See also:

• NILGIRIS, THE, or NEELGHERRIES (Blue Mountains)

NILGIRIS, THE, or NEELGHERRIES (See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

Blue Mountains)  , a range of hills in See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India, which gives its name to a See also:

• DISTRICT

district of the See also:

• MADRAS

Madras See also:

• PRESIDENCY

Presidency . The See also:

• NILGIRIS, THE, or NEELGHERRIES (Blue Mountains)

Nilgiris are really a See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau rather than a range, rising abruptly from the plains on most sides, with a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation of about 6500 ft. above the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea . The DISTRICT OF THE NILGIRIS is the smallest administrative district in Madras . It formerly consisted exclusively of a See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain plateau lying at an See also:

• AVERAGE

average elevation of 6500 ft., with an See also:

• AREA

area of about 725 sq. m . In 1873 this was increased by the addition of the See also:

• OCHTERLONY, SIR DAVID

Ochterlony valley in the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east See also:

• WYNAAD, or WAINAD

Wynaad, and again, in 1877, by other portions of the Wynaad, makinga See also:

• TOTAL

total area of 958 sq. m . The administrative headquarters is at Ootacamund, which is also the summer See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of Madras . The See also:

• SUMMIT

summit of the Nilgiri hills is an undulating plateau, frequently breaking into lofty ridges and steep rocky eminences . The descent to the plains is sudden and abrupt, the average fall from the See also:

• CREST
• CREST (Lat. crista, a plume or tuft)

crest to the general level below being about 6000 ft., See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save on the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north, where the See also:

• BASE

base of the mountains rests upon the elevated See also:

• LAND

land of Wynaad and See also:

• MYSORE

Mysore, See also:

• STANDING

standing between 2000 and 3000 ft. above sea-level . The Ochterlony valley and Wynaad See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country consist of a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of broken valleys, once See also:

• FOREST

forest-clad throughout, but now studded with See also:

• TEA (Chinese cha, Amoy dialect t€)

tea and See also:

• COFFEE (Fr: cafe, Ger. Kaffee)

coffee-gardens . The highest mountain peaks are—Dodabetta, 876o ft.; Kudiakad, 8502; Bevoibetta, 8488; Makurti, 8402; Davarsolabetta, 8380; Kunda, 8353; Kundamoge, 7816; Ootacamund, 7361; Tambrabetta, 7292; Hokabetta, 7267 . There are six well-known passes or See also:

• GHATS, or GHAUTS (literally " the Landing Stairs " from the sea, or " Passes ")

ghats by which the district communicates with the neighbouring plains, three of which are practicable to wheeled See also:

• TRAFFIC

traffic . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers are the Moyar, Paikara and See also:

• CALICUT

Calicut, none of which are navigable .

The forests consist of See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• TIMBER

timber trees, such as See also:

• SAIL

sail (Shorea robusta), kino (Pterocarpus Marsupium), See also:

• JACK

jack (Artocarpus integrifolia), See also:

• BLACKWOOD, WILLIAM (1776-1834)

blackwood (Dalbergia latifolia) and See also:

• TEAK

teak . See also:

• EUCALYPTUS

Eucalyptus and Australian wattle have been extensively planted in the higher grounds of the Wynaad . The hills were first explored by See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• OFFICERS

officers in 1814, and in 1821 the first See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house was built on the plateau . The See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill tribes include the See also:

• TODAS

Todas, the See also:

• BADAGAS (literally " a Telugu man ")

Badagas, the See also:

• KOTAS (Kotar, Koter, Kohatur, Gauhatar)

Kotas, the See also:

• KURUMBAS

Kurumbas and the See also:

• IRULAS (" Benighted ones," from Tamil, iral, " darkness ")

Irulas (q.v.) . The total See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of the district in 1901 was 111,437, showing an increase of 11.7% in the See also:

• DECADE (from Gr. Oka, ten)

decade . The commercially important products are coffee, tea and See also:

