NICKEL  : 5 See also:

• BRONZE

BRONZE: I and 2 centavos, 95 parts See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper , 4 See also:

• TIN (Lat.- stannum, whence the chemical symbol " Sn "; atomic weight =117.6, 0=16)

tin, I See also:

• ZINC

zinc . Provisions are also made for continuing the coinage of " See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade dollars " for export, which have a wide circulation in the Orient but are not current at See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home . Fractional See also:

• SILVER

silver See also:

• COIN
• COIN (older forms of the word are coyne, quoin and coign, all derived through the O. Fr. coing, and cuigne from Lat. cuneus, a wedge)

coin is not legal See also:

• TENDER

tender above 20 pesos, and bronze and nickel coins not above I peso, but the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government maintains See also:

• CONVERSION (Lat. conversio, from convertere, to turn or ,change)

conversion offices where such coins can be converted into silver pesos without loss . The amount of See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold in circulation is small, the See also:

• BANK

bank notes convertible into gold taking its See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place . See also:

• FOREIGN

Foreign coins are permitted to circulate in the See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic . There were 34 chartered See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks in See also:

• MEXICO
• MEXICO (Span. Mejico, or Mexico,)
• MEXICO, FEDERAL DISTRICT OF
• MEXICO, GULF OF

Mexico in 1908, of which 29 enjoyed the See also:

• PRIVILEGE

privilege of issuing bank notes; the See also:

• TOTAL

total See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note circulation on the 31st of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1906 was 97,787,878 pesos . These note issues are everywhere current at full nominal value, being secured under the provisions of the See also:

• NATIONAL

national banking See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law of 1896 by metallic reserves . The notes are not legal tender, and it is forbidden to See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count them as " See also:

• CASH

cash on See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand " in bank returns, but ample safe-See also:

• GUARDS, AND HOUSEHOLD TROOPS

guards both as to issue and redemption inspire full confidence in their employment as a substitute for gold . Restrictions on speculative operations in real See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate and on the use of hypothecated and discounted See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper as See also:

• SECURITY (Lat. securus, free from care, safe)

security for other transactions, together with the publication of detailed monthly See also:

• BALANCE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. bilantia, an apparatus for weighing, from bi, two, and lanx, a dish or scale)

balance sheets, have kept these banks See also:

• FREE

free from unsound methods, and their See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record thus far (1909) has been conspicuously See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good . See also:

• MORTGAGE

Mortgage and See also:

• LOAN (adapted from the Scandinavian form of a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Swed. Mn, Icel. lan, Dut. leen; the O.E. laen appears in " lend," the ultimate source is seen in the root of Gr. Xeiaecv and Lat. linquere, to leave)

loan banks have also been established in accordance with the law of 1896, and are subject to See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official supervision . Private banks are numerous, but foreign banks are not encouraged to open agencies . The use of cheques is very limited because of the See also:

• STAMP (from " to stamp," to strike or tread heavily, hence to impress, O. Eng. stempen, Du. stampen, Ger. stampfen, whence, O. Fr. estamper, mod. etamper)

stamp tax .

Weights and See also:

• MEASURES

Measures.—Mexico adopted the metric See also:

• SYSTEM

system in 1862, and it is used in all official transactions, See also:

• LAND

land measurements, railway calculations and public school See also:

• WORK

work . The old See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish weights and measures, modified in many particulars, continued in private use, however, and in T895 it became necessary to declare the metric system the only legal system and to make its use compulsory after the 16th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1896 . Among the more popular See also:

• WORKS

works on Mexico are See also:

• BAEDEKER, KARL (1801–1859)

Baedeker's The See also:

• UNITED

United States, with Excursions to Mexico, eec . (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1909) ; H . H . See also:

• BANCROFT, GEORGE (1800—1891)
• BANCROFT, HUBERT HOWE (1832– )
• BANCROFT, RICHARD (1544–161o)
• BANCROFT, SIR SQUIRE (1841– )

Bancroft, Resources and Development of Mexico (See also:

• SAN

San Francisco, 1893) ; M . See also:

• CHEVALIER, ALBERT (1861– )
• CHEVALIER, MICHEL (1806-1879)
• CHEVALIER, ULYSSE (1841– )

Chevalier, Le Mexique ancien et moderne (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1886) ; A . See also:

• GARCIA
• GARCIA (DEL POPOLO VICENTO), MANOEL (1775-1832)

Garcia Cubas, Etude geographique, statistique, descriptive et historique See also:

• DES

des Etats- Unis Mexicains (Mexico, 1889 ; in See also:

• ENGLISH

English, 1893) ; C . B . Dahlgreen, See also:

• MINAS [MINOIDES] (c. 1790-186o)

Minas historicas de la Republica Mexicana (tr. from Eng., 1887) ; J . Domenech, Guia See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general descriptive de la Repiiblica Mexicana (vol. i., Mexico, 1899) ; F . W .

Egloffstein, Contributions to the See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

Geology and See also:

• PHYSICAL

Physical See also:

• GEOGRAPHY (Gr. yil, earth, and ypiickty, to write)

Geography of Mexico (New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, 1864) ; C . Reginald Enock, Mexico, its See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

Ancient and See also:

• MODERN

Modern See also:

• CIVILIZATION

Civilization, &c . (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1909) ; Hans Gadow, Travels in See also:

• SOUTHERN

Southern Mexico (London, 1908) ; See also:

• ERNST, HEINRICH WILHELM (1814–1865)

Ernst von I-Iesse-Wartegg, Mexico, Land and Leute (See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna, 189o) ; W . T . Hornaday, See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

Camp Fires on See also:

• DESERT

Desert and See also:

• LAVA

Lava (London, 19o8); Alex. von See also:

• HUMBOLDT, FRIEDRICH HEINRICH ALEXANDER, BARON
• HUMBOLDT, KARL WILHELM VON (1767-1835)

Humboldt, Voyage aux regions equinoxiales du nouveau See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent (Paris, 1807 sqq.) ; A . H . See also:

• KEANE, JOHN JOSEPH (1839– )

Keane, " Mexico " in See also:

• STANFORD, SIR CHARLES VILLIERS (1852– )

Stanford's Compendium of Geography and Travel (London, 1904) ; H . Kessler, Notizen fiber Mexico (See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1898) ; Carl Lumholtz, Unknown Mexico (New York, 1902) ; C . F . Lummis, The Awakening of a Nation (New York, 1898) ; P . F . See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin, Mexico of the Twentieth See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

Century (London, 1907) ; A .

H . Noll, A See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

Short See also:

• HISTORY

History of Mexico (See also:

• CHICAGO
• CHICAGO, UNIVERSITY OF

Chicago, 1903) ; See also:

• SANTIAGO, or SANTIAGO DE CHILE

Santiago Ramirez, Noticia histerica de la riqueza mineira de Mexico (Mexico, 1884); See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

Friedrich Ratzel, Aus Mexico: Reiseskizzen aus den Jahren 1894–1876 (See also:

• BRESLAU (Polish Wraclaw)

Breslau, 1878) ; Matias Romero, See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

Geographical and Statistical Notes on Mexico (New York, 1898) ; idem, Mexico and the United States (New York, 1898) ; E . Seler, Mexico and See also:

• GUATEMALA (sometimes incorrectly written GUATIMALA)
• GUATEMALA, or GUATEMALA LA NUEVA (i.e. " New Guatemala," sometimes written Nueva Guatemala, and formerly Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala)

Guatemala (Berlin, 1896) ; Justo Serra (editor), Mexico: Its Social See also:

• EVOLUTION

Evolution, &c . (2 vols., Mexico, 1904) ; J . R . See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South-See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth ,Mines of Mexico (9 vols., Mexico, 1905) ; Fredericl:Starr, See also:

• INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians of Southern Mexico (Chicago, 1899) ; Sara V . See also:

• STEVENSON, ADLA1 EWING (1835- )
• STEVENSON, ROBERT (1772-1850)
• STEVENSON, ROBERT LEWIS BALFOUR (1850-1894)

Stevenson, See also:

• MAXIMILIAN
• MAXIMILIAN (1832—1867)

Maximilian in Mexico (New York, 1899) T . See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip See also:

• TERRY, EDWARD
• TERRY, ELLEN ALICIA (1848– )

Terry, Mexico (See also:

• BOSTON
• BOSTON, THOMAS (1676-1732)

Boston, 1909 ; an excellent See also:

• GUIDE (in Mid. Eng. gyde, from the Fr. guide; the earlier French form was guie, English " guy," the d was due to the Italian form guida; the ultimate origin is probably Teutonic, the word being connected with the base seen in O. Eng. witan, to know)

guide) ; See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David A . See also:

• WELLS
• WELLS, CHARLES JEREMIAH (1798?–1879)
• WELLS, DAVID AMES (1828—1898)
• WELLS, HERBERT GEORGE (1866— )
• WELLS, SIR THOMAS SPENCER, 1ST BART

Wells, A Study of Mexico (New York, 1887); W . E . Weyl, Labor Conditions in Mexico (See also:

• WASHINGTON
• WASHINGTON (or WASHINGTON COURT HOUSE)
• WASHINGTON, BOOKER TALIAFERRO (c. 1859– )
• WASHINGTON, BUSHROD (1762-1829)
• WASHINGTON, GEORGE (1732-1799)

Washington, 1902), See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

Bull . No 38, See also:

• BUREAU (a Fr. word from burel or bureau, a coarse cloth used for coverings)

Bureau of Labor; See also:

• NEVIN, JOHN WILLIAMSON (1803-1886)

Nevin O .

See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

Winter, Mexico and her See also:

• PEOPLE

People of To-See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day (Boston, 1907) ; See also:

• MARIE

Marie R . See also:

• WRIGHT, CARROLL DAVIDSON (1840-1909)
• WRIGHT, CHAUNCEY (1830-1875)
• WRIGHT, JOSEPH (1734-1797)
• WRIGHT, SILAS (1795-1847)
• WRIGHT, THOMAS (1809–1884)
• WRIGHT, THOMAS (1810—1877)
• WRIGHT, WILLIAM ALDIS (1836– )

Wright, Picturesque Mexico (See also:

• PHILADELPHIA

Philadelphia, 1898) ; and Rafael de Zayas Enriquez, See also:

• LES

Les Etats-unis mexicains (Mexico, 1899) . Important works of reference are: Anuario estadistico de la Republica Mexicana (Mexico) ; Mexican See also:

• YEAR

Year-See also:

• BOOK

book (London, 1908) ; Biological and botanical publications of the U.S . See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

Department of See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

Agriculture (Washington) ; Statesman's Year-book (London) ; Hand-book of Mexico (Washington), published by the Bureau of See also:

• AMERICAN

American Republics; Monthly Bulletin of the Bureau of American Republics (Washington) ; See also:

• BRITISH

British Foreign See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

Office See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

Diplomatic and Consular Reports (London) ; and the U.S . Consular Reports (Washington) . (A . J . L.) HISTORY I.—Ancient Mexico . The name Mexico is connected with the name of the See also:

• GROUP

group of American tribes calling themselves Mexica (sing . Mexicali) or Azteca . The word is related to or derived from the name of the Mexican national See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war-See also:

• GOD

god, Mexitl, better known as See also:

• HUITZILOPOCHTLI

Huitzilopochtli . The See also:

• AZTECS (from the Nahuatl word aztlan, " place of the Heron," or " Heron " people)

Aztecs from the I2th century appear to have migrated from place to place over the See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain-walled See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau of See also:

• ANAHUAC

Anahuac, the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country " by the See also:

• WATER

water," so called from its See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt lagoons, which is now known as the Valley of Mexico .

About 1325 they founded on the See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake of Tezcuco the permanent See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement of Mexico Tenochtitlan, which is still represented by the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city, Mexico . The name Mexico' was given by the Spanish conquerors to the group of countries over which the Aztec See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power more or less prevailed at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of the See also:

• EUROPEAN

European invasion . Clavigero (Storia entice del Messico, vol. i.) gives a See also:

• MAP
• MAP (or MAPES), WALTER (d. c. 1208/9)

map of the so-called " Mexican See also:

• EMPIRE

empire," which may be roughly described as reaching from the See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• ZACATECAS

Zacatecas to beyond Guatemala; it is noticeable that both these names are of Mexican origin, derived respectively from words for " See also:

• STRAW

straw " and " See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood." Eventually Mexico and New Mexico came to designate the still vaster region of Spanish See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• AMERICA

America, which (till cut down by changes which have limited the modern republic of Mexico) reached as far as the See also:

• ISTHMUS (Gr.io0pbs, neck)

Isthmus of See also:

• PANAMA

Panama on the south and took in See also:

• CALIFORNIA
• CALIFORNIA, LOWER (Baja California)
• CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF

California and See also:

• TEXAS

Texas on the north . Mexico in this wide sense is of high See also:

• INTEREST

interest to the anthropologist from the several native American civilizations which appear within its limits, and which conveniently if loosely group themselves See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round two centres, the Mexican proper and the Central American . When See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in the 16th century the Spaniards found their way from the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India Islands to this See also:

• PART

part of the mainland of America, they discovered not See also:

• RUDE, FRANCOIS (1784–1855)

rude and See also:

• SIMPLE

simple tribes like the islanders of the See also:

• ANTILLES

Antilles, but nations with armies, official administrators, courts of See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice, high agriculture and See also:

• MECHANICAL

mechanical arts, and, what struck the See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white men especially, See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone buildings whose See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture and See also:

• SCULPTURE
• SCULPTURE (Lat. sculptura, from sculpere, to carve, cognate with Gr. yXb4ew)

sculpture were often of dimensions and elaborateness to astonish the builders and sculptors of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . Here was a problem which excited the liveliest curiosity and gave rise to a whole literature . Hernandez and See also:

• ACOSTA, JOSE DE (1 J39?-1600)
• ACOSTA, URIEL (d. 1647)

Acosta shared the See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion of their time that the See also:

• GREAT

great fossil bones found in Mexico were remains of giants, and that, as before the See also:

• DELUGE, THE (through the Fr. from Lat. diluvium, flood, diluere, to wash away)

deluge there were giants on the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth, therefore Mexico was peopled from the Old See also:

• WORLD

World in antediluvian times . On the other hand the multitude of native American See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages suggested that the See also:

• MIGRATION

migration to America took place after the See also:

• BUILDING

building of the See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower of See also:

• BABEL

Babel, and Siguenza arrived at the curiously definite result that the Mexicans were descended from Naphtuhim, son of See also:

• MIZRAIM

Mizraim and See also:

• GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

grandson of See also:

• NOAH (ni, rest; Septuagint, New Testament, Philo, Josephus, Na*, N&i os, Nweos: Vulg. Noe)

Noah, who See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt for Mexico shortly after the confusion of See also:

• TONGUES, GIFT OF, or GLOSSOLALIA (yXwova, tongue, aXeiv, speak)

tongues . Although such speculations have fallen out of date, they induced the collection of native traditions and invaluable records of races, languages and customs, which otherwise would have been lost for ever . Even in the 19th century See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord Kingsborough spent a See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune in See also:

• PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing a magnificent compilation of Mexican picture-writings and documents in his Antiquities of Mexico to prove the theory advocated by Garcia a century earlier, that the Mexicans were the lost tribes of See also:

• ISRAEL (Hebrew for " God strives " or " rules "; see Gen. xxxii. 28; and the allusion in Hosea xii. 4)

Israel . Modern archaeologists approach the question from a different standpoint, but the origin of the American See also:

• ABORIGINES

aborigines and of Mexican civilization remains extremely obscure (see AMERICA, where the See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive Mexican cultures are fully illustrated, and CENTRAL AMERICA) . Real See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information as to the nations of Mexico before Spanish r In this, as in all other Aztec names, the x (or j) represents the English See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound sh; hence Mexitli and Mexico should be properly pronounced Meshitli, Meshico .

