See also:

• NEWT (a corrupted form from " an evet " or " an effet," a term of Anglo-Saxon origin, still used in many parts of England)

NEWT (a corrupted See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form from " an evet " or " an effet," a See also:

• TERM

term of Anglo-Saxon origin, still used in many parts of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England)  , the name usually applied to the aquatic members of the See also:

• FAMILY

family Salatnandridae which constitute the genus Molge, formerly known as See also:

• TRITON

Triton . But the name Triton, applied to these Batrachians by N . Laurenti (1768), has already been used by See also:

• LINNAEUS

Linnaeus (Systema Naturae) for parts of the See also:

• BARNACLE

barnacle (Lepas anatifera) . B . Merem (182o) proposed to substitute for it the name Molge, said to be derived from the Gr . MOX.ytis or Marts, " slow," in allusion to the movements of these animals on See also:

• LAND

land . The similar name Molch designates these Batrachians in See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German . The newts are very closely related to the true Salamanders, Salamandra, from which they differ principally in the shape of the tail, which is compressed, in relation to their aquatic habits during a considerable See also:

• PART

part of the active See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period . Their aquatic progression is effected principally by means of the tail, and during the See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of See also:

• SWIMMING (from " swim," A.S. swimman, the root being common in Teutonic languages)

swimming the legs are turned backwards and folded against the See also:

• BODY

body and tail, so as to admit of the smallest possible degree of resistance . A very marked sexual dimorphism prevails in most See also:

• SPECIES

species of this genus, the See also:

• MALES

males being more brilliantly coloured than the See also:

• FEMALES

females and provided with a dorsal See also:

• CREST
• CREST (Lat. crista, a plume or tuft)

crest which attains its greatest development during the breeding See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season, lasting through the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring and the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early summer . Later in the season the males more or less completely lose their crests and other nuptial ornaments, and the two sexes are more alike; they then retire on land, concealing themselves under stones, logs of See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood, or 1n holes in See also:

• DAMP

damp See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth, but leaving their See also:

• RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat at See also:

• NIGHT

night or in wet See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather to See also:

• SEARCH, or VISIT AND SEARCH

search for earth-See also:

• WORMS

worms and slugs which constitute their See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food . In the See also:

• WATER

water they are very destructive of tadpoles, See also:

• INSECT

insect larvae and crustaceans .

A remarkable feature of the newts, which they See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share with the other tailed Batrachians and the larvae of the frogs and toads, is the See also:

• GREAT

great facility with which they regenerate, lost parts, such as the tail, limbs, and even the See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye, a See also:

• FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

faculty which has given rise to a great variety of experiments, from the days of See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles 'See also:

• BONNET
• BONNET, CHARLES (172o–1793)

Bonnet and See also:

• SPALLANZANI, LAZARO (1729-1799)

Spallanzani to those of the See also:

• PRESENT

present school of Entwickelungsmechanik . Extraordinary as it may appear, considering the abundance of these creatures and the See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention they have received from naturalists, it was only in 188o that their mode of fecundation was correctly ascertained, from observation of the See also:

• COMMON

common See also:

• NEWT (a corrupted form from " an evet " or " an effet," a term of Anglo-Saxon origin, still used in many parts of England)

newt by the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian zoologist F . Gasco . The amorous See also:

• GAMES, CLASSICAL

games of the newts, so graphically represented by M . Rusconi, had been repeatedly described, and See also:

• ABBE (Serbo-Croatian Rai))

Abbe Spallanzani, as early as 1766, had ascertained the impregnation to be See also:

• INTERNAL

internal . The then current belief that the water served as a vehicle to convey the spermatozoa to the See also:

• FEMALE

female See also:

• ORGANS

organs had received a See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow on Karl Theodor von See also:

• SIEBOLD, CARL THEODOR ERNST VON (1804–1885)
• SIEBOLD, PHILIPP FRANZ VON (1796-1866)

Siebold's See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of a receptaculum seminis in the female, but no satisfactory explanation had been given of the manner in which the. spermatozoa reach these pouches . This See also:

• MYSTERY (Gr. µw(Trilpcov, from tcuvrm, an initiate, µfew, to shut the mouth)

mystery . Gasco succeeded in elucidating in, his masterly See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper published in 188o, which has since been supplemented by his own investigations on the See also:

• AXOLOTL

axolotl, and those of E . See also:

• ZELLER, EDUARD (1814-1908)

Zeller, E . O . See also:

• JORDAN (the down-comer; Arab. esh-Sheri'a, the watering-place)
• JORDAN, CAMILLE (1771—1821)
• JORDAN, DOROTHEA (1762—1816)
• JORDAN, THOMAS (1612 ?–1685)
• JORDAN, WILHELM (1819–1904)

Jordan and others on the See also:

• EUROPEAN

European and See also:

• AMERICAN

American newts . All who have kept newts in an See also:

• AQUARIUM (plural aquaria)

aquarium have witnessed the curious antics of the male placing himself before the female and rapidly vibrating his folded tail, or bending his body in a semicircle, as if to prevent her from passing ahead of him .

