See also:

• GOLDEN

golden See also:

• PLOVER

plover, various species of sandpipers and curlews, the brent See also:

• GOOSE (a common Teut. word, O. Eng. gOs, pl. ges, Ger. Gans, O. Norse gas, from Aryan root, ghans, whence Sans. hansa, Lat. anser (for hanser)
• GOOSE (GAME OF)

goose, ducks, petrels, gulls and the great northern See also:

• DIVER

diver are met with everywhere .

The great See also:

• AUK

auk, now See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct, was once found in myriads around the island . The little auk, See also:

• GUILLEMOT (Fr. guillemot 1)

guillemot and the See also:

• RAZOR (O.F. razor, mod. rasoir, from racer, to scrape, rase, Late Lat. rasare, frequentative of radere, to scrape)

razor-billed auk are abundant . No venomous See also:

• REPTILES (Lat. Reptilia, creeping things, from reptilis; ref ere, to creep; Gr. Ep7rety, whence the term " herpetology," for the science dealing with them)

reptiles occur . Frogs have been introduced and thrive well . Of molluscous animals the common squid, a cephalopod about 6 or 7 in. in length, visits the coasts in immense shoals in See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August and September, and supplies a valuable bait . A gigantic species of cephalopod was discovered in 1873, which excited much See also:

• INTEREST

interest among naturalists: the See also:

• BODY

body varies from 7 to 15 ft. in length, with a circumference of 5 or 6 ft.; from the head ten arms radiate, the two longest (tentacles) being from 24 to 40 ft. in length, and covered with suckers at their extremities; the other eight arms vary from 6 to 11 ft., and on one side are entirely covered with suckers . See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor Verrill, of Yale See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College, distinguished two species—one he named Architeuthis Harveyi, after the discoverer, and the other Architeuthis monachus . See also:

• FLORA

Flora.—The See also:

• PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

pine, spruce, See also:

• BIRCH
• BIRCH (Betula)
• BIRCH, SAMUEL (1813–1885)
• BIRCH, THOMAS (1705-1766)

birch, See also:

• JUNIPER

juniper and See also:

• LARCH (from the Ger. Larche, M.H.G. Lerche, Lat. larix)

larch of the forests of the interior furnish ample materials for a large See also:

• TIMBER

timber See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade as well as for See also:

• SHIPBUILDING

shipbuilding purposes . The white pine grows to the height of 7o or 8o ft. in some places, and is 3 or 4 ft. in See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter . There is an abundance of See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood suitable for making pulp for See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper; and in 1906-1907 a See also:

• LONDON

London See also:

• COMPANY

company, with See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord Northcliffe (of the Daily See also:

• MAIL

Mail) at its head, acquired large tracts for this purpose, and operations were begun iii 1910 . The mountain ash, See also:

• BALSAM (from Gr. f &X raµov, through Lat. balsamum, contracted by popular use to O. Fr. basme, mod. Fr. bdme; Eng. balm)

balsam See also:

• POPLAR
• POPLAR (Lat. Populus)

poplar and See also:

• ASPEN

aspen thrive well . Evergreens are in great variety .

The See also:

• BERRY, CHARLES ALBERT (1852-1899)
• BERRY, CHARLES FERDINAND
• BERRY, JOHN, DUKE OF (1340-1416)
• BERRY, or BERRI

berry-bearing See also:

• PLANTS

plants See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover large areas of the island . The See also:

• MAIDENHAIR

maidenhair or capillaire yields a saccharine See also:

• MATTER

matter which is lusciously sweet . Flowering plants and ferns are in vast varieties, and wild See also:

• GRASSES

grasses and See also:

• CLOVER

clover grow luxuriantly . See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

Garden vegetables of all kinds, and See also:

• STRAW

straw-berries, raspberries, gooseberries, currants, &c., thrive well . Population.—By the earliest computation made in 1654 the number of permanent inhabitants in the island was 1750 . Twenty-six years later the See also:

• RESIDENT

resident population was stated to be 2280; in 1763, 7000; in 1804, 20,000 . In 1832 the population had risen to 6o,000; in 1836 to 75,094; in 1857, 124,288; and in 1874, 161,374 . By the See also:

• CENSUS (from Lat. censere, to estimate or assess; connected by some with centum, i.e. a count by hundreds)

census of 19ot the total population of Newfoundland was 217,037, that of Labrador• being 3947 . The capital, St John's, which contained a population of 15,000 in 1835, had in 1901 29,594 souls . The See also:

• RATE

rate of increase for the island for the ten years ending in 1901 was 9.37% as compared with the rate of increase 1874-1884, which was 22.30% . Certain districts such as Carbonear, Harbour See also:

• GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
• GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )

Grace and Ferryland, as well as Labrador, showed a steady decline, the largest increase being in St George's district and on the west coast, where it is not less than 40% . Of the various religious denominations the strength in 1901 was as follows: See also:

• ROMAN

Roman Catholics, 95,989; Chuch of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, 73,008; Methodists, 61,388; Presbyterians, 1168; Congregationalists, 954; Salvationists, 6594; XIoravians, See also:

• BAPTISTS

Baptists and others, 1554 .