But they do not appear to have ever been so pronounced by the Spaniards, who naturally gave to the x its See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary Spanish sound of the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German ch . 330 times is very imperfect, but not altogether wanting . The accurate and experienced See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander von Humboldt considered the native Americans of both continents to be substantially similar in See also:

• RACE

race-characters . Such a generalization will become sounder, if, as is now generally done by anthropologists, the See also:

• ESKIMO, ESKIMOS

Eskimo with their pyramidal skulls, dull complexion and See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat noses are removed into a See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division by themselves . Apart from these polar nomads, the American indigenes group roughly into a single division of mankind, of course with See also:

• LOCAL

local See also:

• VARIATIONS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS OF

variations . If our See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention is turned to the natives of Mexico especially, the unity of type will be found particularly See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close . The native See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of the plateau of Mexico, mainly Aztecs, may still be seen by thousands without any trace of mixture of European See also:

• BLOOD

blood . Their stature is estimated to be about 5 ft . 3 in., but they are of See also:

• MUSCULAR

muscular and sturdy build . Measurements of their skulls show them See also:

• MESOCEPHALIC

mesocephalic (See also:

• INDEX

index about 78), or intermediate between the See also:

• DOLICHOCEPHALIC (long-headed)

dolichocephalic and See also:

• BRACHYCEPHALIC (Gr. for short-headed)

brachycephalic types of See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man-See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind . The See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face is See also:

• OVAL (Lat. ovum, egg)

oval, with See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low forehead, high cheek-bones, See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long eyes sloping outward towards the temples, fleshy lips, See also:

• NOSE (O.Eng. nosu, cf. Dutch neus, Swed. nos, snout; the Aix in Provence. Both at Aix and at Lyons he acquired great connexion with O.Eng. nasu is obscure, cf. Ger. Nase, Lat. pares, distinction by his labours during outbreaks of the plague. In nostrils,

nose wide and in some cases flattish but in others aquiline, coarsely moulded features, with a stolid and gloomy expression . Thickness of skin, masking the muscles, has been thought the cause of a See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar heaviness in the outlines of See also:

• BODY

body and face; the complexion varies from yellow-See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown to See also:

• CHOCOLATE

chocolate (about 40 to 43 in the anthropological See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale) ; eyes See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black; straight coarse glossy black See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair; See also:

• BEARD (A.S. beard, O. H. and Mod. Ger. Bart, Dan. beard, Icel. bar, rim, edge, beak of a ship, &c., O. Slay. barda, Russ. barodd. Cf. Welsh barf, Lat.. barba, though, according to the New English Dictionary, the connexion is for phonetic reasons doubtful)
• BEARD, WILLIAM HOLBROOK (1825-1900)

beard and See also:

• MOUSTACHE, or MUSTACHIO

moustache scanty .

Among variations from this type may be mentioned higher stature in some districts, and lighter complexion in See also:

• TEHUANTEPEC
• TEHUANTEPEC (from tecuani-tepec—" jaguar-hill ")

Tehuantepec and elsewhere . If now the native Americans be compared with the races of the regions across the oceans to their See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east and west, it will be seen that their unlikeness is extreme to the races eastward of them, whether white Europeans or black Africans . On the other hand they are considerably like the Mongoloid peoples of north and east See also:

• ASIA

Asia (less so to the Polynesians); so that the general tendency among anthropologists has been to admit a See also:

• COMMON

common origin, however remote, between the tribes of Tartary and of America . This See also:

• ORIGINAL

original connexion, if it may be accepted, would seem to belong to a long-past See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, to See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge from the failure of all attempts to discover an See also:

• AFFINITY (Lat. affinitas, relationship by marriage, from offinis, bordering on, related to; finis, border, boundary)
• AFFINITY, CHEMICAL

affinity between the languages of America and Asia . At whatever date the Americans began to people America, they must have had time to import or develop the numerous families of languages actually found there, in none of which has community of origin been satisfactorily proved with any other See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language-group at home or abroad . In Mexico itself the languages of the Nahua nations, of which the Aztec is the best-known See also:

• DIALECT (from Gr. Sia stcror, conversation, manner of speaking, &aXeyec6at, to converse)

dialect, show no connexion of origin with the language of the Otomi tribes, nor either of these with the languages of the regions of the ruined cities of Central America, the See also:

• QUICHE

Quiche of Guatemala and the See also:

• MAYA

Maya of See also:

• YUCATAN

Yucatan . The remarkable phenomenon of nations so similar in bodily make but so distinct in language can hardly be met except by supposing a long period to have elapsed since the country was first inhabited by the ancestors of peoples whose language has since passed into so different forms . The original peopling of America might then well date from the time when there was continuous land between it and Asia . It would not follow, however, that between these remote ages and the time of See also:

• COLUMBUS
• COLUMBUS, CHRISTOPHER [in Spanish CRISTOBAL COLON] (c. 1446, or perhaps rather 1451, -15o6)

Columbus no fresh immigrants can have reached America . We may put out of the question the Scandinavian See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-rovers who sailed to See also:

• GREENLAND (Danish, &c., Gronland)

Greenland about the loth century . But at all times communication has been open from east Asia, and even the South Sea Islands, to the west See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of America . The importance of this is evident when we consider that See also:

• LATE

late in the loth century See also:

• JAPANESE

Japanese junks still drifted over by the ocean current to California at the See also:

• RATE

rate of about one a year, often with some of the See also:

• CREW (sometimes explained as a sea term of Scandinavian origin, cf. O. Icel. kris, a swarm or crowd, but now regarded as a shortened form of accrue, accrewe, used in the 16th century in the sense of a reinforcement, O. Fr. acreue, from accrofire, to grow,
• CREW, NATHANIEL CREW, 3RD BARON (1633–1721)

crew still alive .

Further north, the Aleutian islands offer a See also:

• LINE

line of easy sea passage, while in north-east Asia, near See also:

• BERING (BEHRING), VITUS (1680-1741)

Bering's Strait, live See also:

• CHUKCHI, CHANKTUS ( Men ")

Chukchi tribes who carry on intercourse with the American See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side . Moreover there are details of Mexican civilization which are most easily accounted for on the supposition that they were borrowed from Asia . They do not seem ancient enough to have to do with a remote See also:

• ASIATIC

Asiatic origin of the[ANCIENT HISTORY nations of America, but rather to be results of comparatively modern intercourse between Asia and America . Humboldt (Vues des Cordilleras, Pl. See also:

• XXIII

xxiii.) compared the Mexican See also:

• CALENDAR

calendar with that in use in eastern Asia . The See also:

• MONGOLS

Mongols, Tibetans, See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese and other neighbouring nations have a See also:

• CYCLE
• CYCLE (Gr. KUK)^os, a circle)

cycle or See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of twelve animals, viz. See also:

• RAT (a word common to Teut. and Rom. languages; probably first adopted in Teut.; the ultimate origin is not known; Skeat suggests the root rad-, to scratch; cf. Ger. Ratte, Dan. rotte, Fr. rat, &c.)

rat, bull, See also:

• TIGER
• TIGER (Felis tigris)

tiger, See also:

• HARE
• HARE, SIR JOHN (1844– )

hare, See also:

• DRAGON (Fr. dragon, through Lat. draco, from the Greek; connected with SEpeoµay " see," and interpreted as " sharp-sighted "; O.H. Ger. tracho, dracho, M.H.G. trache, Mod. Ger. Drachen; A.S. draca, hence the equivalent English form " drake," " fire-drake,

dragon, See also:

• SERPENT (Lat. serpens, creeping, from serpere; cf. "reptile " from repere, Gr.4 ml-eta)

serpent, See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse, See also:

• GOAT (a common Teut. word; O. Eng. gat, Goth. gaits, Mod. Ger. Geiss, cognate with Lat. haedus, a kid)

goat, See also:

• APE (Old Eng. ape; Dutch aap; Old Ger. a ffo; Welsh epa; Old Bohemian op; a word of uncertain origin, possibly an imitation of the animal's chatter)

ape, See also:

• COCK, EDWARD (1805-1892)

cock, See also:

• DOG

dog, See also:

• PIG
• PIG (a word of obscure origin, connected with the Low Ger. and Dut. word of the same meaning, bigge)

pig, which may possibly be an See also:

• IMITATION (Lat. imitatio, from intitari, to imitate)

imitation of the ordinary Babylonian-See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• ZODIAC (o i'w&arcds rvKcXor, from d,&ov, " a little animal ")

zodiac See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar to our-selves . The Mongolian peoples not only count their lunar months by these signs, but they reckon the successive days by them, rat-day, bull-day, tiger-day, &c., and also, by combining the twelve signs in rotation with the elements, they obtain a means of marking each year in the sixty-year cycle, as the wood-rat year, the See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire-tiger year, &c . This method is highly artificial, and the reappearance of its principle in the Mexican and Central American calendar is suggestive of importation from Asia . Humboldt also discussed the Mexican See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine of four ages of the world belonging to water, earth, See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air and fire, and ending respectively by .deluge, See also:

• EARTHQUAKE

earthquake, See also:

• TEMPEST, MARIE (1866– )

tempest and conflagration . The resemblance of this to some versions of the See also:

• HINDU

Hindu doctrine of the four ages or yuga is hardly to be accounted for except on the See also:

• HYPOTHESIS (from Gr. inrorcOivat, to put under; cf. Lat. suppositio, from sub-ponere)

hypothesis that the Mexican See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology contains ideas learnt from Asiatics . Among Asiatic points of resemblance to which attention has since. been called is the Mexican belief in the nine stages of See also:

• HEAVEN (0. Eng. hefen, heofon, heofone; this word appears in O.S. hevan; the High. Ger. word appears in Ger. Himmel, Dutch hemel; there does not seem to be any connexion between the two words, and the ultimate derivation of the word is unknown; the sugges

heaven and See also:

• HELL (0. Eng. hel, a Teutonic word from a root meaning " to cover," cf. Ger. Holle, Dutch hel)

hell, an See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea which nothing in nature would suggest directly to a barbaric people, but which corresponds to the idea of successive heavens and hells among Brahmans and Buddhists, who apparently learnt it (in common with our own ancestors) from the Babylonian-Greek astronomical theory of successive stages or concentric planetary See also:

• SPHERES, MUSIC OF THE

spheres belonging to the See also:

• PLANETS, MINOR

planets, &c . The Spanish See also:

• CHRONICLES, BOOKS OF

chronicles also give accounts of a Mexican See also:

• GAME

game called patolli, played at the time of the See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest with coloured stones moved on the squares of a See also:

• CROSS

cross-shaped figure, according to the throws of beans marked on one side; the descriptions of this rather complicated game correspond closely with the Hindu See also:

• BACKGAMMON

backgammon called See also:

• PACHISI (Hindu pachis, twenty-five)

pachisi (see See also:

• TYLOR, EDWARD BURNETT (1832- )

Tylor in Jour . Anthrop .

Inst., viii . 116) . The native history of Mexico and Central America is entitled to more respect than the See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere recollections of See also:

• SAVAGE
• SAVAGE, MINOT JUDSON (1841– )
• SAVAGE, RICHARD (d. 1743)

savage tribes . The Mexican pictures so far approached See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing proper as to set down legibly the names of persons and places and the See also:

• DATES

dates of events, and at least helped the professional historians to remember the traditions repeated orally from See also:

• GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation to generation . Thus actual documents of native Aztec history, or copies of them, are still open to the study of scholars, while after the conquest interpretations of these were See also:

• DRAWN

drawn up in writing by Spanish-educated Mexicans, and histories founded on them with the aid of traditional memory were written by Ixtilxochitl and Tezozomoc . In Central America the rows of complex hieroglyphs to be seen sculptured on the ruined temples probably served a similar purpose . The documents written by natives in later times thus more or less represent real records of the past, but the task of separating myth from history is of the utmost difficulty . Among the most curious documents of early America is the Popol-Vuh or national book of the Quiche See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of Guatemala, a compilation of traditions written down by native See also:

• SCRIBES

scribes, found and translated by See also:

• FATHER

Father Ximenez about 1700, and published by Scherzer (Vienna, 1857) and Brasseur de Bourbourg (Paris, 1861) . This book begins with the time when there was only the heaven with its boundaries towards the four winds, but as yet there was no body, nothing that clung to any-thing else, nothing that balanced itself or rubbed together or made a sound; there was nought below but the See also:

• CALM

calm sea alone in the silent darkness . Alone were the Creator, the Former, the Ruler, the Feathered Serpent, they who give being and whose name is Gucumatz . Then follows the creation, when the creators said " Earth," and the earth was formed like a See also:

• CLOUD (from the same root, if not the same word, as " clod," a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages for a mass or lump; it is first applied in the usual sense in the late 13th century; the Anglo-Saxon chid is only used in the sense of " a ma

cloud or a See also:

• FOG

fog, and the mountains appeared like lobsters from the water, See also:

• CYPRESS (Cupressus)

cypress and See also:

• PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

pine covered the hills and valleys, and their forests were peopled with beasts and birds, but these could not speak the name of their creators, but could only chatter and croak . So man was made first of See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay, but he was strengthless and senseless and melted in the water; then they made a race of wooden mannikins, but these were useless creatures without See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart or mind, and they were destroyed by a great See also:

• FLOOD (in O. Eng. flod, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Flut, Dutch vloed, from the same root as is seen in " flow," " float ")
• FLOOD, HENRY (1732-1791)

flood and See also:

• PITCH
• PITCH, MUSICAL

pitch poured down on them from heaven, those who were left of them being turned into the apes still to be seen in the See also:

• WOODS, LEONARD (1774-1854)
• WOODS, SIR ALBERT (1816-1904)

woods .

After this comes the creation of the four men and their wives who are the ancestors of the Quiches, and the tradition records the migrations of the nation to Tulan, otherwise called the Seven Caves, and thence across the sea, whose See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters were divided for their passage . It is worth while to mention these few early incidents of the national See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend of Guatemala, because their Biblical incidents show how native tradition incorporated See also:

• MATTER

matter learnt from the white men . Moreover, this Central American document, mythical as it is, has an See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical importance from its bringing in names belonging also to the traditions of Mexico proper . Thus Gucumatz, " Feathered Serpent " corresponds ih name to the Mexican deity Quetzalcoatl; Tulan and the Seven Caves are familiar words in the Aztec migration traditions, and there is even mention of a See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of Toltecat, a name plainly referring to the famed See also:

• TOLTECS (Mexican Tolteca)

Toltecs . Thus the legends of the Popol-Vuh confirm what is learnt from comparing the culture of Central America and Mexico proper, that, though these districts were not connected by language, the intercourse between them had been sufficient to justify the anthropologist in including both districts in one region . Historical value of the ordinary kind may be found in the latter part of the Popol-Vuh, which gives names of chiefs down to the time when they began to See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear Spanish names and the great city of Quiche became the deserted ruin of See also:

• SANTA

Santa Cruz . The Maya See also:

• DISTRICT

district of Yucatan has also some vestiges of native traditions in the See also:

• MANUSCRIPT

manuscript translated by D . Pio See also:

• PEREZ, ANTONIO (c. 1540-1611)

Perez (in See also:

• STEPHENS, ALEXANDER HAMILTON (1812-1883)
• STEPHENS, JOHN LLOYD (1805–1852)

Stephens, Incidents of Travel in Yucatan) and in the remark-able 16th century Relation de See also:

• LAS

las cocas de Yucatan by Diego de Landa, published by Brasseur de Bourbourg (Paris, 1864) . As in the Guatemala traditions, we hear of ancient migration from the Mexican legendary region of See also:

• TULA

Tula; and here the leaders are four famous chiefs or ancestors who bear the Aztec name of the Tutul-Xiu, which means " See also:

• BIRD

Bird-See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

Tree<