See also:

• NICKEL
• NICKEL (symbol Ni, atomic weight 58.68 (0=16))

NICKEL (See also:

• SYMBOL (Gr. o-uµ(3oXov, a sign)

symbol Ni, atomic See also:

• WEIGHT

weight 58.68 (0=16))  , a metallic See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element . It has been known from the earliest times, being employed by the See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese in the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of an alloy called pakfong . It was first isolated in an impure See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition in 1751 by A . F . Cronstedt from See also:

• NICCOLITE

niccolite, and his results were afterwards See also:

• CON

con-firmed by T . 0 . See also:

• BERGMAN, TORBERN OLOF (1735-1784)

Bergman in 1775 (De niccolo,opusc . 2, p . 231; 3, p . 459; 4, p . 374) . It occurs in the uncombined condition and alloyed with See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron in meteorites; as sulphide in See also:

• MILLERITE

millerite and See also:

• NICKEL
• NICKEL (symbol Ni, atomic weight 58.68 (0=16))

nickel See also:

• BLENDE, or SPHALERITE

blende, as arsenide in niccolite and cloanthite, and frequently in See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination with See also:

• ARSENIC (symbol As, atomic weight 75.0)

arsenic and See also:

• ANTIMONY (symbol Sb, atomic weight 120.2)

antimony in the form of complex sulphides .

In See also:

• RECENT

recent years it has been found in considerable quantities in New See also:

• CALEDONIA

Caledonia in the form of a hydrated silicate of nickel and See also:

• MAGNESIA

magnesia approximating to the constitution (NiO, MgO)Si02.nH20 (J . See also:

• GARNIER, CLEMENT JOSEPH (1813–1881)
• GARNIER, GERMAIN, MARQUIS (1754-1821)
• GARNIER, JEAN LOUIS CHARLES (1825-1898)
• GARNIER, MARIE JOSEPH FRANCOIS [FRANCIS] (1839–1873)
• GARNIER, ROBERT (c. 1545–c.1600)

Garnier, 1865), and in See also:

• CANADA

Canada in the form of nickeliferous pyrrhotines, which consist of sulphides of iron associated with sulphides of nickel and See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper, embedded in a See also:

• MATRIX

matrix of See also:

• GNEISS

gneiss . At the See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time nickel is obtained practically entirely from garnierite and the nickeliferous pyrrhotines . When the former is used it is roasted with See also:

• CALCIUM [symbol Ca, atomic weight 40.0 (o= x6)]

calcium sulphate or See also:

• ALKALI

alkali See also:

• WASTE (O. Fr. wast, guast, gast, gaste; Lat. vastus, vast, desolate)

waste to form a matte which is then blown in a See also:

• BESSEMER
• BESSEMER, SIR HENRY (1813-1898)

Bessemer converter or heated in a reverberatory See also:

• FURNACE

furnace with a siliceous See also:

• FLUX (Lat. fluxus, a flowing; this being also the meaning of the English term in medicine, &c.)

flux with the See also:

• OBJECT

object of forming a See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich nickel sulphide . This sulphide is then by further See also:

• HEATING

heating converted into the See also:

• OXIDE

oxide and finally reduced to the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal by ignition with See also:

• CARBON (symbol C, atomic weight 12)

carbon in See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay crucibles . The See also:

• PROCESS

process adopted for the See also:

• CANADIAN

Canadian ores, which are poor in copper and nickel, consists in a preliminary roasting in heaps and smelting in a blast furnace in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to obtain a matte, which is then further smelted with a siliceous flux for a rich matte . This rich matte is then mixed with See also:

• COKE (a northern English word, possibly connected with " colk," core)
• COKE, SIR EDWARD (1552-1634)
• COKE, SIR JOHN (1563-1644)
• COKE, THOMAS (1747-1814)

coke and See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt-cake and melted down in an open See also:

• HEARTH (a word which appears in various forms in several Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch haard, German Herd, in the sense of " floor ")

hearth furnace . The nickel sulphide so obtained is then roasted to oxide and reduced to metal . For a wet method of extraction nickel salts see A . Riche and Laborde, Jour . Pharm . Chem., 1888, [51, 17, PP- 1, 59, 97 .

Nickel is used for the manufacture of domestic utensils, for crucibles, coinage, plating, and for the preparation of various See also:

• ALLOYS (through the Fr. aloyer, from Lat. alligare, to combine)

alloys, such as See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• SILVER

silver, nickel steels such as in-See also:

• EAR (common Teut.; O.E. are, Ger. Ohr, Du. oor, akin to Lat. auris, Gr. ovs)

ear (nickel, 35'7%; See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel, 64.3%), which has a negligible coefficient of thermal expansion, and constantan (nickel, 45%; copper, 55%), which has a negligible thermal coefficient of its See also:

• ELECTRICAL
• ELECTRICAL (or ELECTROSTATIC) MACHINE

electrical resistance . Compounds . Nickel Oxides.—Several oxides of nickel are known . A suboxide, Ni20 (?), described by W . See also:

• MULLER, FERDINAND VON, BARON (1825–1896)
• MULLER, FRIEDRICH (1749-1825)
• MULLER, GEORGE (1805-1898)
• MULLER, JOHANNES PETER (18o1-1858)
• MULLER, JOHANNES VON (1752-1809)
• MULLER, JULIUS (18oi-1878)
• MULLER, KARL OTFRIED (1797-1840)
• MULLER, LUCIAN (1836-1898)
• MULLER, WILHELM (1794-1827)
• MULLER, WILLIAM JAMES (1812-1845)

Muller (Pogg . See also:

• ANN

Ann., 1869, 212, p . 59), is not certainly known . The monoxide, NiO, occurs naturally as bunsenite, and is obtained artificially when nickel hydroxide, carbonate, nitrate or sulphate is heated . It may also be prepared by the See also:

• ACTION

action of nickel on See also:

• WATER

water, by the reduction of the oxide Ni203 with See also:

• HYDROGEN [symbol H, atomic weight x-oo8 (0=16)]

hydrogen at about Zoo° C . (H . See also:

• MOISSAN, HENRI (1852-1907)

Moissan, Ann . Chim .

Phys., 151, 21, p . 199), Or by heating nickel chloride with See also:

• SODIUM [symbol Na, from Lat. natrium; atomic weight 23.00 (0=16)]

sodium carbonate and extracting the fused See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass with water . It is a See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green See also:

• POWDER (through O. Fr. puldre, modern poudre, from Lat. pulvis, pulveris, dust)

powder which becomes yellow when heated . It dissociates at a red See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat, and is readily reduced to the metal when heated with carbon or in a current of hydrogen . It is readily soluble in acids, forming salts, the See also:

• RATE

rate of See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution being rapid if the oxide is in the amorphous condition, but slow if the oxide is crystalline . The hydroxide, Ni(OH)2, is obtained in the form of a greenish amorphous powder when nickel salts are precipitated by the See also:

• CAUSTIC (Gr. rcavvraubs, burning)

caustic alkalis . It is readily soluble in acids and in an aqueous solution of See also:

• AMMONIA (NH3)

ammonia . Nickel sesquioxide, NizOi, is formed when the nitrate is decomposed by heat at the lowest possible temperature, by a similar decomposition of the chlorate, or by fusing the chloride with See also:

• POTASSIUM [symbol K (from kalium), atomic weight 39.114 0=16)]

potassium chlorate . It is a See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black powder, the See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition of which is never quite definite, but approximates to the See also:

• FORMULA
• FORMULA (Lat. diminutive of forma, shape, pattern, &c., especially used of rules of judicial procedure)

formula given above . When heated with oxy-acids it dissolves, with See also:

• EVOLUTION

evolution of See also:

• OXYGEN (symbol 0, atomic weight 16)

oxygen, and with hydrochloric See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid it evolves See also:

• CHLORINE (symbol Cl, atomic weight 35`46 (0=16)

chlorine . Numerous hydrated forms of the oxide have been de-scribed (see W . Wernicke, Pogg .

Ann., 187o, 17, p . 122) . A peroxide, NiO,, has been obtained in the form of dinickelite of See also:

• BARIUM (symbol Ba, atomic weight 137'37 [0=16])

barium, BaO.2NiO2, by heating the monoxide with anhydrous baryta in the electric furnace (E . Dufau, Comptes rendus, 1896, 123, p . 495) . G . Pellini and D . Meneghini (Zeit. anorg . Chem., 1908, 6o, p . 178) obtained a greyish green powder of composition NiO2•xH2O, by adding an alcoholic solution of potassium See also:

• HYDRATE

hydrate to nickel-chloride and hydrogen peroxide at -5o° . It has all the reactions of hydrogen peroxide, and S . Tanatar (See also:

• BEE (Sanskrit blza, AS. ben, Lat. apis)

Bee., 1909, 42, p .

1516) regards it as NiO•H2O2 . An oxide, Ni304, has been obtained by heating nickel chloride in a current of moist oxygen at about 400" C . (H . Baubigny, Comptes rendus, 1878, 87, p . 1082), or by heating the sesquioxide in hydrogen at 19o° C . (H . Moissan, Ann . Chim . Phys., 1890 [5], 21, p . 199) . The former method yields greyish, metallic-looking, microscopic crystals, the latter a See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey amorphous powder . A hydrated form, Ni304.2H20, is obtained when the monoxide is fused with sodium peroxide at a red heat and the fused mass extracted with water .

Nickel Salts.—Only one See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of salts is known, namely those corresponding to the monoxide . In the anhydrous state they are usually of a yellow See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, whilst in the hydrated condition they are green . They may be recognized by the brownish See also:

• VIOLET

violet colour they impart to a See also:

• BORAX (sodium pyroborate or sodium biborate)

borax See also:

• BEAD

bead when heated in an oxidizing See also:

• FLAME (Lat. flamma; the root flag- appears in flagrare, to burn, blaze, and Gr. d, XEryew)

flame . The caustic alkalis added to solutions of nickel salts give a See also:

• PALE (through Fr. pal, from Lat. palms, a stake, for paglus, from the stem pag- of pangere, to fix; " pole " is from the same original source)

pale green precipitate of the hydroxide, insoluble in excess of the precipitant . This latter reaction is hindered by the presence of many organic acids (tartaric acid, citric acid, &c.) . Potassium See also:

• CYANIDE

cyanide gives a greenish yellow precipitate of nickel cyanide, Ni(CN)2, soluble in excess of potassium cyanide, forming a See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double salt, Ni(CN)2.2KCN, which remains unaltered when boiled with excess of potassium cyanide in presence of See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air (cf . See also:

• COBALT (symbol Co, atomic weight 59)

COBALT) . Ammonium sulphide precipitates black nickel sulphide, which is somewhat soluble in excess of the precipitate (especially if yellow ammonium sulphide be used), forming a dark-coloured solution . Ammonium hydroxide gives a green precipitate of the hydroxide, soluble in excess of ammonia, forming a See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue solution . Numerous methods have been devised for the separation of nickel and cobalt, the more important of which are : —the cobaltinitrite method by which the cobalt is precipitated in the presence of acetic acid by means of potassium nitrite (the alkaline See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth metals must not be present); the cyanide method (J. v . See also:

• LIEBIG, JUSTUS VON, BARON (1803-1873)

Liebig, Ann., 1848, 65, p . 244 ; 1853, 87, p.128), in which the two metals are precipitated by excess of potassium cyanide in alkaline solution, See also:

• BROMINE (symbol Br, atomic weight 79-96)

bromine being afterwards added and the solution warmed, when the nickel is precipitated .

The latter method has been modified by adding potassium cyanide in slight excess to the solution of the mixed salts, heating for some time and then adding mercuric oxide and water, the whole being then warmed on the water See also:

• BATH
• BATH, THOMAS THYNNE
• BATH, WILLIAM

bath, when a precipitate of mercuric oxide and nickel hydroxide is obtained of the matte see Christofle and See also:

• BOUILHET, LOUIS HYACINTHE (1822-1869)

Bouilhet, See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French Patent 111591 (1876) . L . See also:

• MOND, LUDWIG (1839-1909)

Mond (Jour . See also:

• SOC

Soc . Chem . Ind . 1895, p . 945) has obtained metallic nickel from the Canadian mattes by first roasting them and then eliminating copper by the action of sulphuric acid, the product so obtained being then exposed to the reducing action of producer See also:

• GAS

gas at about 3500 C . The reduced metal is then passed into a " volatilizer " and exposed to the action of carbon monoxide at about 8o° C., the nickel carbonyl so formed being received in a chamber heated to 18o-zoo° C., where it decomposes, the nickel being deposited and the carbon monoxide returned to the volatilizer . For an electrolytic method of treating mattes, see T. hike, Atoniteur scient., 1897, 49, p . 450 . The metal as obtained by See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial methods rarely contains more than about 99-99.5% of nickel, the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief impurities being copper, iron, cobalt, See also:

• SILICON [symbol Si, atomic weight 28.3 (0= 16)]

silicon and carbon .

The following tables show the output of nickel from Canada and the shipments of nickel ore from New Caledonia in recent years: CANADA See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

Production Export Production Export (lb) . ( ) . (lb) . (lb) .