The system of public See also:

• EDUCATION

education is denominational, each religious body receiving grants from the See also:

• REVENUE
• REVENUE (0. Fr. revenu, from revenir, to return)

revenue according to numerical strength . The total sum allotted to education in 1904-1905 was $196,192 . The aggregate number of pupils under fifteen attending the 783 elementary See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools and See also:

• ACADEMIES

academies in the island was 35,204 . It is estimated that 25 % of the population, chiefly the older folk, are illiterate . Fisheries.—These constitute the great See also:

• STAPLE

staple See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry of the island . On the export of its products the trade of the colony still mainly depends . The most important See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish in these See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters, commercially, is the See also:

• COD

cod, which is here more abundant .than anywhere else in the world . Although subject to considerable fluctuation the average See also:

• ANNUAL

annual export of dried cod-fish over a See also:

• TERM

term of years is about 1,200,000 quintals . The value of the export varies between five and six million dollars, according to the See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price of the dried fish . The cod are taken on the shores of the island, along the Labrador coast and on " the See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

Banks." These Banks, which have played such an important part in the See also:

• HISTORY

history of the colony, and are the chief source of its wealth, stretch for about 300 M. in a south-east direction towards the centre of the North See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic, and probably at one See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time formed a part of the North American continent . The depths range from 15 to 8o or 90 fathoms . The deposits consist of See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand and See also:

• GRAVEL, or PEBBLE BEDS

gravel composed of ancient rocks, and fragments of See also:

• QUARTZ

quartz, See also:

• MICA

mica, See also:

• HORNBLENDE

hornblende, felspars and See also:

• MAGNETITE

magnetite; along with these are many calcareous fragments of echinoderms, See also:

• POLYZOA

polyzoa and many See also:

• FORAMINIFERA

foraminifera .

In the deeper parts there is sometimes a fine mud containing the above-mentioned minerals and calcareous fragments, and in addition numerous frustules of diatoms . The Banks are swept by the cold Labrador current, and icebergs are frequently stranded upon them . The Gulf Stream passes over their southern portions . These two currents bear along many species of pelagic See also:

• ALGAE

algae and animals, which See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply abundant See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food to the myriads of echinoderms, molluscs, annelids, coelenterates and other invertebrates which live at all depths on the Banks . These invertebrates in turn supply food to the cod and other fishes which are sought for by the fishermen . Sea birds frequent the Banks in great See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers; and, as diving birds are not met with at any great distance from them, the presence of these in the sea gives See also:

• SEAMEN, LAWS RELATING TO

seamen an indication of the shallower See also:

• WATER

water . The total annual catch of cod in Newfoundland waters has been estimated at about 2.500,000 quintals (a quintal being one-twentieth of a ton), with a value of about £ 1,400,000 See also:

• STERLING
• STERLING, ANTOINETTE (d. 1904)
• STERLING, JOHN (1806-1844)

sterling . The cod fishery forms four-fifths of the entire industry, in spite of the increase in the herring and See also:

• LOBSTER (O.E. lopustre, lopystre, a corruption of Lat. locusta, lobster or other marine shell-fish; also a locust)

lobster catch . No increase in the quantities taken is to be noted, but the market value of dried cod fish is generally enhanced . In 1885 an export of 1,284,710 quintals was only See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth $4,o61,600 . In 1905 1,196,814 quintals were valued at $6,108,614 . To this may be added the value of the fish consumed by the See also:

• PEOPLE

people of the colony, estimated at $450,000 .

According to the census of 1901 there were 41,231 See also:

• MALES

males and 21,443 See also:

• FEMALES

females engaged in the catching and curing of fish . The figures have greatly varied in past years: as for instance in 1857, 31 % of the total population were engaged in catching and curing fish : in 1869, 25.4%, in 1884, 30.6%, and in 1901, 28.4% . Small voyages and low price* have tended to limit fishery operations; and the opening up of other