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JOHN HENRY NEWMAN (1801-1890)

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Originally appearing in Volume V19, Page 520 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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JOHN See also:HENRY See also:NEWMAN (1801-1890)  , See also:English See also:Cardinal, was See also:born in See also:London on the 21st of See also:February 18o1, the eldest son of See also:John See also:Newman, banker, of the See also:firm of See also:Ramsbottom, Newman and Co . The See also:family was understood to be of Dutch extraction, and the name itself, spelt " Newmann " in an earlier See also:generation, further suggests See also:Hebrew origin . His See also:mother, Jemima Fourdrinier, was of a Huguenot family, See also:long established in London as engravers and See also:paper manufacturers . John See also:Henry was the eldest of six See also:children . The second son, See also:Charles See also:Robert, a See also:man of ability but of impracticable See also:temper, a professed atheist and 'a recluse, died in 1884 . The youngest son, See also:Francis See also:William (q.v.), was for many years See also:professor of Latin in University See also:College, London . Two of the three daughters, . Harriett See also:Elizabeth and Jemima See also:Charlotte, married See also:brothers, See also:Thomas and John See also:Mozley; and See also:Anne Mozley, a daughter of the later, edited in 1892 New-man's See also:Anglican See also:Life and See also:Correspondence, having been entrusted by him in 1885 with an autobiography written in the third See also:person to See also:form the basis of a narrative of the first See also:thirty years of his life . The third daughter, See also:Mary See also:Sophia, died unmarried in 1828 . At the See also:age of seveh Newman was sent to a private school conducted by Dr See also:Nicholas at See also:Ealing, where he was distinguishedby See also:diligence and See also:good conduct, as also by a certain shyness and aloofness, taking no See also:part in the school See also:games . He speaks of himself as having been " very superstitious " in these See also:early years . He took See also:great delight in See also:reading the See also:Bible, and also the ncvels of See also:Scott, then in course of publication .

At the age of fifteen, during his last See also:

year at school, he was " converted," an incident that throughout life remained to him " more certain than that he had hands or feet." It was in the autumn of 1816 that he thus See also:fell under the See also:influence of a definite creed, and received into his See also:intellect impressions of See also:dogma never afterwards effaced . The See also:tone of his mind was at this date evangelical and Calvinistic, and he held that the See also:pope was See also:anti-See also:Christ . Matriculating at . Trinity College, See also:Oxford, 14th See also:December 1816, he went into See also:residence there in See also:June the following year, and in 1818 he gained a scholarship of 06o, tenable for nine years . But for this he would have been unable to remain at the university, as in 1819 his See also:father's See also:bank suspended See also:payment . In that year his name was entered at See also:Lincoln's See also:Inn . Anxiety to do well in the final' See also:schools produced the opposite result; he See also:broke down in the examination, and so graduated with third-class honours in 1821 . Desiring to remain in Oxford, he took private pupils and read for a fellowship at See also:Oriel, then " the acknowledged centre of Oxford intellectualism." To his intense See also:relief and delight he was elected on the 12th of See also:April 1822 . E . B . See also:Pusey was elected a See also:fellow of the same society in 1823 . On Trinity See also:Sunday, 13th June 1824, Newman was ordained, and became, at Pusey's See also:suggestion, See also:curate of St See also:Clement's, Oxford .

Here for two years he was busily engaged in parochial See also:

work, but he found See also:time to write articles on " See also:Apollonius of Tyana," on " See also:Cicero " and on " Miracles " for the See also:Encyclopaedia Metropolitana . In 1825, at See also:Whately's See also:request, he became See also:vice-See also:principal of St See also:Alban's See also:Hall, but this See also:post he held for one year only . To his association with Whately at this time he attributed much of his " See also:mental improvement " and a partial See also:conquest of his shyness . He assisted Whately in his popular work on See also:logic, and from him he gained his first definite See also:idea of the See also:Christian See also:Church . He broke with him in 1827 on the occasion of the re-See also:election of See also:Peel for the University, Newman opposing this on See also:personal grounds . In 1826 he became See also:tutor of Oriel, and the same year R . H . See also:Froude, described by Newman as " one of the acutest, cleverest and deepest men " he ever met, was elected fellow . The two formed a high ideal of the tutorial See also:office as clerical and See also:pastoral rather than See also:secular . In 1827 he was a preacher at See also:Whitehall . The year following Newman supported and secured the election of See also:Hawkins as See also:provost of Oriel in preference to See also:Keble, a choice which he later defended or apologized for as having in effect produced the Oxford See also:Movement with all its consequences . In the same year he was appointed See also:vicar of St Mary's, to which the chapelry of Littlemore was attached, and Pusey was made regius professor of Hebrew .

At this date, though still nominally associated with the Evangelicals, Newman's views were gradually assuming a higher ecclesiastical tone, and while See also:

local secretary of the Church Missionary Society he circulated an See also:anonymous See also:letter suggesting a method by which Churchmen might practically oust Nonconformists from all See also:control of the society . This resulted in his being dismissed from the post, 8th See also:March 183o; and three months later he withdrew from the Bible Society, thus completing his severance from the See also:Low Church party . In 1831–1832 he was select preacher before the University . In 1832, his difference with Hawkins as to the " substantially religious nature " of a college tutorship becoming acute, he resigned that post, and in December went with R . H . Froude, on See also:account of the latter's See also:health, for a tour in See also:South See also:Europe . On See also:board the See also:mail steamship " See also:Hermes " they visited See also:Gibraltar, See also:Malta and the Ionian Islands, and subsequently See also:Sicily, See also:Naples and See also:Rome, where Newman made the acquaintance of Dr See also:Wiseman . In a letter See also:home he described Rome as " the most wonderful See also:place on See also:earth," but the See also:Roman See also:Catholic See also:religion as " polytheistic, degrading and idolatrous." It was during the course of this tour that he wrote most of the See also:short poems which a year later were printed in the See also:Lyra Apostolica . From Rome Newman returned to Sicily alone, and was dangerously See also:ill with See also:fever at Leonforte, recovering from it with the conviction that he had a work to do in See also:England . In June 1833 he See also:left See also:Palermo for See also:Marseilles in an See also:orange See also:boat, which was becalmed in the Strait of See also:Bonifacio, and here he wrote the verses, " See also:Lead, kindly See also:Light," which later became popular as a hymn . He was at home again in Oxford on the 9th of See also:July, and on the 14th Keble preached at St Mary's an See also:assize See also:sermon on " See also:National See also:Apostasy," which Newman afterwards regarded as the inauguration of the Oxford Movement . In the words of See also:Dean Church, it was " Keble who inspired, Froude who gave the impetus and Newman who took up the work "; but the first organization of it was due to H .

J . See also:

Rose, editor of the See also:British See also:Magazine, who has been styled " the See also:Cambridge originator of the Oxford Movement." It was in his rectory See also:house at See also:Hadleigh, See also:Suffolk, that a See also:meeting of High Church clergymen was held, 25th to 29th of July (Newman was not See also:present), at which it was resolved to fight for " the See also:apostolical See also:succession and the integrity of the See also:Prayer-See also:Book." A few See also:weeks later Newman started, apparently on his own initiative, the Tracts for the Times, from which the movement was subsequently named " Tractarian." Its aim was to secure for the Church of England a definite basis of See also:doctrine and discipline, in See also:case either of disestablishment or of a determination of High Churchmen to quit the See also:establishment, an eventuality that was thought not impossible in view of the States' See also:recent high-handed dealings with the See also:sister established Church of See also:Ireland . The teaching of the tracts was supplemented by Newman's Sunday afternoon sermons at St Mary's, the influence of which, especially over the junior members of the university, was increasingly marked during a See also:period of eight years . In 1835 Pusey joined the movement, which, so far as concerned See also:ritual observances, was later called " Puseyite "; and in 1836 its supporters secured further coherence by their See also:united opposition to the See also:appointment of See also:Hampden as regius professor of divinity . His See also:Bampton Lectures (in the preparation of which Blanco See also:White had assisted him) were suspected of See also:heresy, and this suspicion was accentuated by a pamphlet put forth by Newman, Elucidations of Dr Hampden's Theological Statements . At this date Newman became editor of the British Critic, and he also gave courses of lectures in a See also:side-See also:chapel of St Mary's in See also:defence of the via See also:media of the Anglican Church as between Romanism and popular Protestantism . His influence in Oxford was supreme about the year 1839, when, however, his study of the monophysite heresy first raised in his mind a doubt as to whether the Anglican position was really tenable on those principles of ecclesiastical authority which he had accepted; and this doubt returned when he read, in Wiseman's See also:article in the See also:Dublin See also:Review on " The Anglican Claim," the words of St See also:Augustine against the See also:Donatists, " securus judicat orbis terrarum," words which suggested a simpler authoritative See also:rule than that of the teaching of antiquity . He continued his work, however, as a High Anglican controversialist until he had published, in 1841, See also:Tract go, the last of the See also:series, in which he put forth, as a See also:kind of See also:proof See also:charge, to test the tenability of all Catholic doctrine within the Church of England, a detailed examination of the XXXIX . Articles, suggesting that their negations were not directed against the authorized creed of Roman Catholics, but only against popular errors and exaggerations . This theory, though not altogether new, aroused much indignation in Oxford, and A . C . See also:Tait, afterwards See also:archbishop of See also:Canterbury), with three other See also:senior tutors, denounced it as " suggesting and opening a way by which men might violate their See also:solemn engagements to the university." The alarm was shared by the heads of houses and by others in authority; and, at the request of the See also:bishop of Oxford, the publication of the Tracts came to an end .

