See also:

• NICHOLAS
• NICHOLAS (1841– )
• NICHOLAS (or NICLAES), HENRY (or HENDRIK) (c. 1501-C. 158o)
• NICHOLAS, SIR EDWARD (1593-1669)
• NICHOLAS, ST

NICHOLAS III  . (Giovanni Gaetano See also:

• ORSINI
• ORSINI, FELICE (1819-1858)

Orsini), See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope from the 25th ,of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1277 to the 22nd of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 128o, was a See also:

• ROMAN

Roman nobleman who had served under eight popes, been made See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

cardinal-See also:

• DEACON (Gr. S&& ovos, minister, servant)

deacon of St Nicola in carcere Tulliano by See also:

• INNOCENT (INNOCENTIUS)
• INNOCENT (POPES)

Innocent IV., See also:

• PROTECTOR

protector of the See also:

• FRANCISCANS (otherwise called Friars Minor, or Minorites; also the Seraphic Order ; and in England Grey Friars, from the colour of the habit, which, however, is now brown rather than grey)

Franciscans by See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander IV., inquisitor-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general by See also:

• URBAN
• URBAN (Urbanus)

Urban IV., and succeeded See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John XXI., largely through See also:

• FAMILY

family See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence, after a six-months' vacancy in the See also:

• HOLY

Holy See . His brief pontificate was marked by several important events . A See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born politician, he greatly strengthened the papal position in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy . He concluded a See also:

• CONCORDAT (Lat. concordatum, agreed upon, from con-, together, and cor, heart)

concordat with See also:

• RUDOLPH
• RUDOLPH (d. 1o8o)
• RUDOLPH, or RAOUL

Rudolph of See also:

• HABSBURG, or HAPSBURG

Habsburg in May 1278, by which the Romagna and the exarchate of See also:

• RAVENNA
• RAVENNA, EXARCHATE OF

Ravenna were guaranteed to the pope; and in See also:

• JULY

July he issued an See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch-making constitution for the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, which forbade foreigners taking See also:

• CIVIL

civil See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office . See also:

• NICHOLAS
• NICHOLAS (1841– )
• NICHOLAS (or NICLAES), HENRY (or HENDRIK) (c. 1501-C. 158o)
• NICHOLAS, SIR EDWARD (1593-1669)
• NICHOLAS, ST

Nicholas issued the See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

bull Exiit on the 14th of August 1279 to See also:

• SETTLE
• SETTLE, ELKANAH (1648–1724)

settle the strife within the Franciscan See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order between the parties of strict and loose observance . He repaired the Lateran and the Vatican at enormous cost, and erected a beautiful See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house at Soriano near See also:

• VITERBO

Viterbo . Nicholas, though a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of learning and strength of See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, brought just reproach on himself for his efforts to found principalities for his nephews and other relations . He died from a stroke of See also:

• APOPLEXY (Gr. arov n i.a, from aroaMvvew, to strike down, to stun)

apoplexy and was succeeded by See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin IV . See " See also:

• LES

Les Registres de See also:

• NICOLAS
• NICOLAS, SIR NICHOLAS HARRIS (1799–1848)

Nicolas III.," published by Jules See also:

• GAY, JOHN (1685-1732)
• GAY, MARIE FRANCOISE SOPHIE (1776-1852)
• GAY, WALTER (1856– )

Gay in Bibliotheque See also:

• DES

des ecoles francaises d'Athenes et de Rome (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1898-1905) ; A . See also:

• POTTHAST, AUGUST (1824—1898)

Potthast, Regesta pontif . Roman. vol .

2 (See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1875) ; A . Demski, " Papst Nikolaus III." in Kirchengeschichtliche Studien (See also:

• MUNSTER
• MUNSTER, SEBASTIAN (1489-1552)

Munster, i9o3); F . See also:

• GREGOROVIUS, FERDINAND (1821-1891)

Gregorovius, Rome in the See also:

• MIDDLE

Middle Ages, vol . 5, trans. by Mrs G . W . See also:

• HAMILTON
• HAMILTON (GRAND or ASHUANIPI)
• HAMILTON, ALEXANDER (1757-1804)
• HAMILTON, ANTHONY, or ANTOINE (1646-1720)
• HAMILTON, ELIZABETH (1758–1816)
• HAMILTON, EMMA, LADY (c. 1765-1815)
• HAMILTON, JAMES (1769-1831)
• HAMILTON, JAMES HAMILTON, 1ST DUKE OF (1606-1649)
• HAMILTON, JOHN (c. 1511–1571)
• HAMILTON, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• HAMILTON, PATRICK (1504-1528)
• HAMILTON, ROBERT (1743-1829)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM (1730-1803)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM ROWAN (1805-1865)
• HAMILTON, THOMAS (1789-1842)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM (1704-1754)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM GERARD (1729-1796)

Hamilton (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1900–1902); Fr . Wertsch, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Beziehungen Rudolfs von Habsburg zur rom . Kurie bis zum Tode Nikolaus III . (See also:

• BOCHUM

Bochum, 188o) ; G . Palmieri, Introiti ed esiti di Papa Niccoib III . (Rome, 1889) . (C .

H .