ADOLPHE See also:

• ADOLPHE NIEL (1802-1869)

NIEL (1802-1869)  , See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

marshal of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Muret on the 4th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1802, and entered the Ecole Polytechnique in 1821, whence he passed to the engineer school at See also:

• METZ

Metz, becoming See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant in the See also:

• ENGINEERS, MILITARY

Engineers in 1827 and See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

captain in 1833 . At the storming of See also:

• CONSTANTINE

Constantine he led the engineer detachment with one of the storming parties, and his conduct gained for him the See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of chef de bataillon (1837) . In 184o he was promoted lieutenant-See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

colonel, and in 1846 colonel, and his next See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war service was as See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff to See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General Vaillant during the See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome (1849), after which he was made general of See also:

• BRIGADE (Fr. and Ger. brigade, Ital. brigata, Span. brigada; the English use of the word dates from the early 17th century)

brigade and director of engineer services at headquarters . In 1851 he became a member of the See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

Committee of Fortifications, in the following See also:

• YEAR

year a member of the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, and in 18J3 general of See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division . In the first See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• CRIMEAN

Crimean War he was employed in the expedition to the Baltic, and directed engineer operations against Bomarsund, but See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in 1855 he was sent to the See also:

• CRIMEA (ancient Tauris or Tauric Chersonese, called by the Russians by the Tatar name Krym or Crim)

Crimea, where he succeeded General Bizot as chief of engineers . For some years he had been the most trusted military adviser of See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon III., and he was now empowered to advise the generals on the spot in accordance with the wishes of the See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign and the See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government . This delicate and difficult task See also:

• NIEL, ADOLPHE (1802-1869)

Niel managed to carry out with as much success as could be expected, and he had the See also:

• CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

credit of directing the siege operations against the Malakoff (see CRIMEAN WAR) . His See also:

• REWARD

reward was the See also:

• GRAND

grand See also:

• CROSS

cross of the See also:

• LEGION (Lat. legio)

Legion of See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

Honour . From 1855 to 18J9 he was employed at headquarters, and also served in the See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

senate . In the war against the Austrians in the latter year (see See also:

• ITALIAN

ITALIAN See also:

• WARS

WARS) Niel commanded the IV. See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps, and took a brilliant part in the battles of See also:

• MAGENTA

Magenta and See also:

• SOLFERINO

Solferino . On the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field of See also:

• BATTLE

battle of Solferino he was made a marshal of France . After service for some years in a home command, he became See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister of war (1867) .

In this capacity he drafted and began to carry out a far-reaching See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme of See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army reform, based on universal service and the automatic creation of large reserves, which needed only See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time to mature . He also rearmed the whole of the army with the chassepbt See also:

• RIFLE

rifle . But he did not live to See also:

• COMPLETE

complete the development of his See also:

• SYSTEM

system . He died on the 13th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1869 in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, and a year later the Franco-See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German War destroyed the old imperial army upon which the new formations were to have been grafted .