At this date Newman also resigned the editorship of the British Critic, and was thenceforth, as he himself later described it, " on his deathbed as regards membership with the Anglican Church." He now recognized that the position of Anglicans was similar to that of the semi-Arians in the Arian controversy; and the arrangement made at this time that an Anglican bishopric should be established in See also:

Jerusalem, the appointment to See also:lie alternately with the British and Prussiangovernments, was to him further See also:evidence of the non-apostolical See also:character of the Church of England . In 1842 he withdrew to Littlemore, and lived there under monastic conditions with a small See also:band of followers, their life being one of great See also:physical austerity as well as of anxiety and suspense . To his disciples there he assigned the task of See also:writing lives of the English See also:saints, while his owr_ time was largely devoted to the completion of an See also:essay on the development of Christian doctrine, by which principle he sought to reconcile himself to the elaborated creed and the See also:practical See also:system of the Roman Church . In February 1843 he published, as an See also:advertisement in the Oxford Conservative See also:Journal, an anonymous but otherwise formal retractation of all the hard things he had said against Rome; and in See also:September, after the See also:secession of one of the inmates of the house, he preached his last Anglican sermon at Littlemore and resigned the living of St Mary's . But still an See also:interval of two years elapsed before he was formally received into the Roman Catholic Church (9th See also:October 1845) by Father See also:Dominic, an See also:Italian Passionist . In February 1846 he left Oxford for Oscott, where Bishop Wiseman, then vicar-apostolic of the Midland See also:district, resided; and in October he proceeded to Rome, where he was ordained See also:priest and was given the degree of D.D. by the pope . At the See also:close of 1847 he returned to England as an Oratorian, and resided first at Mary-vale (near Oscott); then at St See also:Wilfrid's College, See also:Cheadle; then at St See also:Ann's, See also:Alcester See also:Street, See also:Birmingham; and finally at Edgbaston, where spacious premises were built for the community, and where (except for four years in Ireland) he lived a secluded life for nearly See also:forty years . Before the house at Edgbaston was occupied he had established the London See also:Oratory, with Father See also:Faber as its See also:superior, and there (in See also:King William Street, Strand) he delivered a course of lectures on " The Present Position of Catholics in England," in the fifth of which he protested against the anti-Catholic utterances of Dr Achilli, an ex-Dominican See also:friar, whom he accused in detail of numerous acts of immorality . Popular See also:Protestant feeling'ran very high at the time, partly in consequence of the recent establishment of a .Roman Catholic diocesan See also:hierarchy by See also:Pius IX., and criminal proceedings against Newman for See also:libel resulted in an acknowledged See also:gross See also:miscarriage of See also:justice . He was found guilty, and was sentenced to pay a See also:fine of £100, while his expenses as See also:defendant amounted to about £14,000, a sum that was at once raised by public subscription, a surplus being spent on the See also:purchase of Rednall, a small See also:property picturesquely situated on the Lickey Hills, with a chapel and See also:cemetery, where Newman now lies buried . In 1854, at the request of the Irish bishops, Newman went to Dublin as See also:rector of the newly-established Catholic university there . But practical organization was not among his gifts, and the bishops became jealous of his influence, so that after four years he retired, the best outcome of his stay there being a See also:volume of lectures entitled Idea of a University, containing some of his most effective writing .

