See also:NILGIRIS, THE, or NEELGHERRIES (See also:Blue Mountains)
, a range of hills in See also:southern See also:India, which gives its name to a See also:district of the See also:Madras See also:Presidency
.
The See also:Nilgiris are really a See also:plateau rather than a range, rising abruptly from the plains on most sides, with a See also:general See also:elevation of about 6500 ft. above the See also:sea
.
The DISTRICT OF THE NILGIRIS is the smallest administrative district in Madras
.
It formerly consisted exclusively of a See also:mountain plateau lying at an See also:average elevation of 6500 ft., with an See also:area of about 725 sq. m
.
In 1873 this was increased by the addition of the See also:Ochterlony valley in the See also:south-See also:east See also:Wynaad, and again, in 1877, by other portions of the Wynaad, makinga See also:total area of 958 sq. m
.
The administrative headquarters is at Ootacamund, which is also the summer See also:capital of the See also:government of Madras
.
The See also:summit of the Nilgiri hills is an undulating plateau, frequently breaking into lofty ridges and steep rocky eminences
.
The descent to the plains is sudden and abrupt, the average fall from the See also:crest to the general level below being about 6000 ft., See also:save on the See also:north, where the See also:base of the mountains rests upon the elevated See also:land of Wynaad and See also:Mysore, See also:standing between 2000 and 3000 ft. above sea-level
.
The Ochterlony valley and Wynaad See also:country consist of a See also:series of broken valleys, once See also:forest-clad throughout, but now studded with See also:tea and See also:coffee-gardens
.
The highest mountain peaks are—Dodabetta, 876o ft.; Kudiakad, 8502; Bevoibetta, 8488; Makurti, 8402; Davarsolabetta, 8380; Kunda, 8353; Kundamoge, 7816; Ootacamund, 7361; Tambrabetta, 7292; Hokabetta, 7267
.
There are six well-known passes or See also:ghats by which the district communicates with the neighbouring plains, three of which are practicable to wheeled See also:traffic
.
The See also:chief See also:rivers are the Moyar, Paikara and See also:Calicut, none of which are navigable
.
The forests consist of See also:fine See also:timber trees, such as See also:sail (Shorea robusta), kino (Pterocarpus Marsupium), See also:jack (Artocarpus integrifolia), See also:blackwood (Dalbergia latifolia) and See also:teak
.
See also:Eucalyptus and Australian wattle have been extensively planted in the higher grounds of the Wynaad
.
The hills were first explored by See also:British See also:officers in 1814, and in 1821 the first See also:English See also:house was built on the plateau
.
The See also:- HILL
- HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
- HILL, A
- HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
- HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
- HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
- HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
- HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
- HILL, JAMES J
- HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
- HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
- HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
- HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
- HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)
hill tribes include the See also:Todas, the See also:Badagas, the See also:Kotas, the See also:Kurumbas and the See also:Irulas (q.v.)
.
The total See also:population of the district in 1901 was 111,437, showing an increase of 11.7% in the See also:decade
.
The commercially important products are coffee, tea and See also:cinchona
.
Coffee cultivation was introduced about 1844
.
One of its chief seats is the Ochterlony valley
.
The Madras government commenced the experimental cultivation of cinchona on the Nilgiris in 1860, and several private cinchona gardens were laid out, owing to the success of the government experiment
.
The See also:climate of the Nilgiri hills is almost unrivalled for equability of temperature
.
The average is 58° F
.
The approach from the plains is by the See also:branch of the Madras railway from Podanur to Mettapolliem, whence a See also:metre-See also:gauge See also:line on the See also:rack principle has been constructed to Coonoor, with an See also:extension to Ootacamund
.
The chief educational institution is the See also:- LAWRENCE
- LAWRENCE (LAURENTIUS, LORENZO), ST
- LAWRENCE, AMOS (1786—1852)
- LAWRENCE, AMOS ADAMS (1814–1886)
- LAWRENCE, GEORGE ALFRED (1827–1876)
- LAWRENCE, JOHN LAIRD MAIR LAWRENCE, 1ST BARON (1811-1879)
- LAWRENCE, SIR HENRY MONTGOMERY (1806–1857)
- LAWRENCE, SIR THOMAS (1769–1830)
- LAWRENCE, STRINGER (1697–1775)
Lawrence See also:Asylum at
though not the largest in See also:France
.
It See also:dates from the 1st or 2nd See also:century A.D., and was used as a fortress for some See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time during succeeding centuries
.
Occupied daring the See also:middle ages by a See also:special See also:quarter, with even a See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church of its own, it was cleared in 1809, and since then has been well kept in repair
.
It is built of large stones fitted together without See also:mortar
.
In See also:form it is elliptical, measuring approximately 440 by 336 ft. externally; the See also:arena is 227 by 1262 ft
.
The elevation (70 ft. in all) consists of a ground See also:story of 6o See also:arches, an upper story of 6o arches and an See also:attic with consoles pierced with holes for supporting the See also:velarium or awning
.
The See also:building, which was capable of holding nearly 24,000 persons, has 4 See also:main See also:gates, one at each of the See also:cardinal points; and 124 doorways gave exit from the 35 tiers of the See also:amphitheatre to the inner galleries
.
Originally designed for gladiatorial shows, See also:naval See also:spectacles, See also:chariot races, See also:wolf or See also:boar hunts, the arena has in See also:recent times been used for See also:bull-fights
.
The celebrated Maison Carree, a See also:temple in the See also:style of the See also:Parthenon, but on a smaller See also:scale, 82 ft. See also:long by 40 wide, is one of the finest monuments of the See also:Roman See also:period, and according to an inscription is dedicated to Ga,ius and See also:Lucius See also:Caesar, adopted sons of See also:Augustus, and dates from the beginning of the See also:Christian era
.
It contains a collection of See also:antique sculptures and coins
.
The so-called temple of See also:Diana, which adjoins the See also:Fountain Gardens, was probably a building connected with the neighbouring See also:baths of which remains are visible
.
Two Roman gates, the See also:Porte d'Auguste, consisting of two large archways flanked by two smaller ones and dating from A.D
.
16, and the Porte de France are still preserved
.
The Tour Magne (Turris Magna) is still 92 ft. in height, and was formerly a third higher
.
Admittedly the See also:oldest See also:monument of See also:Nimes, it has been variously regarded as an old See also:signal See also:tower, a treasure house or a See also:mausoleum
.
Attached to the ramparts erected by Augustus, and turned into a fortress in the middle ages by the See also:counts of See also:Toulouse, the Tour See also:Magee was restored about 184o
.
Near the Tour Magne has been discovered the See also:reservoir from which the See also:water conveyed by the See also:Pont du See also:Gard (see See also:AQUEDUCT) was distributed throughout the See also:city
.
When it still possessed its capitol, the temple of Augustus, the See also:basilica of Plotina erected under See also:Hadrian, the temple of See also:Apollo, the baths, the See also:theatre, the See also:circus, constructed in the reign of See also:Nero, the Campus See also:Martius and the fortifications built by Augustus, Nimes must have been one of the richest of the Roman cities of See also:Gaul
.
The See also:cathedral (St See also:Castor), occupying, it is believed, the site of the temple of Augustus, is partly Romanesque and partly See also:Gothic in style
.
The church of St See also:Paul, a See also:modern Romanesque building, is adorned with frescoes by Hippolyte and Paul See also:Flandrin; St Baudile (modern Gothic) is of See also:note for the two See also:- STONE
- STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
- STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
- STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
- STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
- STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
- STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
- STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
- STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)
stone See also:spires which adorn its See also:facade; and the See also:court-house has a fine Corinthian See also:colonnade and a See also:pediment
.
Other buildings of note are the old citadel (dating from 1687, and now used as a central See also:prison), and the former lycee, ,which contains the public library and the museums of See also:epigraphy, of archaeological See also:models of the Roman and Romanesque periods, and of natural See also:history
.
The See also:town also has a collection of paintings
.
The esplanade in front of the court-house has in the centre a handsome fountain with five See also:marble statues by See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
James See also:Pradier
.
The Fountain Gardens, in the north-See also:west of the town, owe their See also:peculiar See also:character as well as their name to a See also:spring of water which after heavy rains is copious enough not only to fill the ornamental basins (constructed in the 18th century with balustrades and statues on See also:ancient See also:foundations) but also to form a considerable stream
.
Neither the spring, however, nor the Vistre into which it discharges, is sufficient for the wants of the city, and water has consequently been brought from the See also:Rhone, a distance of 17 M
.
A beautiful See also:avenue, the See also:Boulevard de la Republique, runs south for nearly 1 m. from the middle walk of the See also:garden
.
Nimes has erected monuments to the " See also:Children of Gard " (by A
.
See also:Mercia), to See also:Alphonse See also:Daudet and to the Provencal poet See also:Jean Reboul, natives of the town
.
The city is the seat of a See also:bishop, a See also:prefect, a court of See also:appeal and a court of assizes, and has tribunals of first instance and of, See also:commerce, a See also:board of See also:trade-arbitrators, an See also:exchange, a chamberof commerce and a branch of the See also:Bank of France
.
Its educational establishments include lycees and training colleges for both sexes, and See also:schools of See also:music and See also:art
.
At the See also:close of the middle ages the See also:industries of Nimes were raised to a See also:state of See also:great prosperity by a See also:colony from See also:Lombardy and See also:Tuscany; and, though the See also:plague, the See also:Wars of See also:Religion and the revocation of the See also:edict of See also:Nantes were all sufficiently disastrous in their effects, before the Revolution about See also:half of the whole community, or from ro,000 to 12,000 persons, had come to be engaged in manufactures, chiefly that of See also:silk
.
Upholstery materials, shawls, carpets, handkerchiefs, tapes and braidings, See also:brandy, See also:hosiery, See also:leather, clothes, candles, machinery and boots and shoes are now manufactured, and there are a number of foundries
.
Nimes is, besides, one of the great southern markets for See also:wine and brandy, and there is a See also:good trade in See also:grain, groceries and colonial wares
.
Quarries of hard See also:limestone, used as the material for the amphitheatre and other buildings by the See also:Romans, are still worked in the vicinity
.
Nimes, the ancient Nemausus, derived its name from the sacred See also:wood in which the See also:Volcae Arecomici (who of their own See also:accord surrendered to the Romans in 121 B.C.) were wont to hold their assemblies
.
See also:Strabo states that it was the See also:metropolis of a district containing twenty-four dependent towns, and that it was See also:independent of the proconsuls .of Gallia Narbonensis
.
Constituted a colony of veterans by Augustus, 'and endowed with numerous privileges, it built a temple and struck a See also:medal in See also:honour of its founder
.
The medal, which afterwards furnished the type for the coat of arms granted to the town by See also:Francis I., bears on one See also:side the heads of Caesar Augustus and Vipsanius See also:Agrippa (the former crowned with See also:laurel), while on the other there is a See also:crocodile chained to a See also:palm-See also:- TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
- TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )
tree, with the See also:legend See also:Con
.
See also:NEst
.
It was Agrippa who built the public baths at Nimes, the temple of Diana and the aqueduct of the Pont du Gard
.
The city-walls, erected by Augustus, were nearly 4 M. in See also:circuit, 30 ft. high and to ft. broad, flanked by ninety towers and pierced by ten gates
.
Hadrian on his way back from See also:Britain erected at Nimes two memorials of his benefactress Plotina
.
In the very height of its prosperity the city was ravaged by the See also:Vandals; the Visigoths fcllowed, and turned the amphitheatre into a stronghold, which at a later date was set on See also:fire along with the gates of the city when See also:Charles Martel drove out the See also:Saracens
.
Nimes became a See also:republic under the See also:protection of See also:Pippin the See also:Short; and in 1185 it passed to the counts of Toulouse, who restored its prosperity and enclosed it with ramparts whose See also:enceinte, less extensive than that of Augustus, may still be traced in the boulevards of the See also:present See also:day
.
The city took See also:part in the crusade against the Albigenses in 1207
.
Under See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis VIII. it received a royal See also:garrison into its amphitheatre; under Louis XI. it was captured by the See also:duke of See also:Burgundy, and in 1420 was recovered by the dauphin (Charles VII.)
.
On a visit to Nimes Francis I. enriched it with a university and a school of arts
.
By 1558 about three-fourths of the inhabitants had become Protestants, and in 1567 a See also:massacre of Catholics took See also:place on St See also:Michael's day
.
From the See also:accession of See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry IV. till the revocation of the edict of Nantes (1685) the See also:Protestant community devoted itself to active See also:industry; but after that disastrous event great See also:numbers went into See also:- EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)
exile or joined the See also:Camisards
.
Louis XIV. built a fortress (1687) to keep in check the disturbances caused by the See also:rival religious parties
.
Nimes passed unhurt through the storms of the Revolution; but in 1815 Trestaillon and his bandit followers pillaged and burned and plundered and massacred the Bonapartists and Protestants
.
Since then the city has remained divided into two strongly marked factions—Catholics and Protestants—though with no repetition of such scenes
.
See H
.
See also:Bazin, Names Gallo-Romain (Nimes, 1891); L
.
Menard, Histoire civile, ecclesiasti ue et litteraire de la ville de Nismes ; R
.
Peyre, Nimes, See also:Arles et See also:Orange (Nimes, 1903)
.
End of Article: