ST See also:

• NICHOLAS
• NICHOLAS (1841– )
• NICHOLAS (or NICLAES), HENRY (or HENDRIK) (c. 1501-C. 158o)
• NICHOLAS, SIR EDWARD (1593-1669)
• ST NICHOLAS

NICHOLAS  , See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of See also:

• MYRA (mod. Dembre)

Myra, in See also:

• LYCIA

Lycia, a See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

saint honoured by the Greeks and the Latins on the 6th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December . His cult is as celebrated as his See also:

• HISTORY

history is obscure . All the accounts that have come down to us are of a purely legendary See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, and it is impossible to find any single incident confirmed historic-ally . The See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main facts of his See also:

• LIFE

life are usually given as follows . He was bishop of Myra in the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• DIOCLETIAN (GAIUs AURELIUS VALERIUS DIOCLETIANUS) (A.D. 245–313)
• DIOCLETIAN, EDICT OF (De Pretiis rerum venalium)

Diocletian, was persecuted, tortured for the faith, and kept in See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison until the more tolerant reign of See also:

• CONSTANTINE

Constantine, and was See also:

• PRESENT

present at the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of See also:

• NICAEA, COUNCIL OF
• NICAEA, or NICE

Nicaea . It should be observed that this last circumstance is ignored by all the historians, and that St See also:

• ATHANASIUS (293-373)

Athanasius, who knew all the notable bishops of the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, never mentions See also:

• NICHOLAS
• NICHOLAS (1841– )
• NICHOLAS (or NICLAES), HENRY (or HENDRIK) (c. 1501-C. 158o)
• NICHOLAS, SIR EDWARD (1593-1669)
• NICHOLAS, ST

Nicholas, bishop of Myra . The See also:

• OLDEST

oldest known See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument of the cult of St Nicholas seems to be the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of SS See also:

• PRISCUS

Priscus and Nicholas built at See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople by the emperor Justinian (see See also:

• PROCOPIUS

Procopius, De aedif. i . 6) . In the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West, the name of St Nicholas appears in the 9th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century martyrologies, and churches dedicated to him are to be found at the beginning of the 11th century . It is more especially, however, from the time of the removal of his See also:

• BODY

body to See also:

• BARI
• BARI (anc. Barium)

Bari, in See also:

• APULIA (sometimes APPULIa in manuscripts but never in inscriptions)

Apulia, that his cult became popular . The inhabitants of Bari organized an expedition, seized his remains by means of a ruse, and transported them to Bari, where they were received in See also:

• TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph on the 9th of May ro87, and where the See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations were laid of a new See also:

• BASILICA

basilica in his See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour . This was the origin of a famous and still popular See also:

• PILGRIMAGE (Fr. pelerinage, Lat. peregrinatio)

pilgrimage .

There are nearly 400 churches in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England dedicated to St Nicholas . He is the See also:

• PATRON

patron saint of See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia; the See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• PROTECTOR

protector of See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children, scholars, merchants and sailors; and is invoked by travellers against robbers . In See also:

• ART

art St Nicholas is represented with various attributes, being most commonly depicted with three children See also:

• STANDING

standing in a tub by his See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side . Of the various interpretations of this, none is absolutely certain . One explanation has been sought in the See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend of St Nicholas miraculously restoring to life three See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich youths, who had been murdered, cut up and concealed in a salting tub by a thievish innkeeper or See also:

• BUTCHER

butcher, in whose See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house they had taken lodging . A legend of his surreptitious bestowal of dowries upon the three daughters of an impoverished See also:

• CITIZEN (a form corrupted in Eng., apparently by analogy with " denizen," from O. Fr. citeain, mod. Fr. citoyen)

citizen, who, unable to procure See also:

• FIT

fit marriages for them, was on the point of giving them up to a life of shame, is said to have originated the old See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom of giving presents in See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret on the See also:

• EVE

Eve of St Nicholas, subsequently transferred to See also:

• CHRISTMAS (i.e. the Mass of Christ)

Christmas See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

Day . Hence the association of Christmas with " See also:

• SANTA

Santa Claus," an See also:

• AMERICAN

American corruption of the Dutch See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form " See also:

• SAN

San Nicolaas," the custom being brought to See also:

• AMERICA

America by the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early Dutch colonists . (For the ceremony of the.boybishop elected on St Nicholas's Day see Boy-BISHOP.) See N . C . Falconius, Sancti See also:

• NICOLAI, CHRISTOPH FRIEDRICH (1733-1811)

Nicolai acta primigenia (See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples, 1751) ; Bibliotheca hagiographica Graeca (See also:

• BRUSSELS (Fr. Bruxelles, Flem. Brussel)

Brussels, 1895), p . 96; Bibl. hagiogr . See also:

• LATINA, VIA

Latina (Brussels, 1899), n .

61(34-6221; F . Nitti di Vito, Le Perganiene di S . Nicola di Bari (Bari, 1901); See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles Cahier, Caracteristiques See also:

• DES

des See also:

• SAINTS, BATTLE OF THE

saints (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1867), p . 354; Frances See also:

• ARNOLD
• ARNOLD, BENEDICT (1741-1801)
• ARNOLD, GOTTFRIED (1666-1714)
• ARNOLD, MATTHEW (1822-1888)
• ARNOLD, SAMUEL (1740--18o2)
• ARNOLD, SIR EDWIN (1832-1904)
• ARNOLD, THOMAS (1745-1842)

Arnold-See also:

• FORSTER, FRANCOIS (179o-,872)
• FORSTER, FRIEDRICH CHRISTOPH (1791-1868)
• FORSTER, JOHANN GEORG ADAM (1754-1794)
• FORSTER, JOHN (1812-1876)
• FORSTER, JOHN COOPER (1823-1886)
• FORSTER, WILLIAM EDWARD (1818-1886)

Forster, Studies in Church Dedications (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1899), i . 495-501 and See also:

• ILI

Ili . 21 .