Phoenix-squares

In 1858 he projected a See also:

branch house of the Oratory at Oxford; but this was opposed by See also:Manning and others, as likely to induce Catholics to send their sons to that university, and the See also:scheme was abandoned . In 1859 he established, in connexion with the Birmingham Oratory, a school for the See also:education of the sons of gentlemen on lines similar to those of the English public schools, an important work in which he never ceased to take the greatest See also:interest . But all this time (since 1841) Newman had been under a See also:cloud, so far as concerned the great See also:mass of cultivated Englishmen, and he was now awaiting an opportunity to vindicate his career; and in .1862 he began to prepare autobiographical and other memoranda for the purpose . The occasion -came when, in See also:January 1864, Charles See also:Kingsley, reviewing Froude's See also:History of England in See also:Macmillan's Magazine, incidentally asserted that " Father Newman informs us that truth for its own See also:sake need not be, and on the whole ought not to be, a virtue of the Roman See also:clergy." After some preliminary sparring between the two—Newman's pamphlet, " Mr Kingsley and Dr Newman: a Correspondence on the Question whether Dr Newman teaches that Truth is no Virtue," published in 1864 and not reprinted, is unsurpassed in the English See also:language for the vigour of its See also:satire: the anger displayed was later, in a letter to See also:Sir William See also:Cope, admitted to have been largely feigned—Newman published in bi-monthly parts his Apologia See also:pro vita sua, a religious autobiography of unsurpassed interest, the See also:simple confidential tone of which " revolutionized the popular estimate of its author," establishing the strength and sincerity of the convictions which had led him into the Roman Catholic Church . Kingsley's See also:accusation indeed, in so far as it concerned the Roman clergy generally, was not precisely dealt with; only a passing See also:sentence, in an appendix on lying and equivocation, maintained that English Catholic priests are as truthful as English Catholic laymen; but of the author's own personal rectitude no See also:room for doubt was left . In 187o he put forth his See also:Grammar of Assent, the most closely reasoned of his See also:works, in which the case for religious belief is maintained by arguments differing somewhat from those commonly used by Roman Catholic theologians; and in 1877, in the republication of his Anglican works, he added to the two volumes containing his defence of the via media a long See also:preface and numerous notes in which he criticized and replied to sundry anti-Catholic arguments of his own in the See also:original issues . At the time of the Vatican See also:Council (1869-1870) he was known to be opposed to the See also:definition of Papal See also:infallibility, and in a private letter to his bishop (See also:Ullathorne), surreptitiously published, he denounced the " insolent and aggressive See also:faction " that had pushed the See also:matter forward . But he made no sign of disapproval when the doctrine was defined, and subsequently, in a letter nominally addressed to the See also:duke of See also:Norfolk on the occasion of Mr See also:Gladstone's accusing the Roman Church of having " equally repudiated See also:modern thought and See also:ancient history," Newman affirmed that he had always believed the doctrine, and had only feared the deterrent effect of its definition on conversions. on account of acknowledged See also:historical difficulties . In this letter, and especially in the postscript to the second edition of it, Newman finally silenced all cavillers as to his not being really at ease within the Roman Church . In 1878 his old college (Trinity), to his great delight, elected him an honorary fellow, and he revisited Oxford after an interval of thirty-two years . At the same date died Pope Pius IX., who had long mistrusted him; and See also:Leo XIII. was encouraged by the duke of Norfolk and other distinguished Roman Catholic laymen to make Newman a cardinal, the distinction being a marked one, because he was a simple priest and not See also:resident in Rome . The offer was made in February 1879, and the announcement of it was received with universal See also:applause throughout the English-speaking See also:world .

The " creation " took place on 12th May, with the See also:

title of St See also:George in Velabro, Newman taking occasion while in Rome to insist on the lifelong consistency of his opposition to " liberalism in religion." After an illness that excited See also:apprehension he returned to England, and thenceforward resided at the Oratory until his See also:death, 11th See also:August 1890, making occasional visits to London, and chiefly to his old friend, R . W . Church, dean of St See also:Paul's, who as See also:proctor had vetoed the condemnation of Tract go in 1841 . As cardinal Newman published nothing beyond a preface to a work by A . W . See also:Hutton on the Anglican See also:Ministry (1879) and an article on Biblical See also:criticism in the Nineteentk See also:Century (February 1884) . Newman's influence as controversialist and preacher (i.e. as reader of his written sermons, for he was never a See also:speaker) was very great . For the Roman Church his See also:conversion secured great See also:prestige and the dissipation of many prejudices . Within it his influence was mainly in the direction of a broader spirit and of a recognition of the important part played by development both in doctrine and in Church See also: