See also:

• SIR

SIR See also:

• ISAAC (Hebrew for " he laughs," on explanatory references to the name, see ABRAHAM)

ISAAC See also:

• NEWTON
• NEWTON, ALFRED (1829–1907)
• NEWTON, JOHN (1725-1807)
• NEWTON, JOHN (1823-1895)
• NEWTON, SIR CHARLES THOMAS (1816-1894)
• SIR ISAAC NEWTON (1642-1727)

NEWTON (1642-1727)  , See also:

• ENGLISH

English natural philosopher, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 25th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1642 (o.s.), at Woolsthorpe, a See also:

• HAMLET

hamlet in the See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish of Colsterworth, See also:

• LINCOLNSHIRE

Lincolnshire, about 6 m. from See also:

• GRANTHAM
• GRANTHAM, THOMAS ROBINSON

Grantham . His See also:

• FATHER

father (also See also:

• ISAAC (Hebrew for " he laughs," on explanatory references to the name, see ABRAHAM)

Isaac See also:

• NEWTON
• NEWTON, ALFRED (1829–1907)
• NEWTON, JOHN (1725-1807)
• NEWTON, JOHN (1823-1895)
• NEWTON, SIR CHARLES THOMAS (1816-1894)
• NEWTON, SIR ISAAC (1642-1727)

Newton) who farmed a small See also:

• FREEHOLD

freehold See also:

• PROPERTY

property of his own, died before his son's See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth, a few months after his See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage to Hannah See also:

• AYSCOUGH, SAMUEL (1745-1804)

Ayscough, a daughter of See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James Ayscough of See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

Market-Overton . When Newton was little more than two years old his See also:

• MOTHER

mother married See also:

• BARNABAS

Barnabas See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith, See also:

• RECTOR (Lat. for " ruler," " guide," &c., from regere, " rule ")

rector of See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• WITHAM

Witham . Of this marriage there was issue, See also:

• BENJAMIN
• BENJAMIN, JUDAHPHILIP (1811-1884)

Benjamin, See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary and Hannah Smith, and to their See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children See also:

• SIR

Sir Isaac Newton subsequently See also:

• LEFT

left the greater See also:

• PART

part of his property . After having acquired the rudiments of See also:

• EDUCATION

education at two small See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools in hamlets See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close to Woolsthorpe, Newton was sent at the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of twelve to the See also:

• GRAMMAR (from Lat. grammatica, sc. ars; Gr. ypaµ)

grammar school of Grantham . While attending Grantham school Newton lived in the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of Mr See also:

• CLARK, FRANCIS EDWARD (1851- )
• CLARK, GEORGE ROGERS (1752—1818)
• CLARK, JOHN BATES (1847— )
• CLARK, JOSIAH LATIMER (1822—1898)
• CLARK, SIR ANDREW
• CLARK, SIR JAMES (1788—1870)
• CLARK, THOMAS (1801—1867)
• CLARK, WILLIAM (1770-1838)
• CLARK, WILLIAM GEORGE (1821—1878)

Clark, an See also:

• APOTHECARY (from the Lat. apothecarius, a keeper of an apotheca, Gr. aroth is , a store)

apothecary of that See also:

• TOWN

town . According to his own See also:

• CONFESSION (Lat. confessio, from confiteor, acknowledge, confess)

confession he was far from industrious, and stood very See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low in his class . An unprovoked attack from the boy next above him led to a fight, in which Newton's See also:

• PLUCK

pluck gave him the victory . This success seems to have led him to greater exertions, and he See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose to be the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head boy of the school . He displayed very See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early a See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste and an aptitude for See also:

• MECHANICAL

mechanical contrivances . He made windmills, See also:

• WATER

water-clocks, kites and dials, and he is said to have invented a four-wheeled See also:

• CARRIAGE

carriage which was to be moved by the rider . In 1656 Mr Smith died, and Newton's mother came back with her three children to Woolsthorpe .

Newton was then in his fifteenth See also:

• YEAR

year, and, as his mother in all See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability intended him to be a See also:

• FARMER, RICHARD (1735–1787)

farmer, he was taken away from school . He was frequently sent on market days to Grantham with an old and trusty servant, who made all the purchases, while Newton spent his See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time among the books in Mr Clark's house . It soon became apparent to Newton's relatives that they were making a See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• MISTAKE (i.e. take amiss)

mistake in attempting to turn him into a farmer, and he was therefore sent back again to school at Grantham . His mother's See also:

• BROTHER

brother, See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William Ayscough, the rector of See also:

• BURTON, JOHN HILL (1809–1881)
• BURTON, ROBERT (1577-1640)
• BURTON, SIR FREDERICK WILLIAM (1816–f goo)
• BURTON, SIR RICHARD FRANCIS (1821-1890)
• BURTON, WILLIAM EVANS (1804-1860)

Burton Coggles, the next parish, was a See also:

• GRADUATE (Med. Lat. graduale, to admit to an academical degree, gradus)

graduate of Trinity See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College; See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge, and when he found that Newton's mind was wholly devoted to mechanical and mathematical problems, he urged upon Mrs Smith the desirability of sending her son to his own college . He was accordingly admitted a member of Trinity College on the 5th of See also:

• JUNE

June 1661, as a subsizar, and was matriculated on the 8th of See also:

• JULY

July . We have scarcely any See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information as to his attainments when he commenced See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence, and very little as to his studies as an undergraduate . It is known that while still at Woolsthorpe See also:

• SANDERSON, ROBERT (1587-1663)

Sanderson's See also:

• LOGIC (Xoy1K7, sc. rixvrt, the art of reasoning)

Logic had been read by him to such purpose that his See also:

• TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect)

tutor at Trinity College excused his attendance at a course of lectures on that subject . Newton tells us himself that, when he had See also:

• PURCHASED

purchased a See also:

• BOOK

book on See also:

• ASTROLOGY

astrology at See also:

• STOURBRIDGE

Stourbridge See also:

• FAIR

fair, a fair held close to Cambridge, he was unable, on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of his See also:

• IGNORANCE (Lat. ignorantia, from ignorare, not to know); want of knowledge, a state of mind which in law has important consequences. A well-known legal maxim runs: ignorantia juris non excusat ("ignorance of the law does not excuse")

ignorance of See also:

• TRIGONOMETRY (from Gr. rpiywvov, a triangle, /ATpov, measure)

trigonometry, to• understand a figure of the heavens which was See also:

• DRAWN

drawn in this book . He therefore bought an English edition of See also:

• EUCLID
• EUCLID [EucLEIDES]

Euclid with an See also:

• INDEX

index of propositions at the end of it, and, having turned to two or three which he thought likely to remove his difficulties, he found them so self-evident that he put aside Euclid " as a trifling book," and applied himself to the study of See also:

• DESCARTES, RENE (1596-1650)

Descartes's See also:

• GEOMETRY

Geometry . It is reported that in his examination for a scholarship at Trinity, to which he was elected on the 28th of See also:

• APRIL

April 1664, he was examined in Euclid by Dr Isaac See also:

• BARROW
• BARROW (from A.S. beorh, a mount or hillock)
• BARROW, ISAAC (1630-1677)
• BARROW, SIR JOHN (1764-1848)

Barrow, who formed a poor See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion of his knowledge, and that in consequence Newton was led to read the Elements again with care, and thereby to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a more favourable estimate of Euclid's merits . The study of Descartes's Geometry seems to have inspired Newton with a love of the subject, and to have introduced him to the higher See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics . In a small See also:

• COMMONPLACE

commonplace book, bearing on the seventh See also:

• PAGE
• PAGE, THOMAS NELSON (1853- )
• PAGE, WILLIAM (1811-1885)

page the date of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1663/1664, there are several articles on angular sections, and the squaring of curves and " crooked lines that may be squared," several calculations about musical notes, geometrical propositions from See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis See also:

• VIETA (or VIETE), FRANCOIS, SEIGNEUR DE LA BIGOTIERE (1540-1603)

Vieta and Frans See also:

• VAN

van Schooten, annotations out of See also:

• WALLIS, JOHN (1616-1703)

Wallis's See also:

• ARITHMETIC (Gr. apeOµ7run7, sc. TEXVn, the art of counting, from (ipLBµos, number)

Arithmetic of Infinities, together with observations on See also:

• REFRACTION
• REFRACTION (Lat. refringere, to break open or apart)

refraction, on the grinding of " spherical optic glasses," on the errors of lensesand the method of rectifying them, and on the extraction of all kinds of roots, particularly those "in affected See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers." And in this same commonplace book the following entry made by Newton himself, many years afterwards, gives a further account of the nature of his See also:

• WORK

work during the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period when he was an undergraduate: "July 4, 1699.-By consulting an account of my expenses at Cambridge, in the years 1663 and 1664, I find that in the year 1664 a little before See also:

• CHRISTMAS (i.e. the Mass of Christ)

Christmas, I, being then See also:

• SENIOR, NASSAU WILLIAM (1790-1864)

Senior Sophister, bought Schooten's Miscellanies and Cartes' Geometry (having read this Geometry and See also:

• OUGHTRED, WILLIAM (fl. 1575-166o)

Oughtred's Clavis clean over See also:

• HALF

half a year before), and borrowed Wallis's See also:

• WORKS

works, and by consequence made these annotations out of Schooten and Wallis, in See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter between the years 1664 and 1665 .

At such time I found the method of See also:

• INFINITE (from Lat. in, not, finis, end or limit; cf. findere, to deave)

Infinite See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

Series; and in summer 1665, being forced from Cambridge by the See also:

• PLAGUE (in Gr. Xotµos; in Lat. pestis, pestilentia)

plague, I computed the See also:

• AREA

area of the See also:

• HYPERBOLA

Hyperbola at Boothby, in Lincolnshire, to two and fifty figures by the same method." That Newton must have begun early to make careful observations of natural phenomena is sufficiently testified by the follow- . See also:

• ING

ing remarks about halos, which appear in his See also:

• OPTICS

Optics, book ii. part iv. obs . 13: " The like Crowns appear sometimes about the See also:

• MOON (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maan, Dan. maane, &c., and cognate with such Indo-Germanic forms as Gr. µlip, Sans. ma's, Irish mi, &c.; Lat. uses luna, i.e. lucna, the shining one, lucere, to shine, for the moon, but preserves the word i
• MOON, SIR RICHARD, 1ST BARONET (1814-1899)

moon; for in the beginning of the Year 1664, See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 19th, at See also:

• NIGHT

night, I saw two such Crowns about her . The See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

Diameter of the first or innermost was about three Degrees, and that of the second about five Degrees and an half . Next about the moon was a Circle of See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white, and 'next about that the inner See also:

• CROWN

Crown, which was of a bluish See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green within next the white, and of a yellow and red without, and next about these See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

Colours were See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue and green on the inside of the Outward Crown, and red on the outside of it . At the same time there appear'd a See also:

• HALO

Halo about 22 Degrees 35' distant from the center of the moon . It was elliptical, and its See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long Diameter was perpendicular to the See also:

• HORIZON (Gr. 6pfTwv, dividing)

Horizon, verging below farthest from the moon." In January 1665 Newton took the degree of B.A . The persons appointed (in See also:

• CONJUNCTION (from Lat. conjungere, to join together)

conjunction with the proctors, See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• SLADE, FELIX (170o-1868)

Slade of Catharine See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

Hall, and Benjamin Pulleyn of Trinity College, Newton's tutor) to examine the questionists were John See also:

• EACHARD, JOHN (1636 ?-1697)

Eachard of Catharine Hall and See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas Gipps of Trinity College . It is a curious See also:

• ACCIDENT
• ACCIDENT (from Lat. accidere, to happen)

accident that we have no information about the respective merits of the candidates for a degree in this year, as the " ordo senioritatis " of the bachelors of arts for the year is omitted in the " See also:

• GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
• GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )

Grace Book." It is supposed that it was in 1665 that the method of fluxion first occurred to Newton's mind . There are several papers still existing in Newton's See also:

• HANDWRITING

handwriting bearing See also:

• DATES

dates 1665 and 1666 in which the method is described, in some of which dotted or dashed letters are used to represent fluxion,' and in some of which the method is explained without the use of dotted letters . Both in 1665 and in 1666 Trinity College was dismissed on account of the plague . On each occasion it was agreed, as appears by entries in the " Conclusion Book " of the college, bearing dates See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 7th, 1665, and June 22nd, 1666, and signed by the See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master of the college, Dr See also:

• PEARSON, CHARLES HENRY (1830-1894)
• PEARSON, JOHN (1612-1686)
• PEARSON, JOHN LOUGHBOROUGH (1817-1897)

Pearson, that all See also:

• FELLOWS, SIR CHARLES (1799-1860)

fellows and scholars who were dismissed on account of the pestilence be allowed one See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month's See also:

• COMMONS

commons . Newton must have left college before August 1665, as his name does not appear in the See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of those who received extra commons on that occasion, and he tells us him-self in the See also:

• EXTRACT (from Lat. extrahere, to draw out)

extract from his commonplace book already quoted that he was " forced from Cambridge by the plague " in the summer of that year .

He was elected a See also:

• FELLOW

fellow of his college on the 1st of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1667 . There were nine vacancies, one of which was caused by the See also:

• DEATH

death of See also:

• ABRAHAM, or ABRAM (Hebrew for " father is high ")

Abraham See also:

• COWLEY, ABRAHAM (1618-1667)
• COWLEY, HANNAH (1743-1809)
• COWLEY, HENRY RICHARD CHARLES WELLESLEY

Cowley in the previous summer, and the nine successful candidates were all of the same academical See also:

• STANDING

standing . A few See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks after his See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election to a fellowship Newton went to Lincolnshire, and did not return to Cambridge till the February following, On the 16th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1668 he took his degree of M.A . During the years 1666 to 1669 Newton's studies were of a very varied See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind . It is known that he purchased prisms and lenses on two or three several occasions, and also chemicals and a See also:

• FURNACE

furnace, apparently for chemical experiments;.; but he also employed part of his time on the theory of fluxions and other branches of pure mathematics . He wrote a See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper See also:

• ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

Analysis per Equationes Numero Terminorum Infinitas, which, he put, See also:

• PRO

pro bably in June 1669, into the. hands of Isaac Barrow (them Lucasian See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of mathematics), at the same time giving him permission to communicate the contents,to their See also:

• COMMON

common friend John See also:

• COLLINS, ANTHONY (1676-1729)
• COLLINS, JOHN CHURTON (1848-1908)
• COLLINS, MORTIMER (1827-1876)
• COLLINS, WILLIAM (1721-1759)
• COLLINS, WILLIAM (1787–1847)
• COLLINS, WILLIAM WILKIE (1824–1889)

Collins (1624-1683), a mathematician of no mean See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order . Barrow did this on the 31st of July 1669, but kept the name of the author a See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret, and merely told Collins that he was a friend staying at Cambridge, who had a powerful See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius for such matters . In a subsequent See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter on the loth of August, Barrow expressed his See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure at See also:

• HEARING (formed from the verb " to hear," O. Eng. hyran, heron, &c., a common Teutonic verb; cf. Ger. Koren, Dutch hooren, &c.; the O. Tent. form is seen in Goth. hausjan; the initial h makes any connexion with " ear," Lat. audire, or Gr. &Kobew very doub

hearing the favourable opinion which Collins had formed of the paper, and added, " the name of the author is Newton, a fellow of our college, and a See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man, who is only in his second year since he took the degree of master of arts, and who, with an unparalleled genius (eximio quo est acumine), has made very great progress in this See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of mathematics." Shortly afterwards Barrow resigned his See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair, and was instrumental in securing Newton's election as his successor . Newton was elected Lucasian professor on the 29th of October 1669 . It was his See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty as professor to lecture at least once a See also:

• WEEK (from A.S. wicu, Germanic *wikon, probably=change, turn)

week in See also:

• TERM

term time on some portion of geometry, arithmetic, See also:

• ASTRONOMY (from Gr. &arpov, a star, and v ,usiv, to classify or arrange)

astronomy, See also:

• GEOGRAPHY (Gr. yil, earth, and ypiickty, to write)

geography, optics, See also:

• STATICS (from Gr. root am-, stand, or cause to stand)

statics, or some other mathematical subject, and also for two See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours in the week to allow an See also:

• AUDIENCE (from Lat. audire, to hear)

audience to any student who might come to consult with the professor on any difficulties he had met with . The subject which Newton See also:

• CHOSE (Fr. for " thing ")

chose for his lectures was optics . The success which attended his researches in optics must have been great, although the results were known only through his own oral lectures, until he presented an account of them to the Royal Society in the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring of 1672 .

On the 21st of December 1671 he was proposed as a See also:

• CANDIDATE

candidate for See also:

• ADMISSION

admission into the Royal Society by Dr See also:

• SETH
• SETH (Egyptian Set, Sth~~~{{{or Sts)
• SETH (I* according to Dillmann, " setting " or " slip "; Septuagint, Philo and New Testament, fie, but r Chron. i. 1 Ells in A ; Josephus, EfjOor, Vulg. Seth)

Seth See also:

• WARD
• WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
• WARD, ARTEMUS
• WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
• WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
• WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
• WARD, JAMES (1843– )
• WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
• WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
• WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
• WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
• WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)

Ward, See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of See also:

• SALISBURY
• SALISBURY, EARLS OF
• SALISBURY, ROBERT ARTHUR TALBOT GASCOYNECECIL, 3RD MARQUESS OF (1830-1903)
• SALISBURY, ROBERT CECIL, 1ST EARL OF (c. 1565-1612)
• SALISBURY, THOMAS DE MONTACUTE, 4TH EARL OF (1388-1428)
• SALISBURY, WILLIAM LONGSWORD (or LONGESPEE), EARL OF (d. 1226)

Salisbury, and on the 11th of January 1672 he was elected a fellow of the Society . At the See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting at which Newton was elected a description of a reflecting See also:

• TELESCOPE

telescope which he had in-vented was read, and " it was ordered that a letter should be written by the secretary to Mr Newton to acquaint him of his election into the Society, and to thank him for the communication of his telescope, and to assure him that the Society would take care that all right should be done him with respect to this invention." In his reply to the secretary on the 18th of January 1672, Newton writes: " I See also:

• DESIRE

desire that in your next letter you would inform me for what time the society continue their weekly meetings; because, if they continue them for any time, I am purposing them to be considered of and examined an account of a philosophical See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery, which induced me to the making of the said telescope, and which I doubt not but will prove much more grateful than the communication of that See also:

• INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument being in my See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment the oddest if not the most considerable detection which hath hitherto been made into the operations of nature." The promise here made was fulfilled in a communication which Newton addressed to See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry See also:

• OLDENBURG

Oldenburg, the secretary of the Royal Society, on the 6th of February 1672, and which was read before the society two days afterwards . The whole is printed in No . 8o of the Philosophical Transactions . After explaining his discovery of the See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition of white See also:

• LIGHT

light, he proceeds: " When I understood this, I left off my aforesaid See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

Glass works; for I saw, that the perfection of Telescopes was hitherto limited, not so much for want of glasses truly figured according to the prescriptions of Optick Authors (which all men have hitherto imagined), as because that Light itself is a Heterogeneous mixture of differently refrangible Rays . So that, were a glass so exactly figured as to collect any one sort of rays into one point, it could not collect those also into the same point, which having the same Incidence upon the same See also:

• MEDIUM

Medium are See also:

• APT

apt to suffer a different refraction . See also:

• NAY, or NEY

Nay, I wondered, that seeing the difference of refrangibility was so great, as I found it, Telescopes should arrive to that perfection they are now at." He then points out why " the See also:

• OBJECT

object-glass of any Telescope cannot collect all the rays which come from one point of an object, so as to make them convene at its See also:

• FOCUS (Latin for " hearth " or " fireplace ")

focus in less See also:

• ROOM

room than in a circular space, whose diameter is the Both part of the Diameter of its See also:

• APERTURE (from Lat. aperire, to open)

Aperture: which is an irregularity some hundreds of times greater, than a circularly figured See also:

• LENS
• LENS (from Lat. lens, lentil, on account of the similarity of the form of a lens to that of a lentil seed)

Lens, of so small a See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section as the Object-glasses of long Telescopes are, would cause by the unfitness of its figure, were Light See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform." He adds: "This made me take reflections into See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration, and finding them See also:

• REGULAR

regular, so that the See also:

• ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

Angle of Reflection of all sorts of Rays was equal to their Angle of Incidence; I understood, that by their See also:

• MEDIATION (Lat. medius, middle)

mediation Optick See also:

• INSTRUMENTS

instruments might be brought to any degree of perfection imaginable, provided a Reflecting substance could be found, which would See also:

• POLISH

polish as finely as Glass, and reflect as much light, as glass transmits, and the See also:

• ART

art of communicating to it a Parabolick figure be also attained .. But these seemed very great difficulties, and I have almost thought them insuperable, when I further considered, that every irregularity in a reflecting superficies makes the rays stray 5 or 6 times more out of their due course, than the like irregularities in a refracting one; so that a much greater curiosity would be here requisite, than in figuring glasses for Refraction . " Amidst these thoughts I was forced from Cambridge by the Intervening Plague, and it was more than two years before I proceeded further . But then having thought on a See also:

• TENDER

tender way of polishing, proper for metall, whereby, as I imagined, the figure also would be corrected to the last; I began to try, what might be effected in this kind, and by degrees so far perfected an Instrument (in the essential parts of it like that I sent to See also:

• LONDON

London), by which I could discern Jupiters 4 Concomitants, and shewed them See also:

• DIVERS

divers times to two others of my acquaintance . I could also discern the Moon-like phase of See also:

• VENUS

Venus, but not very distinctly, nor without some niceness in disposing the Instrument . " From that time I was interrupted till this last Autumn, when I made the other .

And as that was sensibly better than the first (especially for See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

Day-See also:

• OBJECTS

Objects), so I doubt not, but they will be still brought to a much greater perfection by their endeavours, who, as you inform me, are taking care about it at London." After a remark that microscopes seem as capable of improvement as telescopes, he adds: " I shall now proceed to acquaint you with another more notable difformity in its Rays, wherein the Origin of See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

Colour is unfolded: Concerning which I shall See also:

• LAY

lay down the See also:

• DOCTRINE

Doctrine first, and then, for its examination, give you an instance or two of the Experiments, as a specimen of the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest . The Doctrine you will find comprehended and illustrated in the following propositions: " 1 . As the Rays of light differ in degrees of Refrangibility, so they also differ in their disposition to exhibit this or that particular colour . Colours are not Qualifications of Light, derived from Refractions, or Reflections of natural Bodies (as 'tis generally believed), but See also:

• ORIGINAL

original and connate properties, which in divers Rays are divers . Some Rays are disposed to exhibit a red colour and no other; some a yellow and no other, some a green and no other, and so of the rest . Nor are there only Rays proper and particular to the more eminent colours, but even to all their intermediate gradations . " 2 . To the same degree of Refrangibility ever belongs the same colour, and to the same colour ever belongs the same degree of Refrangibility . The least Refrangible Rays are all disposed to exhibit a Red colour, and contrarily those Rays, which are disposed to exhibit a Red colour, are all the least Refrangible: So the most refrangible Rays are all disposed to exhibit a deep See also:

• VIOLET

Violet Colour, and contrarily those which are apt to exhibit such a violet colour are all the most Refrangible . " And so to all the intermediate colours in a continued series belong intermediate degrees of refrangibility . And this See also:

• ANALOGY (Gr. avaXo-yLa, proportion)

Analogy 'twixt colours, and refrangibility is very precise and strict; the Rays always either exactly agreeing in both, or proportionally disagreeing in both . " 3 .

The See also:

• SPECIES

species of colour, and degree of Refrangibility proper to any particular sort of Rays, is not mutable by Refraction, nor by Reflection from natural bodies, nor by any other cause, that I could yet observe . When any one sort of Rave hath been well parted from those of other kinds, it hath afterwards obstinately retained its colour, notwithstanding my utmost endeavours to See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change it . I have refracted it with Prismes, and reflected it with Bodies, which in Day-light were of other colours; I have intercepted it with the coloured film of See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

Air interceding two compressed plates of glass, transmitted it through coloured Mediums, and through Mediums irradiated with other sorts of Rays, and diversly terminated it; and yet could never produce any new colour out of it . It would by contracting or dilating become more brisk, or faint, and by the loss of many Rays, in some cases very obscure and dark; but I could never see it changed in specie . " Yet seeming transmutations of Colours may be made, where there is any mixture of divers sorts of Rays . For in such mixtures, the component colours appear not, but, by their 'mutual allaying each other constitute a midling colour." Further on, after some remarks on the subject of See also:

• COMPOUND
• COMPOUND (from Lat. componere, to combine or put together)

compound colours, he says: " I might add more instances of this nature, but I shall conclude with this See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general one, that the Colours of all natural Bodies have no other origin than this, that they are variously qualified to reflect one sort of light in greater plenty then another . And this I have experimented in a dark Room by See also:

• ILLUMINATING

illuminating those bodies with uncompounded light of divers colours . For by that means any See also:

• BODY

body may be made to appear of any colour . They have there no appropriate colour, but ever appear of the colour of the light See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast upon them, but yet with this difference, that they are most brisk and vivid in the light of . their own day-light colour . Minium appeareth there of any colour indifferently, with which 'tis illustrated, but yet most luminous in red, and so Bise appeareth indifferently of any colour with which 'tis illustrated, but yet most luminous in blew . And therefore minium reflecteth Rays of any colour, but most copiously those indeed with red; and consequently when illustrated with day-light, that is with all sorts of Rays promiscuously blended, those qualified with red shall abound most in the reflected See also:

• BINOCULAR

binocular See also:

• VISION (from Lat. videre, to see), or SIGHT

vision . He also invented a reflecting See also:

• SEXTANT

sextant for observing. the distance between the moon and the fixed stars,—the same in every essential as the instrument which is still in everyday use at See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea under the name of See also:

• HADLEY
• HADLEY, ARTHUR TWINING (1856– )
• HADLEY, JAMES (1821–1872)

Hadley's quadrant .

This discovery was communicated by him to See also:

• EDMUND
• EDMUND, or EADMUND (c. 980-1016)
• EDMUND, SAINT [EDMUND RICE] (d. 1240)

Edmund See also:

• HALLEY, EDMUND (1656–1742)

Halley in 1700, but was not published, or communicated to the Royal Society, till after Newton's death, when a description of it was found among his papers . In March 1673 Newton took a prominent part in a dispute in the university . The public oratorship See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell vacant, and a contest arose between the heads of the colleges and the members of the See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

senate as to the mode of electing to the See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office . The heads claimed the right of nominating two persons, one of whom was to be elected by the senate . The senate insisted that the proper mode was by an open election . The See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• BUCKINGHAM
• BUCKINGHAM, EARLS, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• BUCKINGHAM, FIRST DUKE
• BUCKINGHAM, GEORGE VILLIERS, 1ST DUKE 0E1
• BUCKINGHAM, GEORGE VILLIERS, 2ND DUKE 0E1 (1628-1687)
• BUCKINGHAM, HENRY STAFFORD, 2ND DUKE OF3 (1454-1483)
• BUCKINGHAM, JAMES SILK (1786-1855)

Buckingham, who was the See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor of the university, endeavoured to effect a See also:

• COMPROMISE (pronounced compromize; through Fr. from Lat. compromittere)

compromise which, he says, " I See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope may for the See also:

• PRESENT

present satisfy both sides . I propose that the heads may for this time nominate and the body comply, yet interposing (if they think See also:

• FIT

fit) a protestation concerning their plea that this election may not here-after pass for a decisive precedent in See also:

• PREJUDICE (Lat. praejudicium)

prejudice of their claim," and, " whereas I understand that the whole university has chiefly consideration for Dr Henry Paman of St John's and Mr See also:

• CRAVEN, PAULINE MARIE ARMANDE AGLAE (18o8—189r)
• CRAVEN, WILLIAM CRAVEN, EARL

Craven of Trinity College, I do recommend them both to be nominated." The heads, however, nominated Dr Paman and See also:

• RALPH (d. 1122)

Ralph Sanderson of St John's, and the next day one See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred and twenty-one members of the senate recorded their votes for Craven and ninety-eight for Paman . On the See also:

• MORNING

morning of the election a protest in which Newton's name appeared was read, and entered in the See also:

• REGENT (from Lat. regere, to rule)

Regent House . But the See also:

• VICE

vice-chancellor admitted Paman the same morning, and so ended the first contest of a non-scientific See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character in which Newton took part . On the 8th of March 1673 Newton wrote to Oldenburg, the secretary of the Royal Society: " Sir, I desire that you will procure that I may be put out from being any longer Fellow of the Royal Societ : for though I See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour that body, yet since I see I shall neither profit them, nor (by See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason of this distance) can partake of the See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage of their assemblies, I desire to withdraw." Oldenburg must have replied to this by an offer to apply to the Society to excuse Newton the weekly payments, as in a letter of Newton's to Oldenburg, dated the 23rd of June 1673, he says, " For your proffer about my quarterly payments, I thank you, but I would not have you trouble yourself to get them excused, if you have not done it already." Nothing further seems to have been done in the See also:

• MATTER

matter until the 28th of January 1675, when Oldenburg informed " the Society that Mr Newton is now in such circumstances that he desires to be excused from the weekly payments." Upon this " it was agreed to by the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council that he be dispensed with, as several others are." On the 18th of February 1675 Newton was formally admitted into the Society . The most probable explanation of the cause why Newton wished to be excused from these payments is to be found in the fact that, as he was not in See also:

• HOLY

holy orders, his fellowship at Trinity College would See also:

• LAPSE (Lat. lapses, a slip or departure)

lapse in the autumn of 1675 . It is true that the loss to his income which this would have caused was obviated by a patent from the crown in April 1675, allowing him as Lucasian professor to retain his fellowship without the See also:

• OBLIGATION

obligation of taking holy orders .

This must have relieved Newton's mind from a great See also:

• DEAL

deal of anxiety about pecuniary matters, as we find him in . See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1676 subscribing £4o towards the See also:

• BUILDING

building of the new library of Trinity College . It is supposed that it was at Woolsthorpe in the summer of 1666 that Newton's thoughts were directed to the subject of gravity . See also:

• VOLTAIRE, FRANCOIS MARIE AROUET DE (1694–1778)

Voltaire is the authority for the well-known See also:

• ANECDOTE (from av-, privative, and isSLSwµu, to give out or publish)

anecdote about the See also:

• APPLE (a common Teut. word, A.S. aepl, aeppel, O.H.G. aphul, aphal, apfal, mod. Ger. Apfel)

apple . He had his information from Newton's favourite niece Catharine See also:

• BARTON, BENJAMIN SMITH (1766-1815)
• BARTON, BERNARD (1784–1849)
• BARTON, CLARA (1821– )
• BARTON, ELIZABETH (c. 1506–1534)

Barton, who married Conduitt, a fellow of the Royal Society, and one of Newton's intimate See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends . How much truth there is in what is a plausible and a favourite See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story can never be known, but it is certain that tradition marked a See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree as that from which the apple fell, till 182o, when, owing to decay, the tree was cut down and its See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood carefully. preserved . light, and. by their prevalence cause it to appear of that colour . And for the same reason Bise, reflecting blew most copiously, shall appear blew by the excess of those Rays in its reflected Iight; and the like of other bodies . And that this is the intire and adequate cause of their colours, is See also:

• MANIFEST (Lat. manifestus, clear, open to view)

manifest, because they have no See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power to change or alter the colours of any sort of Rays incident apart, but put on all colours indifferently, with which they are inlightened . Reviewing what I have written, I see the discourse it self will See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead to divers Experiments sufficient for its examination: And therefore I shall not trouble you further, than to describe one of those, which I have already insinuated . " In a darkened Room make a hole in the shut of a window whose diameter may conveniently be about a third part of an See also:

• INCH (O. Eng. ynce from Lat. uncia, a twelfthpart; cf. " ounce," and see As)

inch, to admit a convenient quantity of the Suns light: And there See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place a clear and colourless Prisme, to refract the mitring light towards the further part of the Room, which, as I said, will thereby be diffused into an oblong coloured See also:

• IMAGE (Lat. imago, perhaps from the same root as imitari, copy, imitate)

Image . Then place a Lens of about three See also:

• FOOT

foot See also:

• RADIUS

radius (suppose a broad Object-glass of a three foot Telescope), at the distance of about four or five foot from thence, through which all those colours may at once be transmitted, and made by its Refraction to convene at a further distance of about ten or twelve feet .

If at that distance you intercept this light with a See also:

• SHEET

sheet of white paper, you will see the colours converted into whiteness again by being mingled . " But it is requisite, that the Prisme and Lens be placed steddy, and that the paper, on which the colours are cast be moved to and fro; for, by such See also:

• MOTION (Lat. motio, from movere, to move)
• MOTION, LAWS OF

motion, you will not only find, at what distance the whiteness is most perfect but also see, how the colours gradually convene, and vanish into whiteness, and afterwards having crossed one another in that place where they compound Whiteness, are again dissipated and severed, and in an inverted order retain the same colours, which they had before they entered the composition . You may also see, that, if any of the Colours at the Lens be intercepted, the Whiteness will be changed into the other colours . And therefore, that the composition of whiteness be perfect, care must be taken, that none of the colours fall besides the Lens." He concludes his communication with the words: " This, I conceive, is enough for an Introduction to Experiments of this kind: which if any of the R . Society shall be so curious as to prosecute, I should be very glad to be informed with what success: That, if any thing seem to be defective, or to thwart this relation, I may have an opportunity of giving further direction about it, or of acknowledging my errors, if I have committed any." The publication of these discoveries led to a series of controversies which lasted for several years, in which Newton had to contend with the eminent English natural philosopher See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert See also:

• HOOKE, ROBERT (1635–1703)

Hooke; See also:

• LUCAS, CHARLES (1713–1771)
• LUCAS, JOHN SEYMOUR (1849– )
• LUCAS, SIR CHARLES (d. 1648)

Lucas, mathematical professor at See also:

• LIEGE
• LIEGE (Walloon, Lige, Flemish, Luik, Ger. Lilltich)

Liege; See also:

• LINUS

Linus, a physician in Liege, and many others . Some of his opponents denied the truth of his experiments, refusing to believe in the existence of the spectrum . Others criticized the experiments, saying that the length of the spectrum was never more than three and a half times the breadth, whereas Newton found it to be five times the breadth . It appears that Newton made the mistake of supposing that all prisms would give a spectrum of exactly the same length; the objections of his opponents led him to measure carefully the lengths of spectra formed by prisms of different angles and of different refractive indices; and it seems See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange that he was not led thereby to the discovery of the different dispersive powers of different refractive substances . Newton carried on the discussion with the objectors with great See also:

• COURTESY (O. Fr. curtesie, later courtoisie)

courtesy and See also:

• PATIENCE

patience, but the amount of See also:

• PAIN (from Lat. poena, Gr. robin, penalty, that which must be paid: O. Fr. peine)
• PAIN, BARRY (1867– )

pain which these perpetual discussions gave to his sensitive mind may be estimated from the fact of his See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing on the 18th of November 1676 to Oldenburg: " I promised to send you an See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer to Mr Lucas this next Tuesday, but I find I shall scarce finish what I have designed, so as to get a copy taken of it by that time, and therefore I beg your patience a week longer . I see I See also:

• NAVE

nave made myself a slave to See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy, but if I get See also:

• FREE

free of Mr Lucas's business, I will resolutely bid adieu to it eternally, excepting what I do for my private See also:

• SATISFACTION (Lat. salisfacerc, to satisfy)

satisfaction, or leave to come out after me; for I see a man must either resolve to put out nothing new, or to become a slave to defend it." It was a fortunate circumstance that these disputes did not so thoroughly See also:

• DAMP

damp Newton's ardour as he at the time See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt they would . He subsequently published many papers in the Philosophical Transactions on various parts of the See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science of optics, and, although some of his views have.been found to be erroneous, and are now almost universally rejected, his investigations led to discoveries which are of permanent value . He succeeded in explaining the colour of thin and of thick plates, and the See also:

• INFLEXION (from Lat. inflectere, to bend)

inflexion of light, and he wrote on See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double refraction, polarization and Johann See also:

• KEPLER, JOHANN (1571-1630)

Kepler had proved by an elaborate series of measurements that each See also:

• PLANET (Gr. ssXavirrns, a wanderer)

planet revolves in an elliptical See also:

• ORBIT (from Lat. orbita, a track, orbis, a wheel)

orbit See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun, whose centre occupies one of the foci of the orbit, that the radius vector of each planet drawn from the sun describes equal areas in equal times, and that the squares of the periodic times of the See also:

• PLANETS, MINOR

planets are in the same proportion as the cubes of their mean distances from the sun .

The fact that heavy bodies have always a tendency to fall to the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth, no matter at what height they are.placed above the earth's See also:

• SURFACE

surface, seems to have led Newton to conjecture that it was possible that the same tendency to fall to the earth was the cause by which the moon was retained in its orbit round the earth . Newton, by calculating from Kepler's See also:

• LAWS

laws, and supposing the orbits of the planets to be circles round the sun in the centre, had already proved that the force of the sun acting upon the different planets must vary as the inverse square of the distances of the planets from the sun . He therefore was led to inquire whether, if the earth's attraction extended to the moon, the force at that distance would be of the exact magnitude necessary to retain the moon in its orbit . He found that the moon by her motion in her orbit was deflected from the tangent in every See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute of time through a space of thirteen feet . But by observing the distance through which a body would fall in one second of time at the earth's surface, and by calculating from that on the supposition of the force diminishing in the ratio of the inverse square of the distance, he found that the earth's attraction at the distance of the moon would draw a body through 15 ft. in r See also:

• MIN

min . Newton regarded the discrepancy between the results as a See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof of the inaccuracy of his conjecture, and " laid aside at that time any further thoughts of this matter." But in 1679 a controversy between Hooke and Newton, about the form of the path of a body falling from a height, taking the motion of the earth round its See also:

• AXIS (Lat. for " axle ")

axis into consideration, led Newton again to revert to his former conjectures on the moon . The measure of the earth, which had hitherto been accepted by geographers and navigators, was based on the very rough estimate that the length of a degree of See also:

• LATITUDE (Lat. latitudo, latus, broad)

latitude of the earth's surface measured along a See also:

• MERIDIAN
• MERIDIAN (from the Lat. meridianus, pertaining to the south or mid-day)

meridian was 6o m . More accurate estimates had been made by R . See also:

• NORWOOD

Norwood and W . See also:

• SNELL, HANNAH (1723–1992)
• SNELL, JOHN (1629-1679)
• SNELL, WILLEBRORD (1591-1626)

Snell, and more recently by P . See also:

• PICARD, LOUIS JOSEPH ERNEST (1821-1877)

Picard . At a meeting of the Royal Society on the 11th of January 1672, Oldenburg the secretary read a letter from See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris describing the method followed by Picard in measuring a degree, and specifically stating the precise length that he calculated it to be .

It is probable that Newton had become acquainted with this measurement of Picard's, and that he, was therefore led to make use of it when his thoughts were redirected to the subject . This estimate of the earth's magnitude, giving 69•r m. to 1°, made the two results, the discrepancy between which Newton had regarded as a disproof of his conjecture, to agree so exactly that he now regarded his conjecture as fully established . In January 1684 Sir See also:

• CHRISTOPHER, SAINT (Christophorus, Christoferus)

Christopher See also:

• WREN (O. Eng. wrcknna, Mid. Eng. wrenne; Icel. rindill)
• WREN, SIR CHRISTOPHER (1632-1723)

Wren, Halley and Hooke were led to discuss. the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law of gravity, and, although probably they all agreed in the truth of the law of the inverse square, yet this truth was not looked upon as established . It appears that Hooke professed to have a See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution of the problem of the path of a body moving round a centre of force attracting as the inverse square of the distance; but Halley, finding, after a delay of some months, that Hooke " had not been so See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good as his word in showing his solution to Wren, started in the month of August 1684 for Cambridge to consult Newton on the subject . Without mentioning the speculations which had been made, he asked Newton what would be the See also:

• CURVE (Lat. curvus, bent)

curve described by a planet round the sun on the See also:

• ASSUMPTION, FEAST OF

assumption that the sun's force diminished as the square of the distance . Newton replied promptly, "an See also:

• ELLIPSE (adapted from Gr. EXkei 'tc, a deficiency, iXXeirely, to fall behind)

ellipse," and on being questioned by Halley as to the reason for his answer he replied, " Why, I have calculated it." He could not, however, put his See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand upon his calculation, but he promised to send it to Halley . After the latter had left See also:

• CAM (CAO), DIOGO (fl. 1480-1486)

Cam See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge, Newton set to work to reproduce the calculation . After making a mistake and producing a different result he corrected his work and obtained his former result . In the following November Newton redeemed his promiseto Halley by sending him, by the hand of Mr See also:

• PAGET, SIR JAMES, BART

Paget, one of the fellows of his own college, and at that time mathematical master of See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ's See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

Hospital, a copy of his demonstration; and very soon afterwards Halley paid another visit to Cambridge to confer with Newton about the problem; and on his return to London on the loth of December 1684, he informed the Royal Society " that he had lately seen Mr Newton at Cam-bridge, who had showed him a curious See also:

• TREATISE

treatise De Motu," which at Halley's desire he promised to send to the Society to be entered upon their See also:

• REGISTER

register . " Mr Halley was desired to put Mr Newton in mind of his promise for the securing this invention to himself, till such time as he could be at leisure to publish it," and Paget was desired to join with Halley in urging Newton to do so . By the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of February Newton had sent his paper to See also:

• ASTON, ANTHONY (fl. 1712-1731)

Aston, one of the secretaries of the Society, and in a letter to Aston dated the 23rd of February 1685, we find Newton thanking him for " having entered on the register his notions about motion." This treatise De Motu was the germ of the Principia, and was obviously meant to be a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short account of what that work was intended to embrace . It occupies twenty-four See also:

• OCTAVO

octavo pages, -and consists of four theorems and seven problems, some of which are identical with some of the most important pro-positions of the second and third sections of' the first book of the Principia .

The years 1685 and 1686 will ever be memorable in the See also:

• HISTORY

history of science . It was in them that Newton composed almost the whole of his great work . During this period Newton had a very extensive See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence with John See also:

• FLAMSTEED, JOHN (1646-1719)

Flamsteed, who was then the astronomer-royal . Many of the letters are lost, but it is clear from one of Newton's, dated the 19th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1685, that he had received many useful communications from Flamsteed, and especially regarding See also:

• SATURN
• SATURN [SATURNUS]

Saturn, " whose orbit, as defined by Kepler," Newton "found too little for the sesquialterate proportions." In the other letters written in 1685 and 1686 he applies to Flamsteed for information respecting the orbits of the satellites of See also:

• JUPITER

Jupiter and Saturn, respecting the rise and fall of the spring and See also:

• NEAP

neap tides at the solstices and the equinoxes, respecting the flattening of Jupiter at the poles (which, if certain, he says, would conduce much to the stating the reasons of the precession of the equinoxes), and respecting the difference between the observed places of Saturn and those computed from Kepler's tables about the time of his conjunction with Jupiter . On this last point the information supplied by Flamsteed was peculiarly gratifying to Newton; and it is obvious from the See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language of this part of his letter that he had still doubts of the universal application of the sesquialteral pro-portion . " Your information," he says, " about the errors of Kepler's tables for Jupiter and Saturn has eased me of several scruples . I was apt to suspect there might be some cause or other unknown to me which might disturb the sesquialteral proportions, for the influences of the planets one upon another seemed not great enough, though I imagined Jupiter's See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence greater than your See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers determine it . It would add to my satisfaction if you would be pleased to let me know the long diameters of the orbits of Jupiter and Saturn, assigned by yourself and Mr Halley in your new tables, that I may .see how the sesquialteral proportion fills the heavens, together with another small proportion which must be allowed for." Upon Newton's return from Lincolnshire in the beginning of April 1685, he seems to have devoted himself to the preparation of his work . In the spring he had determined the attractions of masses, and thus completed the law of universal See also:

• GRAVITATION (from Lat. gravis, heavy)

gravitation . In the 'summer he had finished-the second book of the Principia, the first book being the treatise De Motu, which he had enlarged and completed . Excepting in the correspondence with Flamsteed we hear nothing more of the preparation of the Principia until the 21st of April 1686, when Halley read to the Royal Society his Discourse concerning Gravity and its Properties, in which he states " that his worthy countryman Mr Isaac Newton has an incomparable treatise of motion almost ready for the See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press," and that the law of the inverse square " is the principle on which Mr Newton has made out all the phenomena of the See also:

• CELESTIAL, OR STELLAR

celestial motions, so easily and naturally, that its truth is past dispute." At the next meeting of the Society, on the 28th of April, " Dr See also:

• VINCENT (or VINCENTIUS), ST
• VINCENT, GEORGE (1796-1831?)
• VINCENT, MARY ANN (1818-1887)

Vincent presented to the Society a See also:

• MANUSCRIPT

manuscript treatise entitled Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, and dedicated to the Society by Mr Isaac Newton." Although this manuscript contained only the first book, yet such was the confidence the Society placed in the author that an order was given " that a letter of thanks be written to Mr Newton; and that the See also:

• PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing of his book be referred to the consideration of the council; and that in the meantime the book be put into the hands of Mr Halley, to make a See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report thereof to the council." Although there could be no doubt as to the intention of this report, yet no step was taken towards the publication of the work . At the next meeting of the Society, on the loth of May, some dissatisfaction seems to have been expressed at the delay, as it was ordered " that Mr Newton's work should be printed forthwith in See also:

• QUARTO

quarto, and that a letter should be written to him to signify the Society's resolutions, and to desire his opinion as to the See also:

• PRINT

print, See also:

• VOLUME

volume, cuts and so forth." Three days afterwards Halley communicated the See also:

• RESOLUTION

resolution to Newton, and stated to him that the printing was to be at the See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of the Society .

At the next meeting of the council, on the 2nd of June, it was again ordered " that Mr Newton's book be printed," but, instead of sanctioning the resolution of the general meeting to print it at their charge, they added " that Mr Halley undertake the business of looking after it, and printing it at his own charge, which he engaged to do." In order to explain to Newton the cause of the delay, Halley in his letter of the 22nd of May alleges that it arose from " the See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president's attendance on the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, and the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of the vice-presidents, whom the good See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather had drawn out of town"; but there is reason to believe that this was not the true cause, and that the unwillingness of the council to undertake the publication arose from the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of the finances of the Society . Halley certainly deserves the gratitude of posterity for undertaking the publication of the work at a very considerable pecuniary See also:

• RISK

risk to himself . In the same letter Halley found it necessary to inform Newton of Hooke's conduct when the manuscript of the Principia was presented to the Society . Sir John Hoskyns was in the chair when Dr Vincent presented the manuscript, and passed a high encomium on the novelty and dignity of the subjc-t . Hooke was offended because Sir John did not mention what he had told him of his own discovery . Halley only communicated to Newton the fact " that Hooke had some pretensions to the invention of the See also:

• RULE

rule for the decrease of gravity being reciprocally as the squares of the distances from the centre," acknowledging at the same time that, though Newton had the notion from him, " yet the demonstration of the curves generated thereby belonged wholly to Newton." " How much of this," Halley adds, " is so, you know best, so likewise what you have to do in this matter; only Mr Hooke seems to expect you should make some mention of him in the See also:

• PREFACE (Med. Lat. prefatia, for classical praefatio, praefari, to speak beforehand)

preface, which 'tis possible you may see reason to prefix . I must beg your See also:

• PARDON (through the Fr. from Late Lat. perdonare, to remit a debt or other obligation on a penalty)

pardon that 'tis I that send you this ungrateful account; but I thought it my duty to let you know it, so that you might See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act accordingly, being in myself fully satisfied that nothing but the greatest candour imaginable is to be expected from a See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person who has of all men the least need to See also:

• BORROW, GEORGE HENRY (18o3-1881)

borrow reputation." In thus appealing to Newton's candour, Halley obviously wished that some See also:

• ACKNOWLEDGMENT (from the old acknow, a compound of on- and know, to know by the senses, which passed through the forms oknow, aknow and acknow; acknowledge is formed on analogy of " knowledge ")

acknowledgment of Hooke should be made . He knew indeed that before Newton had announced the inverse law Hooke and Wren and himself had spoken of it and discussed it, and therefore See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice demanded that, though none of them had given a demonstration of the law, Hooke especially should receive See also:

• CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

credit for having maintained it as a truth of which he was seeking the demonstration . On the loth of June I686 Newton wrote to Halley the following letter: " Sir,—In order to let you know the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case between Mr Hooke and me, I give you an account of what passed between us in our letters, so far as I could remember; for 'tis long since they were See also:

• WRIT (O. Eng. gewrit, writ, from writan, to write)

writ, and I do not know that I have seen them since . I am almost confident by circumstances, that Sir Chr . Wren knew the duplicate proportionwhen I gave him a visit; and then Mr Hooke(by his book Cometa written afterwards) will prove the last of us three that knew it . I intended in this letter to let you understand the case fully; but it being a frivolous business, I shall content myself to give you, the heads of it in short, viz. that I never extended the duplicate pro-portion See also:

• LOWER

lower than to the superficies of the earth, and before a certain demonstration I found the last year, have suspected it did not reach accurately enough down so low; and therefore in the doctrine of projectiles never used it nor considered the motions of the heavens; and consequently Mr Hooke could not from my letters, which were about projectiles and the regions descending hence to the centre, conclude me ignorant of the theory of the heavens .

That what he told me of the duplicate proportion was erroneous, namely, that it reached down from hence to the centre of the earth . " That it is not candid to require me now to confess myself, in print, then ignorant of the duplicate proportion in the heavens; for no other reason, but because he had told it me in the case of projectiles, and so upon mistaken grounds, accused me of that ignorance . That in my answer to his first letter I refused his correspondence, told him I had laid philosophy aside, sent him only the experiment of projectiles (rather shortly hinted than carefully described), in compliment to sweeten my answer, expected to hear no further from him; could scarce persuade myself to answer his second. letter; did not answer his third, was upon other things; thought no further of philosophical matters than his letters put me upon it, and therefore may be allowed not to have had my thoughts of that kind about me so well at that time . That by the same reason he concludes me then ignorant of the rest of the duplicate proportion, he may as well conclude me ignorant of the rest of that theory I had read before in his books . That in one of my papers writ (I cannot say in what year, but I am sure some time before I had any correspondence with Mr Oldenburg, and that's above fifteen years ago), the proportion of the forces of the planets from the sun, reciprocally duplicate of their distances from him, is expressed, and the proportion of our gravity to the moon's conatus recedendi a centro terrae is calculated, though not accurately enough . That when Hugenius put out his Horol . Oscil., a copy being presented to me, in my letter of thanks to him I gave those rules in the end thereof a particular See also:

• COMMENDATION (from the Lat. commendare, to entrust to the charge of, or to procure a favour for)

commendation for their usefulness in Philosophy, and added out of my aforesaid paper an instance of their usefulness, in comparing the forces of the moon from the earth, and earth. from the sun; in determining a problem about the moon's phase, and putting a limit to the sun's See also:

• PARALLAX (Gr. aapa?X6, alternately)

parallax, which shews that I had then my See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye upon comparing the forces of the planets arising from their circular motion, and understood it; so that a while after, when Mr Hooke' propounded the problem solemnly, in the end of his See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to prove the motion of the earth, if I had not known the duplicate proportion before, I could not but have found it now . Between ten and eleven years ago there was an See also:

• HYPOTHESIS (from Gr. inrorcOivat, to put under; cf. Lat. suppositio, from sub-ponere)

hypothesis of mine registered in your books, wherein I' hinted a cause of gravity towards the earth, sun and planets, with the dependence of the celestial motions thereon; in which the proportion of the decrease of gravity from the superficies of the planet (though for brevity's See also:

• SAKE

sake not there expressed) can be no other than reciprocally duplicate of the distance from the centre . And I hope I shall not be urged to declare, in print, that' I understood not the obvious mathematical See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of my own hypothesis . But, See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant I received it afterwards from Mr Hooke, yet have I as great a right to it as to the ellipsis . For as Kepler knew the See also:

• ORB

orb to be not circular but See also:

• OVAL (Lat. ovum, egg)

oval, and guessed it to be elliptical, so Mr Hooke, without knowing what I have found out since his letters to me, can know no more, but that the proportion was duplicate quam proxime at great distances from the centre, and only guessed it to be so accurately, and guessed amiss in extending that proportion down to the very centre, whereas Kepler guessed right at the ellipsis . And so .

Mr Hooke found less of the proportion than Kepler of the ellipsis . " There is so strong an objection against the accurateness of this proportion, that without my demonstrations, to which Mr Hooke is yet a stranger, it cannot be believed by a judicious philosopher to be any where accurate . And so, in stating this business, I do pretend to have done as much for the proportion as for' the ellipsis, and to have as much right to the one from Mr Hooke and all men, as to the other from Kepler; and therefore on this account also he must at least moderate his pretences . The proof you sent me I like very well . I designed the whole to consist of three books; the second was finished last summer being short, and only wants transcribing, and See also:

• DRAWING

drawing the cuts fair]'' . Some new propositions I have since thought on, which I can as well let alone . The third wants the theory of comets . In autumn last I spent two months in calculations to no purpose for want of a good method, which made me afterwards return to the first book, and enlarge it with divers propositions, some See also:

• RELATING

relating to comets, others to other things, found out last winter . The third I now-See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design td sup-press . ' Philosophy is such an impertinently litigious See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady, that a man has as good be engaged in lawsuits, as have to do with her . I found it so formerly, and now I am no sooner come near her again, but she gives me warning . The two first books, without the third, will not so well See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematics; and therefore I had altered' it to , this, De .

Motu Corporum libri duo . " But, upon second thoughts, I retain the former title . 'See also:

• TWILL (connected with " two ")

Twill help the See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

sale of the book, which I ought not to diminish now 'tis yours . The articles are, with the largest, to be called by that name; if you please you may change the word to sections, though it be not material . In the frst page, I have struck out the words ' uti posthac docebitur,' as referring to the third book; which is all at present, from your affectionate friend, and humble servant, " IS . NEWTON." On the 29th of June 1686 Halley wrote to Newton:—" I am heartily sorry that in this matter, wherein all mankind ought to acknowledge their obligations to you, you should meet with anything that should give you unquiet "; and then, after an account of Hooke's claim to the discovery as made at a meeting of the Royal Society, he concludes: " But I found that they were all of opinion that nothing thereof appearing in print, nor on the books of the Society, you ought to be considered as the inventor . And if in truth he knew it before you, he ought not to blame any but himself for having taken no more care to secure a discovery, which he puts so much value on . What application he has made in private, I know not; but I am sure that the Society have a very great satisfaction, in the honour you do them, by the See also:

• DEDICATION (Lat. dedicatio, from dedicare, to proclaim, to announce)

dedication of so worthy a treatise . Sir, I must now again beg you, not to let your resentments run so high, as to deprive us of your third book, wherein the application of your mathematical doctrine to the theory of comets and several curious experiments, which, as I guess by what you write, ought to compose it, will undoubtedly render it acceptable to those, who will See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call themselves Philosophers without Mathematics, which are much the greater number . Now you approve of the character and paper, I will push on the edition vigorously . I have sometimes had thoughts of having the cuts neatly done in wood, so as to stand in the page with the demonstrations . It will be more convenient, and not much more charge .

If it please you to have it so, I will try how well it can be done; otherwise I will have them in somewhat a larger See also:

• SIZE

size than those you have sent up.—I am, Sir, your most affectionate humble servant, E . See also:

• HAL

HAL.LEY." On the 3oth of June 1686 the president was desired by the council to license Newton's book, entitled Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica . On the 14th of July 1686 Newton wrote to Halley approving of his proposal to introduce woodcuts among the letterpress, stating clearly the different things which he had from Hooke, and adding, " And now having sincerely told you the case between Mr Hooke and me, I hope I shall be free for the future from the prejudice of his letters . I have considered how best to compose the present dispute, and I think it may be done by the inclosed scholium to the See also:

• FOURTH

fourth proposition." This scholium was—" The inverse law of gravity holds in all the celestial motions, as was discovered also independently by my countrymen Wren, Hooke and Halley." After this letter of Newton's the printing of the Principia was begun . The second book, though ready for the press in the autumn of 1686, was not sent to the printers until March 1687 . The third book was presented to the Society on the 6th of April 1687, and the whole work published about midsummer in that year . It was dedicated to the Royal Society, and to it was prefixed a set of Latin hexameters addressed by Halley to the author . The work, as might have been expected, caused a great deal of excitement throughout See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, and the whole of the impression was very soon sold . In 1691 a copy of the Principia was hardly to be procured . While Newton was writing the second and third books of the Principia, a very important event occurred at Cambridge which had the effect of bringing him before the public in a new light . James II. had already, in 1686, in open violation of the law, conferred the deanery of Christ See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church at See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford on John See also:

• MASSEY, GERALD (1828-r9o7)
• MASSEY, SIR EDWARD (c. 1619-c. 1674)

Massey, a person whose See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole qualification was that he was a member of the Church of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome; and the king had boasted to the See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope's See also:

• LEGATE (Lat. legatus, past part. of legare, to send as deputy)
• LEGATE, BARTHOLOMEW (c. 1575-1612)

legate that " what he had done at Oxford would very soon be done at Cambridge." In accordance with this boast, in February 1687 he issued a See also:

• MANDATE (Mandatum)

mandate directing that Father See also:

• ALBAN, SAINT

Alban Francis, a See also:

• BENEDICTINE

Benedictine See also:

• MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
• MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
• MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
• MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)

monk, should be admitted a master of arts of the university of Cambridge, without taking the oaths of See also:

• ALLEGIANCE (Mid. Eng. ligeaunce; med. Lat. ligeantia, &c.; the al- was probably added through confusion with another legal term, allegeance, an allegation; the Fr. allegeance comes from the English; the word is formed from " liege," of which the derivatio

allegiance and supremacy .