The male then emits, at See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short intervals, in front of the female, several conical or See also:

• BELL
• BELL, ALEXANDER MELVILLE (1819—1905)
• BELL, ANDREW (1753—1832)
• BELL, GEORGE JOSEPH (1770-1843)
• BELL, HENRY (1767-1830)
• BELL, HENRY GLASSFORD (1803-1874)
• BELL, JACOB (1810-1859)
• BELL, JOHN (1691-178o)
• BELL, JOHN (1763-1820)
• BELL, JOHN (1797-1869)
• BELL, ROBERT (1800-1867)
• BELL, SIR CHARLES (1774—1842)

bell-shaped spermatophores (a gelatinous secretion from the See also:

• CLOACA

cloaca), adhering to the ground and crowned by a spherical See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of spermatozoa, which the female afterwards gathers in the lips of her cloaca either by See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere application or by holding the spermatophore between her See also:

• HIND

hind legs and pressing the, mass of spermatozoa into the cloaca, whence they ultimately find their way into the See also:

• LOWER

lower part of the oviducts, where the eggs are fecundated as they descend . The larvae are provided with three pairs of See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long, fringed, plume-like See also:

• EXTERNAL

external gills, which are not lost until the very last stages of the See also:

• METAMORPHOSIS

metamorphosis, and, in exceptional cases are even retained through-out See also:

• LIFE

life, the newt breeding in the branchiate See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition, as often happens in the axolotl . The fore limbs are See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed before the hind limbs . The genus Molge has a wide See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution, extending over See also:

• EUROPE

Europe; See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-western See also:

• ASIA

Asia, eastern temperate Asia (See also:

• CHINA

China and See also:

• JAPAN

Japan) and North See also:

• AMERICA

America as far south as See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• CALIFORNIA
• CALIFORNIA, LOWER (Baja California)
• CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF

California and the Rio Grande del Norte . Twenty species are distinguished . The See also:

• BRITISH

British species are the crested newt (M. cristata), the common newt (M. vulgaris) and the palmated newt (M. palmata) . The first is the largest, and See also:

• MEASURES

measures 4 to 6 in . The skin is more or less rugose, with granular warts, a strong See also:

• FOLD

fold extends across the See also:

• THROAT (O. Eng. protu, prote or }Prota, possibly from preotan, to press, whence threat, or, with loss of initial s, connected with strut, to swell)

throat, and the male is provided with a very high dentate dorsal crest which is interrupted over the sacral region; the upper parts are dark, with more or less distinct See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black spots; the sides are speckled with See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white, and the lower parts are yellow or See also:

• ORANGE
• ORANGE (Citrus Aurantium)
• ORANGE, HOUSE OF

orange, spotted or marbled with black; a silvery stripe adorns the See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the tail in the male . The common and the palmated newts are smaller, 2'-,-, to 4 in. in length, and have a smooth skin . The dorsal crest of the male is high and festooned in the former, See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low and straight-edged in the latter; during the breeding season the feet of the common newt are lobate like a See also:

• GREBE (Fr. grebe)

grebe's, whilst they are webbed like a See also:

• DUCK

duck's in the palmated newt, which is further distinguished in having the tail truncate and terminating in a filament . It is a remarkable fact that, although related so closely and occur-See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring so frequently together in pools of small extent, the common add palmated newts are not known ever to produce hybrids, whilst the crested newt, when coexisting (in some parts of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France) with a south-western ally, the' beautiful Molge marmorata, to which it is by no means more nearly akin than are the two above-named species to each other, regularly gives rise to the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form known as M. blasii, which has been proved to be a See also:

• CROSS

cross. between M. cristata and M. marmorata . Principal references: G .

A . Boulenger, See also:

• CATALOGUE (a Fr. adaptation of the Gr. KaraXoyos, a register, from Karalyety, to enrol or pick out)

Catalogue of See also:

• BATRACHIA

Batrachia Gradientia s . Caudata (1882) ; J. de Bedriaga, Lurchfauna Europas, II . Urodela (1897); F . Gasco, Sviluppo del Tritone alpestre," See also:

• ANN

Ann . Mies . See also:

• GENEVA
• GENEVA (Fr. Geneve, Ger. Genf, Ital. Ginevra, Late Lat. Gebenna, though Genava in good Latin)
• GENEVA, LAKE OF

Geneva, xvi . (188o) ; E . Zeller, " Befruchtung bei den Urodelea," Z . Wiss . Zool. xlix . (1890) and li .

(1891); M . Rusconi, Amours'See also:

• DES

des Salamandres aquatiques (1821) ; W . Wolterstorff, " Ober Tritonblasii," Zool . Jahrb., Syst., xix. p . 647 (1904) .