• CINCHONA

cinchona . Coffee cultivation was introduced about 1844 . One of its chief seats is the Ochterlony valley . The Madras government commenced the experimental cultivation of cinchona on the Nilgiris in 1860, and several private cinchona gardens were laid out, owing to the success of the government experiment . The See also:

• CLIMATE

climate of the Nilgiri hills is almost unrivalled for equability of temperature . The average is 58° F . The approach from the plains is by the See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the Madras railway from Podanur to Mettapolliem, whence a See also:

• METRE ((terpuc?, sc. rFxvf, from Gr. Or poi', measure)

metre-See also:

• GAUGE, or GAGE (Med. Lat. gauja, jaugia, Fr. jauge, perhaps connected with Fr. jale, a bowl, galon, gallon)

gauge See also:

• LINE

line on the See also:

• RACK

rack principle has been constructed to Coonoor, with an See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension to Ootacamund .

The chief educational institution is the See also:

• LAWRENCE
• LAWRENCE (LAURENTIUS, LORENZO), ST
• LAWRENCE, AMOS (1786—1852)
• LAWRENCE, AMOS ADAMS (1814–1886)
• LAWRENCE, GEORGE ALFRED (1827–1876)
• LAWRENCE, JOHN LAIRD MAIR LAWRENCE, 1ST BARON (1811-1879)
• LAWRENCE, SIR HENRY MONTGOMERY (1806–1857)
• LAWRENCE, SIR THOMAS (1769–1830)
• LAWRENCE, STRINGER (1697–1775)

Lawrence See also:

• ASYLUM (from Gr. b.-, privative, arid earl, right'of seizure)
• ASYLUM, RIGHT OF (Fr. droit d'asile; Ger. Asylrecht)

Asylum at though not the largest in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . It See also:

• DATES

dates from the 1st or 2nd See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century A.D., and was used as a fortress for some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time during succeeding centuries . Occupied daring the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages by a See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter, with even a See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of its own, it was cleared in 1809, and since then has been well kept in repair . It is built of large stones fitted together without See also:

• MORTAR

mortar . In See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form it is elliptical, measuring approximately 440 by 336 ft. externally; the See also:

• ARENA (Lat. for " sand ")

arena is 227 by 1262 ft . The elevation (70 ft. in all) consists of a ground See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story of 6o See also:

• ARCHES, COURT OF

arches, an upper story of 6o arches and an See also:

• ATTIC (i.e. "in the Attic style ")

attic with consoles pierced with holes for supporting the See also:

• VELARIUM

velarium or awning . The See also:

• BUILDING

building, which was capable of holding nearly 24,000 persons, has 4 See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates, one at each of the See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

cardinal points; and 124 doorways gave exit from the 35 tiers of the See also:

• AMPHITHEATRE (Gr. 441, around, and O&arpov, a place for spectators)

amphitheatre to the inner galleries . Originally designed for gladiatorial shows, See also:

• NAVAL

naval See also:

• SPECTACLES

spectacles, See also:

• CHARIOT (derived from an O. Fr. word, formed from char, a car)

chariot races, See also:

• WOLF
• WOLF (Canis lupus)
• WOLF, FRIEDRICH AUGUST (1759-1824)
• WOLF, HUGO (1860-1903)
• WOLF, JOSEPH (1820-1899)

wolf or See also:

• BOAR (0. Eng. bar; the word is found only in W. Ger. languages, cf. Dutch beer, Ger. Eber)

boar hunts, the arena has in See also:

• RECENT

recent times been used for See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

bull-fights . The celebrated Maison Carree, a See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple in the See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style of the See also:

• PARTHENON (HapOevwv)

Parthenon, but on a smaller See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale, 82 ft. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long by 40 wide, is one of the finest monuments of the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, and according to an inscription is dedicated to Ga,ius and See also:

• LUCIUS

Lucius See also:

• CAESAR, GAIUS JULIUS (102—44 B.c.)
• CAESAR, SIR JULIUS (1557-1558-1636)

Caesar, adopted sons of See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus, and dates from the beginning of the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian era . It contains a collection of See also:

• ANTIQUE (Lat. antiquus, old)

antique sculptures and coins . The so-called temple of See also:

• DIANA

Diana, which adjoins the See also:

• FOUNTAIN (Late Lat. fontana, from ions, a spring)

Fountain Gardens, was probably a building connected with the neighbouring See also:

• BATHS

baths of which remains are visible . Two Roman gates, the See also:

• PORTE, THE SUBLIME (Arab. babi-'ali, the high gate, through the French translation la sublime porte)

Porte d'Auguste, consisting of two large archways flanked by two smaller ones and dating from A.D .

16, and the Porte de France are still preserved . The Tour Magne (Turris Magna) is still 92 ft. in height, and was formerly a third higher . Admittedly the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument of See also:

• NIMES
• NIMES, COUNCILS OF (Concilia Nemausensia)

Nimes, it has been variously regarded as an old See also:

• SIGNAL

signal See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower, a treasure house or a See also:

• MAUSOLEUM

mausoleum . Attached to the ramparts erected by Augustus, and turned into a fortress in the middle ages by the See also:

• COUNTS

counts of See also:

• TOULOUSE
• TOULOUSE, LOUIS ALEXANDRE DE BOURBON, COUNT OF (1678-1737)

Toulouse, the Tour See also:

• MAGEE, WILLIAM (1766—1831)
• MAGEE, WILLIAM CONNOR (1821-1891)

Magee was restored about 184o . Near the Tour Magne has been discovered the See also:

• RESERVOIR

reservoir from which the See also:

• WATER

water conveyed by the See also:

• PONT (or KYLPONT), ROBERT (1524–1606)

Pont du See also:

• GARD

Gard (see See also:

• AQUEDUCT (Lat. aqua, water, and ducere, to lead; Gr. apaymryeiov, apayeeywov, vlrovopos)

AQUEDUCT) was distributed throughout the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city . When it still possessed its capitol, the temple of Augustus, the See also:

• BASILICA

basilica of Plotina erected under See also:

• HADRIAN (PUBLICS AELIUS HADRIANUS)

Hadrian, the temple of See also:

• APOLLO (Gr. 'A2r6XXwv,'Airkkhwv)

Apollo, the baths, the See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre, the See also:

• CIRCUS (Lat. circus, Gr. Kipeos or Kptxot, a ring or' circle; probably " circus " and " ring " are of the same origin)

circus, constructed in the reign of See also:

• NERO (37-68)

Nero, the Campus See also:

• MARTIUS, CARL FRIEDRICH PHILIPP VON (1794—1868)

Martius and the fortifications built by Augustus, Nimes must have been one of the richest of the Roman cities of See also:

• GAUL
• GAUL, GILBERT WILLIAM (1855— )

Gaul . The See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral (St See also:

• CASTOR

Castor), occupying, it is believed, the site of the temple of Augustus, is partly Romanesque and partly See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic in style . The church of St See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul, a See also:

• MODERN

modern Romanesque building, is adorned with frescoes by Hippolyte and Paul See also:

• FLANDRIN, JEAN HIPPOLYTE (1809-1864)

Flandrin; St Baudile (modern Gothic) is of See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note for the two See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone See also:

• SPIRES (Ger. Speyer or Speier)

spires which adorn its See also:

• FACADE

facade; and the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court-house has a fine Corinthian See also:

• COLONNADE

colonnade and a See also:

• PEDIMENT (equivalents, Gr. &ros, Lat. fastigium, Fr. ponton)

pediment . Other buildings of note are the old citadel (dating from 1687, and now used as a central See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison), and the former lycee, ,which contains the public library and the museums of See also:

• EPIGRAPHY (Gr. E7rl, on, and 7ph4ew, to write)

epigraphy, of archaeological See also:

• MODELS

models of the Roman and Romanesque periods, and of natural See also:

• HISTORY

history . The See also:

• TOWN

town also has a collection of paintings . The esplanade in front of the court-house has in the centre a handsome fountain with five See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble statues by See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James See also:

• PRADIER, JAMES (1792–1852)

Pradier . The Fountain Gardens, in the north-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west of the town, owe their See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character as well as their name to a See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring of water which after heavy rains is copious enough not only to fill the ornamental basins (constructed in the 18th century with balustrades and statues on See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations) but also to form a considerable stream .

Neither the spring, however, nor the Vistre into which it discharges, is sufficient for the wants of the city, and water has consequently been brought from the See also:

• RHONE
• RHONE (Fr. Rhone, Lat. Rhodanus)

Rhone, a distance of 17 M . A beautiful See also:

• AVENUE (the past participle feminine of Fr. avenir, to come to)

avenue, the See also:

• BOULEVARD (a Fr. word, earlier boulevart, from Dutch or Ger. Bollwerk, cf. Eng. " bulwark ")

Boulevard de la Republique, runs south for nearly 1 m. from the middle walk of the See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden . Nimes has erected monuments to the " See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

Children of Gard " (by A . See also:

• MERCIA

Mercia), to See also:

• ALPHONSE, COUNT OF TOULOUSE AND OF POITIERS (I220-1271)

Alphonse See also:

• DAUDET, ALPHONSE (1840-1897)

Daudet and to the Provencal poet See also:

• JEAN

Jean Reboul, natives of the town . The city is the seat of a See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop, a See also:

• PREFECT (prefet)

prefect, a court of See also:

• APPEAL

appeal and a court of assizes, and has tribunals of first instance and of, See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce, a See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board of See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade-arbitrators, an See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange, a chamberof commerce and a branch of the See also:

• BANK

Bank of France . Its educational establishments include lycees and training colleges for both sexes, and See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools of See also:

• MUSIC

music and See also:

• ART

art . At the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the middle ages the See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries of Nimes were raised to a See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of See also:

• GREAT

great prosperity by a See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony from See also:

• LOMBARDY

Lombardy and See also:

• TUSCANY
• TUSCANY (Toscana)

Tuscany; and, though the See also:

• PLAGUE (in Gr. Xotµos; in Lat. pestis, pestilentia)

plague, the See also:

• WARS

Wars of See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

Religion and the revocation of the See also:

• EDICT (Lat. edictum, from e, out, and dicere, to say, speak)

edict of See also:

• NANTES
• NANTES, EDICT OF

Nantes were all sufficiently disastrous in their effects, before the Revolution about See also:

• HALF

half of the whole community, or from ro,000 to 12,000 persons, had come to be engaged in manufactures, chiefly that of See also:

• SILK

silk . Upholstery materials, shawls, carpets, handkerchiefs, tapes and braidings, See also:

• BRANDY

brandy, See also:

• HOSIERY

hosiery, See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather, clothes, candles, machinery and boots and shoes are now manufactured, and there are a number of foundries . Nimes is, besides, one of the great southern markets for See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine and brandy, and there is a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good trade in See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain, groceries and colonial wares . Quarries of hard See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone, used as the material for the amphitheatre and other buildings by the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans, are still worked in the vicinity . Nimes, the ancient Nemausus, derived its name from the sacred See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood in which the See also:

• VOLCAE

Volcae Arecomici (who of their own See also:

• ACCORD (from Fr. accorder, to agree)

accord surrendered to the Romans in 121 B.C.) were wont to hold their assemblies . See also:

• STRABO (born c. 63 n.c.)

Strabo states that it was the See also:

• METROPOLIS (Gr. piir17Pi mother, srGXis, city)

metropolis of a district containing twenty-four dependent towns, and that it was See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent of the proconsuls .of Gallia Narbonensis .

Constituted a colony of veterans by Augustus, 'and endowed with numerous privileges, it built a temple and struck a See also:

• MEDAL (Fr. medaille, from Lat. metallum)

medal in See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of its founder . The medal, which afterwards furnished the type for the coat of arms granted to the town by See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis I., bears on one See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side the heads of Caesar Augustus and Vipsanius See also:

• AGRIPPA
• AGRIPPA, HEROD, I
• AGRIPPA, HEROD, II
• AGRIPPA, MARCUS VIPSANIUS

Agrippa (the former crowned with See also:

• LAUREL

laurel), while on the other there is a See also:

• CROCODILE

crocodile chained to a See also:

• PALM (Lat. palma, Gr. iraX6.jn )
• PALM, JOHANN PHILIPP (1768-1806)

palm-See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree, with the See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend See also:

• CON

Con . See also:

• NEST

NEst . It was Agrippa who built the public baths at Nimes, the temple of Diana and the aqueduct of the Pont du Gard . The city-walls, erected by Augustus, were nearly 4 M. in See also:

• CIRCUIT (Lat. circuitus, from circum, round, and ire, to go)

circuit, 30 ft. high and to ft. broad, flanked by ninety towers and pierced by ten gates . Hadrian on his way back from See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain erected at Nimes two memorials of his benefactress Plotina . In the very height of its prosperity the city was ravaged by the See also:

• VANDALS (Lat. Vandili or Vandilii)

Vandals; the Visigoths fcllowed, and turned the amphitheatre into a stronghold, which at a later date was set on See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire along with the gates of the city when See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles Martel drove out the See also:

• SARACENS

Saracens . Nimes became a See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic under the See also:

• PROTECTION

protection of See also:

• PIPPIN, or PEPIN

Pippin the See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

Short; and in 1185 it passed to the counts of Toulouse, who restored its prosperity and enclosed it with ramparts whose See also:

• ENCEINTE (Lat. in, within, cinctus, girdled; to be distinguished from the word meaning " pregnant," from in, not, and cinctus, i.e. with girdle loosened)

enceinte, less extensive than that of Augustus, may still be traced in the boulevards of the See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day . The city took See also:

• PART

part in the crusade against the Albigenses in 1207 . Under See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis VIII. it received a royal See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison into its amphitheatre; under Louis XI. it was captured by the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• BURGUNDY

Burgundy, and in 1420 was recovered by the dauphin (Charles VII.) . On a visit to Nimes Francis I. enriched it with a university and a school of arts . By 1558 about three-fourths of the inhabitants had become Protestants, and in 1567 a See also:

• MASSACRE

massacre of Catholics took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place on St See also:

• MICHAEL
• MICHAEL (1596-1645)
• MICHAEL (Hebrew Sn,q, " Who is like God? ")

Michael's day .

From the See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry IV. till the revocation of the edict of Nantes (1685) the See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant community devoted itself to active See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry; but after that disastrous event great See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers went into See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile or joined the See also:

• CAMISARDS (from camisade, obsolete Fr. for " a night attack," from the Ital. camiciata, formed from camicia—Fr. chemise—a shirt, from the fact of a shirt being worn over the armour in order to distinguish friends from foes)

Camisards . Louis XIV. built a fortress (1687) to keep in check the disturbances caused by the See also:

• RIVAL

rival religious parties . Nimes passed unhurt through the storms of the Revolution; but in 1815 Trestaillon and his bandit followers pillaged and burned and plundered and massacred the Bonapartists and Protestants . Since then the city has remained divided into two strongly marked factions—Catholics and Protestants—though with no repetition of such scenes . See H . See also:

• BAZIN

Bazin, Names Gallo-Romain (Nimes, 1891); L . Menard, Histoire civile, ecclesiasti ue et litteraire de la ville de Nismes ; R . Peyre, Nimes, See also:

• ARLES
• ARLES, KINGDOM OF

Arles et See also:

• ORANGE
• ORANGE (Citrus Aurantium)
• ORANGE, HOUSE OF

Orange (Nimes, 1903) .