See also:

• SOBAT

SOBAT See also:

• NILE
• NILE, BATTLE OF THE
• SOBAT NILE

NILE  and See also:

• SUDAN (Arabic Bilad-es-Sudan, country of the blacks)

SUDAN) . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• RIVER

river of See also:

• ABYSSINIA (officially ETHIOPIA)

Abyssinia flowing See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east is the Hawash (Awash, Awasi), which rises in the Shoan uplands and makes a semicircular See also:

• BEND

bend first S.E. and then N.E . It reaches the Afar (Danakil) lowlands through a broad See also:

• BREACH (Mid. Eng. breche, derived from the common Teutonic root brec, which appears in " break," Ger. brechen, &c.)

breach in the eastern escarpment of the See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau, beyond which it is joined on its See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• BANK

bank by its chief affluent, the Germama (Kasam), and then trends See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round in the direction of Tajura See also:

• BAY

Bay . Here the Hawash is a copious stream nearly zoo ft. wide and 4 ft. deep, even in the dry See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season, and during the floods rising 50 or 6o ft. above See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low-See also:

• WATER

water See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark, thus inundating the plains for many See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles along both its See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks . Yet it failss to reach the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast, and after a winding course of about 500 M. passes (in its See also:

• LOWER

lower reaches) through a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of badds (lagoons) to See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake Aussa, some 6o or 70 M. from the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of Tajura Bay . In this lake the river is lost . This remarkable phenomenon is explained by the-position limestones is uncertain, but See also:

• BLANFORD, WILLIAM THOMAS (1832-1905)

Blanford considers them to be not of Aussa in the centre of a saline lacustrine depression several later in See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age than the Oolite . The upper (See also:

• MAGDALA (more correctly MAKOALA)

Magdala See also:

• GROUP

group) See also:

• CON

con-See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred feet below See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-level . While most of the other lagoons are highly saline, with thick incrustations of See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt round their margins, Aussa remains fresh throughout the See also:

• YEAR

year, owing to the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• BODY

body of water discharged into it by the Hawash . Another lacustrine region extends from the See also:

• SHOA

Shoa heights See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west to the Samburu (Lake See also:

• RUDOLF (otherwise known as Basso NOROK and Gannon)

Rudolf) depression . In this See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain of lovely upland lakes, some fresh, some brackish, some completely closed, others connected by See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short channels, the chief links in their See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order from See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north to south are:—Zwai, communicating southwards with Hara and Lamina, all in the Arusi Galla territory; then Abai with an outlet to a smaller See also:

• TARN
• TARN (O. Eng. tame, Scand. tjarn, tjdrn, horn, &c.)

tarn in the romantic See also:

• BARODA

Baroda and Gamo districts, skirted on the west sides by grassy slopes and wooded ranges from 6000 to nearly 9000 ft. high; lastly, in the Asille See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, Lake See also:

• STEFANIE

Stefanie, the Chuwaha of the natives, completely closed and falling to a level of about x800 ft. above the sea . To the same See also:

• SYSTEM

system obviously belongs the neighbouring Lake Rudolf (q.v.), which is larger than all the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest put together .

This lake receives at its See also:

• NORTHERN

northern end the See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters of the Omo, which rises in the Shoa See also:

• HIGHLANDS, THE

highlands and is a perennial river with many affiuents . In its course of some 370 M. it has a See also:

• TOTAL

total fall of about 6000 ft . (from 760o at its source to i600 at lake-level), and is consequently a very rapid stream, being broken by the Kokobi and other falls; and navigable only for a short distance above its mouth . The chief See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers of See also:

• SOMALILAND

Somaliland (q.v.), the Webi Shebeli and the See also:

• JUBA
• JUBA, or JUB

Juba (q.v.), have their rise on the south-eastern slopes of the Abyssinian escarpment, and the greater See also:

• PART

part of their course is through territory belonging to Abyssinia . There are numerous hot springs in Abyssinia, and earthquakes, though of no great severity, are not uncommon . (4) See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

Geology.—The East See also:

• AFRICAN

African tableland is continued into Abyssinia . Since the visit of W . T . Blanford in 1870 the geology has received little See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention from travellers . The following formations are represented: Sedimentary and Metamorphic . See also:

• RECENT

Recent . See also:

• CORAL

Coral, See also:

• ALLUVIUM

alluvium, See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand .

See also:

• TERTIARY

Tertiary . (?) Limestones of See also:

• HARRAR (or HARAR)

Harrar . See also:

• JURASSIC

Jurassic . Antalo Limestones . Triassic (?) . Adigrat Sandstones . Archaean . Gneisses, See also:

• SCHISTS (Gr. vxq'ecv, to split)

schists, slaty rocks . Igneous . Recent . See also:

• ADEN

Aden Volcanic Series . Tertiary, Cretaceous (?) .

Magdala group . Jurassic . Ashangi group . Archaean.—The metamorphic rocks compose the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of the tableland, and are exposed in every deep valley in See also:

• TIGRE

Tigre and along the valley of the See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

Blue See also:

• NILE
• NILE, BATTLE OF THE
• NILE, SOBAT

Nile . See also:

• MICA

Mica schists See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the prevalent rocks . See also:

• HORNBLENDE

Hornblende schists also occur and a compact felspathic See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock in the Suris See also:

• DEFILE

defile . The foliae of the schists strike north and south . Triassic (?).—In the region of Adigrat the metamorphic rocks are invariably overlain by See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white and See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown sandstones, unfossiliferous, and attaining a maximum thickness of See also:

• ROOD (O.E. rod, a stick, another form of " rod, O.E. rodd, possibly cognate with Lat. rudis, a staff)

rood feet . They are overlain by the fossiliferous limestones of the Antalo group . Around Chelga and Adigrat See also:

• COAL

coal-bearing beds occur, which Blanford suggests may be of the same age as the coal-bearing strata of See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India . The Adigrat See also:

• SANDSTONE

Sandstone possibly represents some portion of the See also:

• KARROO

Karroo formation of South See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa . Jurassic.—The fossiliferous limestones of Antalo are generally See also:

• HORIZONTAL

horizontal, but are in places much disturbed when interstratified with See also:

• TRAP (0. Eng. treppe or traepee, properly a step, as that or which an animal places its foot and is caught, cf. Ger. Treppe flight of stairs)

trap rocks .

The fossils are all characteristic Oolite forms and include See also:

• SPECIES

species of Hemicidaris, Pholadomya, Ceromya, Trigonia and Alaria . Igneous Rocks.—Above a height of 8000 ft. the country consists of bedded traps belonging to two distinct and unconformable See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups . The lower (Ashangi group) consists of basalts and dolerites often amygdaloidal . Their relation to the Antalotains much trachytic rock of considerable thickness, lying perfectly horizontally, and giving rise to a series of terraced ridges characteristic of central Abyssinia . They are inter-bedded with unfossiliferous sandstones and shales, Of more recent date (probably Tertiary) are some igneous rocks, See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich in alkalis, occurring in certain localities in See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern Abyssinia . Of still more recent date are the basalts and ashes west of See also:

• MASSAWA, or MASSOWAII

Massawa and around Annesley Bay and known as the Aden Volcanic Series . With regard to the older igneous rocks, the enormous amount they have suffered from denudation is a prominent feature . They have been worn into deep and narrow ravines, sometimes to a See also:

• DEPTH

depth of 3000 to 4000 ft . (5) See also:

• CLIMATE

Climate.—The climate of Abyssinia and its dependent territories varies greatly . Somaliland and the Danakil lowlands have a hot, dry climate producing semi-See also:

• DESERT

desert conditions; the country in the lower See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin of the See also:

• SOBAT

Sobat is hot, swampy and malarious . But over the greater part of Abyssinia as well as the Galla highlands the climate is very healthy and temperate . The country lies wholly within the tropics, but its nearness to the See also:

• EQUATOR (Late Lat. aequator, from aequare, to make equal)

equator is counterbalanced by the See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation of the See also:

• LAND

land .

In the deep valleys of the Takazze and Abai, and generally in places below 4000 ft., the conditions are tropical and fevers are prevalent . On the uplands, however, the See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air is cool and bracing in summer, and in See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter very See also:

• BLEAK, or BLICK (Alburnus lucidus)

bleak . The mean range of temperature is between 60° and 80° F . On the higher mountains the climate is Alpine in See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . The See also:

• ATMOSPHERE (Gr. fir µ6r, vapour; orkaipa, a sphere)

atmosphere on the plateaus is exceedingly clear, so that See also:

• OBJECTS

objects are easily recognizable at great distances . In addition to the variation in climate dependent on elevation, the year may be divided into three seasons . Winter, or the See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold season, lasts from See also:

• OCTOBER

October to See also:

• FEBRUARY

February, and is followed by a dry hot See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, which about the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of See also:

• JUNE

June gives See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place to the See also:

• RAINY, ROBERT (1826-1906)

rainy season . The See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain is heaviest in the Takazze basin in See also:

• JULY

July and See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August . In the more southern districts of Gojam and Wallega heavy rains continue till the middle of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September, and occasionally October is a wet See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month . There are also See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring and winter rains; indeed rain often falls in every month of the year . But the rainy season proper, caused by the south-west See also:

• MONSOON
• MONSOON (Arabic Mausim, season)

monsoon, lasts from June to See also:

• MID

mid-September, and commencing in the north moves southward . In the region of the Sobat See also:

• SOURCES

sources the rains begin earlier and last longer .

The rainfall varies from about 30 in. a year in Tigre and See also:

• AMHARA

Amhara to over 40 in. in parts of Galla land . The rainy season is of great importance not only to Abyssinia but to the countries of the Nile valley, as the prosperity of the eastern Sudan and See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt is largely dependent upon the rain-fall . A season of See also:

• LIGHT

light rain may be sufficient for the needs of Abyssinia, but there is little surplus water to find its way to the Nile; and a shortness of rain means a low Nile, as practically all the See also:

• FLOOD (in O. Eng. flod, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Flut, Dutch vloed, from the same root as is seen in " flow," " float ")
• FLOOD, HENRY (1732-1791)

flood water of that river is derived from the Abyssinian tributaries (see NILE) . (6) See also:

• FLORA

Flora and See also:

• FAUNA

Fauna.—As in a See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day's See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey the traveller may pass from tropical to almost Alpine conditions of climate, so great also is the range of the flora and fauna . In the valleys and lowlands the vegetation is dense, but the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of the plateaus is of a comparatively See also:

• BARE

bare country with trees and bushes thinly scattered over it . The glens and ravines on the hillside are often thickly wooded, and offer a delightful contrast to the open See also:

• DOWNS

downs . These conditions are particularly characteristic of the northern regions; in the south the vegetation on the uplands is more luxuriant . Among the many varieties of trees and See also:

• PLANTS

plants found are the date See also:

• PALM (Lat. palma, Gr. iraX6.jn )
• PALM, JOHANN PHILIPP (1768-1806)

palm, See also:

• MIMOSA (so named from the movements of the leaves in many species which " mimic " animal sensibility)

mimosa, See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild See also:

• OLIVE (Olea europaea)

olive, See also:

• GIANT (O.E. geant, through Fr. giant, O.Fr. gaiant, jaiant, jeant, med. pop. Lat. gagante—cf. Ital. gigante—by assimilation from gigantem, ace. of Lat. gigas, Gr. yiyas)

giant sycamores, junipers and laurels, the See also:

• MYRRH (from the Latinized form myrrha of Gr. µuppa; the Arabic murr, bitter, was applied to the substance from its bitterness)

myrrh and other See also:

• GUM (Fr. gomme, Lat. gommi, Gr. Kµµ1, possibly a Coptic word; distinguish " gum," the fleshy covering of the base of a tooth, in O. Eng. gbma, palate, cf. Ger. Gaumen, roof of the mouth; the ultimate origin is probably the root gha, to open wide, seen in

gum trees (gnarled and stunted, these flourish most on the eastern foothills), a magnificent See also:

• PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

pine (the See also:

• NATAL

Natal yellow pine, which resists the attacks of the white See also:

• ANT
• ANT (O. Eng. aemete, from Teutonic a, privative, and maitan, cut or bite off, i.e. " the biter off "; aemete in Middle English became differentiated in dialect use to (mete, then amte, and so ant, and also to emete, whence the synonym " emmet," now only u

ant), the fig, See also:

• ORANGE
• ORANGE (Citrus Aurantium)
• ORANGE, HOUSE OF

orange, See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime, See also:

• POMEGRANATE

pomegranate, See also:

• PEACH
• PEACH, CHARLES WILLIAM (1800-1886)

peach, See also:

• APRICOT (from the Lat. praecox, or praecoquus, ripened early, coquere, to cook, or ripen; the English form, formerly " apricock " and " abrecox," comes through the Fr. abricot, from the Span. albaricoque, which was an adaptation of the Arabic al-burquk, i

apricot, See also:

• BANANA

banana and other See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit trees; the See also:

• GRAPE

grape See also:

• VINE

vine (rare), See also:

• BLACKBERRY, or BRAMBLE

blackberry and See also:

• RASPBERRY

raspberry; the See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton and See also:

• INDIGO (earlier indico, from Lat. indicum, the Indian sub-stance or dye; the Sans. name was niti, from nila, dark blue, and this through Arab. al-nil, annil, gives " aniline ")

indigo plants, and occasionally the See also:

• SUGAR

sugar See also:

• CANE

cane . There are in the south large forests of valuable See also:

• TIMBER

timber trees; and the See also:

• COFFEE (Fr: cafe, Ger. Kaffee)

coffee plant is indigenous in the See also:

• KAFFA

Kaffa country, whence it takes its name . Many kinds of See also:

• GRASSES

grasses. and See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers abound . Large areas are covered by the kussa, a See also:

• HARDY, ALEXANDRE (1569?-1631)
• HARDY, SIR THOMAS DUFFUS (1804-1878)
• HARDY, SIR THOMAS MASTERMAN
• HARDY, THOMAS (1840- )

hardy member of the See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose See also:

• FAMILY

family, which grows from 8 to 10 ft. high and has abundant pendent red blossoms . The flowers and the leaves of this plant are highly prized for medicinal purposes .

The fruit of the kurarina, a See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree found almost exclusively in Shoa, yields a See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain highly esteemed as a spice . On the tableland a great variety of grains and vegetables are cultivated . A fibrous plant, known as the sanseviera, grows in a wild See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state in the semi-desert regions of the north and south-east . In addition to the domestic animals enumerated below (§ 8) the fauna is very varied . See also:

• ELEPHANT

Elephant and See also:

• RHINOCEROS

rhinoceros are numerous in certain low-lying districts, especially in the Sobat valley . The Abyssinian rhinoceros has two horns and its skin has no folds . The See also:

• HIPPOPOTAMUS (" river-horse," Gr. lames, horse and aoraµbs, river)

hippopotamus and See also:

• CROCODILE

crocodile inhabit the larger rivers flowing west, but are not found in the Hawash, in which, however, otters of large See also:

• SIZE

size are plentiful . Lions abound in the low countries and in Somaliland . In central Abyssinia the See also:

• LION
• LION (Lat, leo, leonis; Gr. Mew)

lion is no longer found except occasionally in the river valleys . Leopards, both spotted and black, are numerous and often of great size; hyaenas are found everywhere and are hardy and fierce; the See also:

• LYNX (Lat. Lynx, Gr. airy, probably connected with X hovewv, to see)

lynx, See also:

• WOLF
• WOLF (Canis lupus)
• WOLF, FRIEDRICH AUGUST (1759-1824)
• WOLF, HUGO (1860-1903)
• WOLF, JOSEPH (1820-1899)

wolf, wild See also:

• DOG

dog and See also:

• JACKAL
• JACKAL (Turk. chakal)

jackal are also See also:

• COMMON

common . Boars and badgers are more rarely seen . The See also:

• GIRAFFE

giraffe is found in the western districts, the See also:

• ZEBRA

zebra and wild See also:

• ASS (O.E. assa; Lat. asinus)
• ASS, FEAST OF THE

ass frequent the lower plateaus and the rocky hills of the north .

There are large herds of See also:

• BUFFALO

buffalo and See also:

• ANTELOPE

antelope; and gazelles .of many varieties and in great See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers are met with in most parts of the country . Among the varieties are the greater and lesser See also:

• KUDU (koodoo)

kudu (both rather rare) ; the See also:

• DUIKER (diver), or DUIKERBOK

duiker, gemsbuck, See also:

• HARTEBEEST

hartebeest, See also:

• GERENUK

gerenuk (the most common—it has See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long thin legs and a See also:

• CAMEL (from the Arabic Djemal or the Heb. Gamal)

camel-like See also:

• NECK (O. Eng. hnecca; the word appears in many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch ride, Ger. Nacken; in O. E. the common word was heals; cf. Ger. Hals)

neck); See also:

• KLIPSPRINGER

klipspringer, found on the high plateaus as well as in the lower districts; and the dik-dik, the smallest of the antelopes, its See also:

• WEIGHT

weight rarely exceeding 10 lb, common in the low countries and the foothills . The See also:

• CIVET

civet is found in many parts of Abyssinia, but chiefly in the Galla regions . Squirrels and See also:

• HARES

hares are numerous, as are several kinds of monkeys, notably the See also:

• GUEREZA

guereza, See also:

• GELADA

gelada, See also:

• GUENON (from the French, = one who grimaces, hence an ape)

guenon and dog-faced See also:

• BABOON (from the Fr. babuin, which is itself derived from Babon, the Egyptian deity to whom it was sacred)

baboon . They range from the tropical lowlands to heights of ro,000 ft . Birds are very numerous, and many of them remarkable for the beauty of their plumage . Great numbers of eagles, vultures, See also:

• HAWKS, FRANCIS LISTER (1798-1866)

hawks, bustards and other birds of See also:

• PREY (0. Fr. preie, mod. proie, Lat. praeda, booty, from prae and the root hed—seen in prehendere, prendere, to grasp)

prey are met with.; and partridges, See also:

• DUCK

duck, See also:

• TEAL (O.E. tele)

teal, See also:

• GUINEA

guinea-See also:

• FOWL (Dan. Fugl, Ger. Vogel)

fowl, sand-See also:

• GROUSE

grouse, curlews, See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood-See also:

• COCK, EDWARD (1805-1892)

cock, See also:

• SNIPE (0. Eng. Spite, Icel. Snipe, Dutch Snip, Ger. Schnepfe)

snipe, pigeons, thrushes and swallows are very plentiful . A See also:

• FINE

fine variety of See also:

• OSTRICH

ostrich is commonly found . Among the birds prized for their plumage are the See also:

• MARABOUT (the French form of the Arab. murdbit, " one who pickets his horse on a hostile frontier "; cf. Portug.marabute; Span. morabito)

marabout, See also:

• CRANE (in Dutch, Kraan; O. Ger. Kraen; cognate, as also the Lat. grus, and consequently the Fr. grue and Span. grulla, with the Gr. dpavos)
• CRANE, STEPHEN (1870-1900)
• CRANE, WALTER (1845– )
• CRANE, WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )

crane, See also:

• HERON (Fr. heron; Ital. aghirone, airone; Lat. ardea; Gr. ipw&bs: A.-S. hragra; Icelandic, hegre; Swed. hager; Dan. heire; Ger. Heiger, Reiher, Heergans; Dutch, reiger)

heron, black-See also:

• BIRD

bird, See also:

• PARROT (according to Skeat, from Fr. Perrot or Pies-rot, the diminutive of the proper name Pierrel)

parrot, See also:

• JAY (Fr. geai)
• JAY, JOHN (1745-1829)
• JAY, WILLIAM (1769-1853)

jay and humming-birds of extraordinary brilliance . Among See also:

• INSECTS

insects the most numerous and useful is the See also:

• BEE (Sanskrit blza, AS. ben, Lat. apis)

bee, See also:

• HONEY (Chin. me ; Sansk. madhu, mead, honey; cf. A.S. medo, medu, mead; Gr. p Xt, in which 0 or b is changed into X; Lat. mel ; Fr. miel ; A.S. hung ; Ger. Honig)

honey everywhere constituting an important part of the See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food of the inhabitants . Of an opposite class is the See also:

• LOCUST

locust . Serpents are not numerous, but several species are poisonous .

There are thousands of varieties of butterflies and other insects . (7) Provinces and Towns.—Politically, Abyssinia is divided into provinces or kingdoms and dependent territories: The chief provinces are Tigre, which occupies the N.E. of the country; Amhara or See also:

• GONDAR

Gondar, in the centre; Gojam, the See also:

• DISTRICT

district enclosed by the great semicircular sweep of the Abai; and Shoa (q.v.), which lies east of the Abai and south of Amhara . Besides these See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient provinces and several others of smaller size, the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire includes the Wallega region, lying S.W. of Gojam; the Harrar See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province in the east; Kaffa (q.v.) and Galla land, S.W. and S. of Shoa; and the central part of Somaliland . With the exception of Harrar (q.v.), a See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of Arab See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation, there are no large towns in Abyssinia . Harrar is some 30 M . S.E. of Dire Dawa, whence there is a railway (188 m. long) to See also:

• JIBUTI (DJIBOUTI)

Jibuti on the Gulf of Aden . The See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of large towns in Abyssinia proper is due to the provinces into which the country is divided having been for centuries in a state of almost continual warfare, and to the frequent See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change of the royal residences on the exhaustion of See also:

• FUEL (O. Fr. feuaile, popular Lat. focalia, from focus, hearth, fire)

fuel supplies . The earliest See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital appears to have been Axum (q.v.) in Tigre, where there are extensive ruins . In the middle ages Gondar in Amhara became the capital of the country and was so regarded up to the middle of the 19thcentury . Since 1892 the capital has been Adis Ababa in the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of Shoa . The other towns of Abyssinia worthy of mention may be grouped according to their See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical position . None of them has a permanent See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population exceeding 6000, but at several large markets are held periodically .

In Tigre there are See also:

• ADOWA (properly ADUA)

Adowa or Adua (17 M . E. by N. of Axum), Adigrat, Macalle and Antalo . The three last-named places are on the high plateau near its eastern escarpment and on the See also:

• DIRECT

direct road south from Massawa to Shoa . West of Adigrat is the monastery of Debra-Domo, one of the most celebrated sanctuaries in Abyssinia . In Amhara there are:—Magdala (q.v.), formerly the See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• THEODORE
• THEODORE (602-690)
• THEODORE (Fedor) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1741–1796)
• THEODORE (Rus. Fedor, or Feodor)

Theodore, and the place of imprisonment of the See also:

• BRITISH

British captives in 1866 . Debra-See also:

• TABOR

Tabor (" See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount Tabor "), the chief royal residence during the reign of King See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John, occupies a strong strategic position overlooking the fertile plains east of Lake See also:

• TSANA

Tsana, at a height of about 8,62o ft. above the sea ; it has a population of 3000, including the neighbouring station of See also:

• SAMARA

Samara, headquarters of the See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant missionaries in the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of King Theodore . Ambra-Mariam, a fortified station midway between Gondar and Debra-Tabor near the north-east See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of Lake Tsana, with a population of 3000; here is the famous See also:

• SHRINE (Lat. scrinium, a case or chest for books, hence a casket; from scribere, to write, Fr. ecrin, Ital. scrigno)

shrine and See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church dedicated to St See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary, whence the name of the place, " Fort St Mary." Mandera-Mariam (" Mary's Rest "), for some time a royal residence, and an important See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market and great place of See also:

• PILGRIMAGE (Fr. pelerinage, Lat. peregrinatio)

pilgrimage, a few miles south-west of Debra Tabor; its two churches of the " See also:

• MOTHER

Mother " and the " Son " are held in great veneration by all Abyssinians; it has a permanent population estimated at over 4000, See also:

• GALLAS
• GALLAS, MATTHIAS, COUNT OF CAMPO, DUKE OF LUCERA (1584-1647)

Gallas and Amharas, the former mostly See also:

• MAHOMMEDAN

Mahommedan . Sokota, one of the great central markets, and capital of the province of Waag in Amhara, at the converging point of several main See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade routes;-the market is numerously atterfded, especially by dealers in the salt blocks which come from Lake Alalbed . The following towns are in Shoa:—See also:

• ANKOBER

Ankober, formerly the capital of the kingdom; Aliu-Amba, east of Ankober on the trade route to the Gulf of Aden; Debra-Berhan (Debra-Bernam) (" See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

Mountain of Light "), once a royal residence; Lithe (Litche), one of the largest market towns in southern Abyssinia . Lieka, the largest market in Galla land, has -direct communications with Gojam, Shoa and other parts of the empire . Bonga, the commercial centre of Kaffa, and Jiren, capital of the neighbouring province of Jimma, are frequented by traders from all the surrounding provinces, and also by See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign merchants from the seaports on the Gulf of Aden . Apart from these market-places there are no settlements of any size in southern Abyssinia .

Communications.—The Jibuti-Dire Dawa railway has been mentioned above . The continuation of this railway to the capital was begun in 1906 from the Adis Ababa end . There are;few roads in Abyssinia suitable for wheeled See also:

• TRAFFIC

traffic . Transport is usually carried on by mules, donkeys, See also:

• PACK (apparently from the root pak-, paq-, seen in Lat. pangere, to fasten; cf. " compact ")
• PACK, OTTO VON (c. 1480-1537)

pack-horses and (in the lower regions) camels . From Dire Dawa to Harrar there is a well-made See also:

• CARRIAGE

carriage road, and from Harrar to Adis Ababa the See also:

• CARAVAN (more correctly Karwan)

caravan track is kept in See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good order, the river Hawash being spanned by an See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge . There is also a direct trade route from Dire Dawa to the capital . See also:

• TELEGRAPH (Gr. Tike, far, and rypaq5eiv, to write)

Telegraph lines connect Adis Ababa and several important towns in northern_ Abyssinia with Massawa, Harrar and Jibuti . There is also a telephonic service, the longest See also:

• LINE

line being from Harrar to the capital . (8) See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

Agriculture.—The See also:

• SOIL

soil is exceedingly fertile, as is evident from the fact that Egypt owes practically all its fertility to the sediment carried into the Nile by its Abyssinian tributaries . Agriculture is extensively followed, chiefly by the Gallas, the indolence of the Abyssinians preventing them from being good farmers . In the lower regions a wide variety of crops are grown —among them See also:

• MAIZE, or INDIAN CORN

maize, See also:

• DURRA
• DURRA (also written dourah, dhura, &c.; Arabic for a pearl, hence a grain of corn)

durra, See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat, See also:

• BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley, See also:

• RYE

rye, tell, See also:

• PEASE, EDWARD (1767–1858)

pease, cotton and sugar-cane—and many kinds of fruit trees are cultivated . Teff is a See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of See also:

• MILLET (Fr. millet; Ital. miglietto, diminutive of miglio= Lat. mille, a thousand, in allusion to its fertility)
• MILLET (or MILE), JEAN FRANCOIS (c. 1642–1679)
• MILLET, FRANCIS DAVIS (1846- )
• MILLET, JEAN FRANCOIS (1814–1875)

millet with grains about the size of an See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary See also:

• PIN (a doublet with " pen " from Lat. pinna, feather, pinnacle, which is said to contain the same root as irirvs, pine tree, and properly to mean a sharp point or end)

pin-head, of which is made the See also:

• BREAD

bread commonly eaten .

The low grounds also produce a grain, tocussa, from which black bread is made . Besides these, certain oleaginous plants, the suf, nuc and selite (there are no See also:

• EUROPEAN

European equivalents for the native names), and the ground-See also:

• NUT
• NUT (0. Eng. knutu, cf. Dutch noot, Ger. Nuss; allied with Gael. cno; it is not of the same form as Lat. nux)

nut are largely grown . The See also:

• CASTOR

castor See also:

• BEAN (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Bohne)

bean grows wild, the See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green castor in the low, See also:

• DAMP

damp regions, the red castor at See also:

• MEDIUM

medium altitudes . The kat plant, a medicinal See also:

• HERB (Lat. herba, grass, food for cattle, generally taken to represent the Old Lat. forbea, Gr. 4op(3i1, pasture, <0p/3Ew, to feed, Sans. bharb, to eat)

herb which has a tonic quality, is largely grown in the Harrar province . On the higher plateaus the hardier cereals only are cultivated . Here the chief crops are wheat, barley, teff, peppers, vegetables of all kinds and coffee . Above ro,000 ft. the crops are confined practically to barley, oats, beans and occasionally wheat . Coffee is one of the most important products of the country, and its See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home is believed to be the Kaffa highlands . It is cultivated in the S., S.E. and S.W. provinces, and to a less extent in the central districts . Two qualities of coffee are cultivated, one known as Abyssinian, the other as Harrar-Mocha . The " Abyssinian " coffee is grown very extensively throughout the southern highlands . Little attention is paid to the See also:

• CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop, the berries being frequently gathered from the ground, and consequently the coffee is of comparatively low grade .

" Harrar-Mocha " is of first-class quality . It is grown in the highlands of Harrar, and cultivated with extreme care . The raising of cotton received a considerable impetus in the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early years of the 20th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . The soil of the Hawash valley proved particularly suitable for raising this crop . In the high plateaus the planting of seeds begins in May, in the lower plateaus and the plains in June, but in certain parts where the summer is long athd rain abundant See also:

• SOWING (from "to sow," O. Eng. shwan, cf. Du. zaaijen, Ger. saen, &c.; the root is seen in Lat. severe, cf. "seed")

sowing and See also:

• REAPING (from O.E. rypan, rypan, probably allied to " ripe," mature, i.e. " fit for reaping "; the cognate forms are found in other languages)

reaping are going on at the same time . Most regions yield two, many three crops a year . The methods of culture are See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive, the plough commonly used being a long See also:

• POLE (FAMILY)
• POLE, REGINALD (1500-1558)
• POLE, RICHARD DE LA (d. 1525)
• POLE, WILLIAM (1814—1900)

pole with two See also:

• VERTICAL (from Lat. vertex, highest point)

vertical iron See also:

• TEETH (O.E. Eel); plural of tooth, O.E. top)

teeth and a smaller pole at right angles to which oxen are attached . This See also:

• IMPLEMENT (Lat. implementum, a filling up, from implere, to fill)

implement See also:

• COSTS

costs about four shillings . The ploughing is done by the men, but See also:

• WOMEN

women and girls do the reaping . The grain is usually trodden out by See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle and is often stored in See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay-lined pits . Land comparatively poor yields crops eight to ten-See also:

• FOLD

fold the quantity sown; the See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

major part of the land. yields twenty to thirtyfold . In the northern parts of the empire very little land is left uncultivated .

The hillsides are laid out in terraces and carefully irrigated in the dry season, the channels being often two miles or more long . Of all the cereals barley is the most widely grown . The See also:

• AVERAGE

average See also:

• RATE

rate of pay to an'agricultural labourer is about threepence a day in addition to food, which may cost another See also:

• PENNY (Mid. Eng. peni or peny, from O. Eng. form penig, earlier penning and pending; the word appears in Ger. Pfennig and Du. penning; it has been connected with Du. pand, Ger. Pfand, and Eng. " pawn,". the word meaning a little pledge or token, or with G
• PENNY, GIANFRANCESCO (1488–1528)

penny a day . The Abyssinians keep a large number of domestic animals . Among cattle the Sanga or Galla ox is the most common . The bulls are usually kept for ploughing, the cow being preferred for See also:

• MEAT

meat . Most of the cattle are of the zebu or hump-backed variety, but there are also two breeds—one large, the other resembling the See also:

• JERSEY
• JERSEY, EARLS OF

Jersey cattle—which are straight-backed . The horns of the zebu variety are sometimes four feet long . See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

Sheep, of which there are very large flocks, belong to the short and See also:

• FAT (O.E. fdett; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vet, Ger. Fett, &c., and may be ultimately related to Greek Irian, and =apos, and Sanskrit pivan)

fat-tailed variety . The See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)