See also:

• KARSTEN, KARL JOHANN BERNHARD (1782-1853)

KARSTEN See also:

• NIEBUHR, BARTHOLD GEORG (1776–1831)
• KARSTEN NIEBUHR (1733-1815)

NIEBUHR (1733-1815)  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German traveller, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Liidingworth, See also:

• LAUENBURG

Lauenburg, on the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern border of See also:

• HOLSTEIN
• HOLSTEIN, FRIEDRICH VON (1837–1909)

Holstein, on the 17th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1733, the son of a small See also:

• FARMER, RICHARD (1735–1787)

farmer . He had little See also:

• EDUCATION

education, and for several years of his youth had to do the See also:

• WORK

work of a See also:

• PEASANT (O. Fr. paysant, Mod. paysan; Lat. pagensis, belonging to the pagus or country; cf. " pagan ")

peasant . His See also:

• BENT
• BENT (E1. BENI)
• BENT, JAMES THEODORE (1852–1897)

bent was towards See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics, and he managed to obtain some lessons in See also:

• SURVEYING

surveying . It was while he was working at this subject that one of his teachers, in 176o, proposed to him to join the expedition which was being sent out by See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick V. of See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark for the scientific exploration of See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt, See also:

• ARABIA

Arabia and See also:

• SYRIA

Syria . To qualify himself for the work of surveyor and geographer, he studied hard at mathematics for a See also:

• YEAR

year and a See also:

• HALF

half before the expedition set out, and also managed to acquire some knowledge of Arabic . The expedition sailed in See also:

• JANUARY

January 1761, and, landing at See also:

• ALEXANDRIA
• ALEXANDRIA (Arab. Iskenderia)

Alexandria, ascended the See also:

• NILE
• NILE, BATTLE OF THE
• NILE, SOBAT

Nile . Proceeding to See also:

• SUEZ

Suez, See also:

• NIEBUHR, BARTHOLD GEORG (1776–1831)
• NIEBUHR, KARSTEN (1733-1815)

Niebuhr made a visit to See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount See also:

• SINAI

Sinai, and in See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1762 the expedition sailed from Suez to Jeddah, journeying thence overland to Mocha . Here in May 1763 the philologist of the expedition, See also:

• VAN

van Haven, died, and was followed shortly after by the naturalist See also:

• FORSKAL, PETER (1736-1763)

Forskal . See also:

• SANA (Send'a)

Sana, the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of See also:

• YEMEN (Yaman)

Yemen, was visited, but the remaining members of the expedition suffered so much from the See also:

• CLIMATE

climate or from the mode of See also:

• LIFE

life that they returned to Mocha . Niebuhr seems to have saved his own life and restored his See also:

• HEALTH

health by adopting the native habits as to See also:

• DRESS (from the Fr. dresser, to set out, arrange, formed from Lat. directus, arranged, dirigere, to direct, arrange)

dress and See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food . From Mocha the See also:

• SHIP

ship was taken to Bombay, the artist of the expedition dying on the passage, and the surgeon soon after landing . Niebuhr was now the only surviving member of the expedition .

He stayed fourteen months at Bombay, and then returned See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home by See also:

• MUSCAT, MUSKAT

Muscat, See also:

• BUSHIRE, or BANDER BUSHIRE

Bushire, See also:

• SHIRAZ

Shiraz and See also:

• PERSEPOLIS

Persepolis, visited the ruins of See also:

• BABYLON (mod. Hillah)

Babylon, and thence went to See also:

• BAGDAD, or BAGHDAD

Bagdad, See also:

• MOSUL

Mosul and See also:

• ALEPPO (native Haleb)

Aleppo . After a visit to See also:

• CYPRUS
• CYPRUS, CHURCH OF

Cyprus he made a tour through See also:

• PALESTINE

Palestine, See also:

• CROSSING

crossing Mount See also:

• TAURUS (" the Bull ")

Taurus to Brussa, reaching See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople in See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1767 and See also:

• COPENHAGEN (Danish Kjobenhavn)

Copenhagen in the following See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November . He married in 1773, and for some years held a See also:

• POST

post in the Danish military service which enabled him to reside at Copenhagen . In 1778, however, he accepted a position in the See also:

• CIVIL

civil service of Holstein, and went to reside at Meldorf, where he died on the 26th of See also:

• APRIL

April 1815 . Niebuhr was an accurate and careful observer, had the instincts of the See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar, was animated by a high moral purpose, and was rigorously conscientious and anxiously truthful in recording the results of his observation . His See also:

• WORKS

works have See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long been See also:

• CLASSICS

classics on the See also:

• GEOGRAPHY (Gr. yil, earth, and ypiickty, to write)

geography, the See also:

• PEOPLE

people, the antiquities and the See also:

• ARCHAEOLOGY (from Gr. &pxa1a, ancient things, and Xoyos, theory or science)

archaeology of much of the See also:

• DISTRICT

district of Arabia which he traversed . His first See also:

• VOLUME

volume, Beschreibung von Arabien, was published at Copenhagen in 1772, the Danish See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government de-fraying the expenses of the abundant illustrations . This was followed in 17i4—1?78 by two other volumes, Reisebeschreibungvon Arabien and anderen umliegenden Landern . The See also:

• FOURTH

fourth volume was not published till 1837, long after his See also:

• DEATH

death, under the editorship of Niebuhr's daughter . He also undertook the task of bringing out the work of his friend Forskal, the naturalist of the expedition, under the titles of Descriptiones animaliunz, See also:

• FLORA

Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica, and hones rerum naturalium (Copenhagen, 1775-1776) . To a German periodical, the Deutsches Museum, Niebuhr contributed papers on the interior of See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, the See also:

• POLITICAL

political and military See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of the See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish See also:

• EMPIRE

empire, and other subjects . See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French and Dutch See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations of his narratives were published during his lifetime, and a condensed See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation, by See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert See also:

• HERON (Fr. heron; Ital. aghirone, airone; Lat. ardea; Gr. ipw&bs: A.-S. hragra; Icelandic, hegre; Swed. hager; Dan. heire; Ger. Heiger, Reiher, Heergans; Dutch, reiger)

Heron, of the first three volumes in See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh (1792) .

His son Barthold (see above) published a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short Life at See also:

• KIEL

Kiel in 1817; an English version was issued in 1838 in the Lives of Eminent Men, published by the Society for the See also:

• DIFFUSION (from the Lat. diffundere; dis-, asunder, and fundere, to pour out)

Diffusion of Useful Knowledge . See D . G . See also:

• HOGARTH, WILLIAM (1697–1764)

Hogarth, The Penetration of Arabia (" See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

Story of Exploration " See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series) (1904) .