See also:

• NIKON [NIKITA MININ] (1605-1681)

NIKON [NIKITA MININ] (1605-1681)  , 6th See also:

• PATRIARCH (M.E. and O. Fr. patriarche, Lat. patriarcha, Gr. aarpuipxtis, from srarptu., clan, and apxil, rule)

patriarch of See also:

• MOSCOW (Russian Moskva)
• MOSCOW, (Russian Moskva)

Moscow, See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian reformer and statesman, son of a See also:

• PEASANT (O. Fr. paysant, Mod. paysan; Lat. pagensis, belonging to the pagus or country; cf. " pagan ")

peasant See also:

• FARMER, RICHARD (1735–1787)

farmer named See also:

• MINA, FRANCISCO ESPOZ Y (1781-1836)

Mina, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 7th of May 1605 in the See also:

• VILLAGE

village of Valmanovo, 90 versts from Nizhny See also:

• NOVGOROD
• NOVGOROD (formerly known as V elikiy-Novgorod, Great Novgorod)

Novgorod . Misery pursued the See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child from his See also:

• CRADLE (of uncertain etymology, possibly connected with " crate " and " creel," i.e. basket; the derivation from a Celtic word, with a sense of rocking, is scouted by the New English Dictionary)

cradle, and prematurely hardened a See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character not naturally soft; he ran away from See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home to See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save his See also:

• LIFE

life from an inhuman stepmother . But he gave promise betimes of the See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy and thoroughness which were to distinguish him throughout life, and contrived to See also:

• TEACH [THATCH OR THACH], EDWARD (d. 1718)

teach himself See also:

• READING

reading and See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing . When he was but twenty his learning and talents obtained for him a cure of souls . His eloquence attracted See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention, and, through the efforts of some Moscow merchants, he was transferred to a populous See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish in the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital . Shortly afterwards, seeing in the loss of his three little See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children a providential warning to seek the higher life, he first persuaded his wife to take the See also:

• VEIL (O.Fr. veile, mod. voile, from Lat. velum, cloth, awning, sail)

veil and then withdrew himself first to a desolate hermitage on the isle of Anzersky on the See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea, and finally to the Kozhuzersky monastery, in the See also:

• DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese of Novgorod, of which he became See also:

• ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
• ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
• ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
• ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
• ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)

abbot in 1643 . On becoming a See also:

• MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
• MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
• MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
• MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)

monk he took the name of See also:

• NIKON [NIKITA MININ] (1605-1681)

Nikon . In his See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official capacity he had frequently to visit Moscow, and in 1646 made the acquaintance of the pious and impressionable See also:

• TSAR, or CZAR

Tsar Alexius, who See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell entirely under his See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence . Alexius appointed Nikon See also:

• ARCHIMANDRITE (from Gr. apxcov, a ruler, and µav3pa, a fold or monastery)

archimandrite, or See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

prior, of the wealthy Novospassky monastery at Moscow, and in 1648 See also:

• METROPOLITAN (Lat. metropolitanus, Gr. µnrpoiroXtrns)

metropolitan of See also:

• GREAT

Great Novgorod . Finally (1st of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1652) he was elected patriarch of Moscow . It was only with the utmost difficulty that Nikon could be persuaded to become the See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

arch-pastor of the Russian See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church, and he only yielded after imposing upon the whole See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly a See also:

• SOLEMN (Lat. sollemnis, sollemnis, less correctly solennis, yearly, annual; from sollus = totus, whole, entire, Gr. Mos., and annus, year)

solemn See also:

• OATH (0. Eng. ddh)

oath of obedience to him in everything concerning the dogmas, canons and observances of the Orthodox Church . Nikon's attitude on this occasion was not affectation, but the See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

wise determination of a would-be reformer to secure a See also:

• FREE

free See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand .

Ecclesiastical reform was already in the See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air . A number of ecclesiastical dignitaries, known as the party of the protopopes (deans), had accepted the responsibility for the revision of the church service-books inaugurated by the See also:

• LATE

late Patriarch Joasaf, and a few other very trivial rectifications of certain See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient' observances . But they were far too timid to See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt anything really effectual . Nikon was much bolder and also much more liberal . He consulted the most learned of the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek prelates abroad; invited them to a consultation at Moscow; and finally the scholars of See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople and See also:

• KIEV
• KIEV, KIEFF, or KIYEFF

Kiev opened the eyes of Nikon to the fact that the See also:

• MUSCOVITE

Muscovite service-books were heterodox, and that the ikons actually in use had very widely departed from the ancient Constantinopolitan See also:

• MODELS

models, being for the most See also:

• PART

part imitations of later See also:

• POLISH

Polish and Frankish (See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West See also:

• EUROPEAN

European) models . He at once (1654) summoned a properly qualified See also:

• SYNOD
• SYNOD (Gr. vbvobos)

synod of experts to re-examine the service-books revised by the Patriarch Joasaf, and the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of the synod decided that " the Greeks should be followed rather than our own ancients." A second See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council, held at Moscow in 1656, sanctioned the revision of the service-books as suggested by the first council, and anathematized the dissentient minority, which included the party of the protopopes and See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul, See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of See also:

• KOLOMNA

Kolomna . Heavily weighted with the fullest ecumenical authority, Nikon's patriarchal See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff descended with crushing force upon the heterodox . His See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme of reform included not only service-books and ceremonies but the use of the " new-fangled " ikons, for which he ordered a See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house-to-house See also:

• SEARCH, or VISIT AND SEARCH

search to be made . His soldiers and servants were charged first to See also:

• GOUGE (adopted from the Fr. gouge, derived from the Late Lat. gubia or gulbia, in Ducange gulbium, an implement ad hortum excolendum; and also instrumentum ferreum in usu fabrorum; according to the New English Dictionary the word is probably of Celtic ori
• GOUGE, MARTIN (c. 1360–1444)

gouge out the eyes of these " heretical counterfeits " and then carry them through the See also:

• TOWN

town in derision . He also issued a See also:

• UKAZ, or UKASE (Russ., from ukazat, a shortened form of ukazlivat, to show, announce, prescribe)

ukaz threatening with the severest penalties all who dared to make or use such ikons in future . This ruthlessness goes far to explain the unappeasable hatred with which the " Old Ritualists " and the " Old Believers," as they now began to be called, ever afterwards regarded Nikon and all his See also:

• WORKS

works . From 1652 to 1658, Nikon was not so much the See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister as the colleague of the tsar .

Both in public documents and in private letters he was permitted to use the See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title . Such a free use did he make of his vast See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, that some Russian historians have suspected him of the See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design of establishing " a particular See also:

• NATIONAL

national papacy "; and he himself certainly maintained that the spiritual was See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior to the temporal power . He enriched the numerous and splendid monasteries which he built with valuable See also:

• LIBRARIES

libraries . His emissaries scoured Muscovy and the Orient for See also:

• PRECIOUS (O. Fr. precios, mod. precieux, Lat. pretiosus, of high value or price, pretium)

precious Greek and See also:

• SLAVONIC, OLD

Slavonic See also:

• MSS

MSS., both sacred and profane . But his severity raised up a whole See also:

• HOST

host of enemies against him, and by the summer of 1658 they had convinced Alexius that the sovereign patriarch was eclipsing the sovereign tsar . Alexius suddenly See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold towards his " own See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar friend." Nikon thereupon publicly divested himself of the patriarchal See also:

• VESTMENTS

vestments and shut himself up in the Voskresensky monastery (19th of See also:

• JULY

July 1658) . In See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 166o a synod was held at Moscow to terminate " the widowhood " of the Muscovite Church, which had now been without a pastor for nearly two years . The synod decided not only that a new patriarch should be appointed, but that Nikon had forfeited both his archiepiscopal See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank and his See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest's orders . Against the second part of this decision, however, the great ecclesiastical See also:

• EXPERT (Lat. expertus, from experiri, to try)

expert Epifany Slavenitsky protested energetically, and ultimately the whole inquiry collapsed, the scrupulous tsar shrinking from the enforcement of the decrees of the synod for fear of committing mortal See also:

• SIN
• SIN (O. Eng. syn: a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zonde, Ger. Siinde)

sin . For six years longer the Church of Muscovy remained without a patriarch . Every See also:

• YEAR

year the question of Nikon's deposition became more .complicated and confusing . Almost every contemporary orthodox See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar was consulted on the subject, and no two authorities agreed .

At last the See also:

• MATTER

matter was submitted to an ecumenical council, or the nearest approach to it attainable in the circumstances, which opened its sessions on the 18th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1666 in the presence of the tsar . On the 12th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December the council pronounced Nikon guilty of reviling the tsar and the whole Muscovite Church, of deposing Paul, bishop of Kolomna, contrary to the canons, and of beating and torturing his dependants . His See also:

• SENTENCE (Lat. sententia, a way of thinking, opinion, judgment; vote, sentire, to feel, think)

sentence was deprivation of all his sacerdotal functions; henceforth he was to be known simply as the monk Nikon . The same See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day he was put into a sledge and sent as a prisoner to the Therapontov Byelozersky monastery . Yet the very council which had deposed him confirmed all his ' reforms and anathematized all who should refuse to accept them . Nikon survived the tsar (with whom something of the old intimacy was resumed in 1671) five years, expiring on the 17th of August 1681 . See R . Nisbet See also:

• BAIN, ALEXANDER (1818-1903)
• BAIN, ANDREW GEDDES (1797-1864)

Bain, The First Romanovs (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1905); S . M . Solovev, See also:

• HISTORY

History of See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia (Rus.), vol. x . (St See also:

• PETERSBURG

Petersburg, 1895, &c.) ; A . K .

Borozdin, The Protopope Avvakum (Rus.) (St Petersburg, 1898); V . S . Ikonnikov, New Materials concerning the Patriarch Nikon (Rus.) (Kiev, 1888); See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• PALMER
• PALMER, EDWARD HENRY (1840-1882)
• PALMER, ERASTUS DOW (1817-1904)
• PALMER, GEORGE (1818-1897)
• PALMER, JOHN
• PALMER, RAY (1808-1887)
• PALMER, SAMUEL (1805-1881)
• PALMER, SIR CHARLES MARK, BART

Palmer, The Patriarch and the Tsar (London, 1871-1876) . (R . N .