See also:

• NINEVEH (Heb. m}'?, in classical authors Nivos, Ninus; LXX. Ntsetni, Nnveun: Assyrian Nind or Ninua)

NINEVEH (Heb. m}'?, in classical authors Nivos, See also:

• NINUS

Ninus; LXX. Ntsetni, Nnveun: See also:

• ASSYRIAN

Assyrian Nind or Ninua)  , the best known and highly renowned See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the See also:

• ASSYRIAN

Assyrian See also:

• EMPIRE

empire . There was a See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter or suburb of the old Babylonian See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of See also:

• LAGASH, or SIRPURLA

Lagash whose name was written in the same way; this may possibly have been the See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home of those settlers from Babylonia who gave its name to the Assyrian city . The name was carried elsewhere, probably by Assyrian settlers, and we meet with Ninoe in See also:

• ASIA

Asia See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor (Th . See also:

• NOLDEKE
• NOLDEKE, THEODOR (1836— )

Noldeke, See also:

• HERMES
• HERMES, GEORG (1775-1831)

Hermes, v . 464, n . 2) . See also:

• PHILOSTRATUS

Philostratus calls a See also:

• HIERAPOLIS

Hierapolis, +j apXaia Nivos but it must not be confounded with the See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian Ni-y, See also:

• ASSUR
• ASSUR (Auth. Vera. Asshur)

Assur-bani-See also:

• PAL, KRISTO DAS (1839–1884)

pal NI, the frontier city to the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt's greatest See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension, where Tethmosis (Thothmes) III. hunted elephants, probably situated on the See also:

• EUPHRATES (Babylon. Purattu, Heb. Perath, Arab. Frdt or Furst, Old Pers. Ufratu, Gr. Eb4 parrls)

Euphrates . This, however, may be the origin of See also:

• CTESIAS

Ctesias's statement (ap . Diod. ii . 3) that See also:

• NINEVEH (Heb. m}'?, in classical authors Nivos, Ninus; LXX. Ntsetni, Nnveun: Assyrian Nind or Ninua)

Nineveh stood on the Euphrates; the Arabic geographer Yaqut places a Nineveh on the. See also:

• LOWER

lower Euphrates near See also:

• BABYLON (mod. Hillah)

Babylon, and this may be a See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony from the See also:

• GREAT

great Nineveh, or possibly the Nina of La gash . The derivation of the name is uncertain . The name Nina was See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne also by the goddess See also:

• ISHTAR

Ishtar, whose See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship was the See also:

• SPECIAL

special cult of Nineveh, and Ninua may well be a hypocoristicon of Nina .

The ideogram for Nineveh, as also for the Lagash city, , is a See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish enclosed in the sign for See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house, possibly indicating a fish-See also:

• POND
• POND, JOHN (c. 1767-1836)

pond, sacred to Ishtar . As the Semitic nunu means a fish, a See also:

• PLAY

play upon nunu and Nina ie, suggested, but the name may be pre-Semitic . A derivation from the See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root '» with a meaning like " See also:

• LOWLAND

lowland " is doubtful, unless we are sure that the name is Semitic, and that the Lagash city also See also:

• LAY

lay See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low . Nineveh was situated at the N.W. See also:

• ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle of an irregular trapezium of See also:

• LAND

land which lay between the See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers Husur (Khausar, Choser) on the N.W., See also:

• GOMAL

GOmal on the N.E. and E., Upper Zab on the S.E: and S. and See also:

• TIGRIS (Old Persian Tigrd, Diklat of the cuneiform inscriptions, Hiddekel of the Old Testament, Diglath of the Targum, Digla of the Arabs)

Tigris on the S. and W . In extent this See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain is 25 M. by 15 m., and contains the ruins of Nineveh at Kuyunjik and Nebi Yunus, of See also:

• DAR

Dar See also:

• SARGON

Sargon at See also:

• KHORSABAD

Khorsabad to the N.E. of See also:

• CALAH (so in the Bible; Kaiak in the Assyrian inscriptions)

Calah at Nimrud to the S. as well as of other towns not yet identified . The whole plain has a See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual slope from the low range of See also:

• JEBEL (plur. jibed)

Jebel Maqtub and the See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill of See also:

• AIN

Ain-es-safra on the N.E. to the Tigris on the S.W . This plain was, for those days, amply protected on three sides by the two rapid broad streams of the Tigris and its tributary Zab, by the hills on the N.E. and the See also:

• RIVER

river Gomal at their See also:

• BASE

base . The weak N.W. See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side was partly covered by the Husur, an impassable See also:

• FLOOD (in O. Eng. flod, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Flut, Dutch vloed, from the same root as is seen in " flow," " float ")
• FLOOD, HENRY (1732-1791)

flood in See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter but easily fordable in summer . The floods caused by the Husur were frequent and destructive, on one occasion sweeping away the See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace See also:

• TERRACE (Fr. terrace, terrasse, from It. terraccia, terrazzo, Lat. terra, earth)

terrace at Nineveh and exposing the tombs of the See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings, on another isolating Khorsabad . A great See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of dams was therefore constructed (mapped and described in " See also:

• TOPOGRAPHY
• TOPOGRAPHY (Gr. Toros, place, -partied', to write)

Topography of Nineveh," J.R.A.S. xiv . 318 ff.) which controlled the floods and filled the ditches and moats of Nineveh . One of these ditches can be traced over 2 M. with a breadth of 200 ft., and was lined with a rampart on the city side .

The city on the river side of the Tigris extended about 2i m., its See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall measured 7000 ft., the eastern wall was nearly 3 M. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long and the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern about r000 ft . The city thus formed a long narrow See also:

• STRIP

strip along the Tigris, pierced at right angles by the Husur, the See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters of which, by closing the great See also:

• DAM

dam in the eastern wall, could be sent See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the moats to the N. and S . The Tigris may have swept the western wall, though now a wide See also:

• BELT (a word common to Teutonic languages, the Old Ger. form being bale, from which the Lat. balteus probably derived)
• BELT, THOMAS (1832-1878)

belt of See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand has accumulated between the ruins and its See also:

• PRESENT

present channel which is perpetually shifting . The actual extent of the city may be reckoned at about 1800 acres, or about two-thirds the See also:

• SIZE

size of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome within See also:

• AURELIAN [Lucius DoMITIus AURELIANUS]

Aurelian's Wall . At the See also:

• RATE

rate of 50 sq. yds. to a See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person, it would have held a See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of 175,000; but the extent of the palaces, gardens, &c., forbid us to imagine any such multitude except as refugees during a See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege . Oatside this city proper lay wide outskirts (kablu) which were divided into quarters each with a See also:

• SEPARATE

separate See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor (saknu) . Further afield lay the Rebit-Ninua, in which some have recognized the Rehoboth-Ir of Gen. x . 11 (Ninua is often replaced by it or alu in the See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions), a less closely populated See also:

• AREA

area which extended to and included the site of Khorsabad, before Sargon II. built his city of Dur-Sargon there . Across the Tigris, connected by a See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge, lay an extensive See also:

• DISTRICT

district, probably now replaced by See also:

• MOSUL

Mosul . As Esarhaddon entered Nineveh, on his triumphal return from See also:

• SIDON (Phoen. ins, Hebrew 1-rs, Assyr. Sidunnu, Egypt. Diduna)

Sidon, through Rebit-Ninua, it is probable that this name covered the western suburbs . The walled city formed a sort of See also:

• ACROPOLIS (Gr. aKpos, top, a6)Xts, city)

Acropolis, and it is difficult to say exactly how far the name of Nineveh should be extended . Few traces of private houses have been found within the walls, but as deeds of See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

sale speak of houses in Nineveh, which were bounded on three sides by other houses, there must have been continuous streets within the area denoted by that name .

Great emphasis has been laid on the agreement of a tetrapolis, formed by Nineveh, Khorsabad, Calah and Keramlis, with the dimensions given by Diodorus and with the phrase " an exceeding great city of three days' See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey " (See also:

• JONAH
• JONAH, RABBI (ABULWALID MERWAN IBN JANAH, also R. MARINUS) (c. 996-c. 1050)

Jonah iii . 3) . Admitting that this whole area was thickly inhabited and might be regarded by those at a distance as one city, and that the district may well have had a See also:

• COMMON

common name, which could hardly be Assur, there is yet no native See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence that Nineveh extended so far . There is no trace of a common wall, each city was as strongly fortified towards the interior as on the outside . Each had its own Iaknu, and the governor of Nineveh stands below the See also:

• GOVERNORS

governors of Assur and Calah in See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official lists . In deeds of sale " the road to Calah " is as often named as the " See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king's See also:

• HIGHWAY

highway " to See also:

• ARBELA (ARBA`IL, i.e. " Four-god-city")

Arbela or Assur . The See also:

• HISTORY

history of Nineveh is, of course, See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound up with that of See also:

• ASSYRIA

Assyria in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general . Later Assyrian writers professed to carry back its See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation to the creation of the See also:

• WORLD

world, but we lack any See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical evidence of its See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age or See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early history . We may conjecture that it was founded by settlers from Babylonia Nina, and the statement that See also:

• NIMROD (-`s??, -i=s; Septuagint, Nef3pc5£: various reading in Gen. x. 8, Nef3p6av: Vulg. Nemrod)

Nimrod founded it from Babylonia, along with Calah, Rehoboth-Ir and Resen, shows that this See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion was early held . We are, however, still without evidence that this was its first occupation . The mention of Gudea's See also:

• BUILDING

building a See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple for Ishtar in Nina (2800 B.c.) may refer to the Lagash city and an inscription of Dungi, king of Ur (2700 B.c.), said to have been found at Nineveh, might have been carried there by some See also:

• ANTIQUARY

antiquary king . We reach See also:

• FIRM

firm ground with the statement of Khammurabi (2285 B.c.) that he" made the waters of Ishtar to be glorious in Nineveh in 1/-See also:

• MES

MES-MES," the temple of Ishtar there (See also:

• CODE (Lat. codex)

Code IV .

6o-62) . As he had just spoken of " returning the gracious protecting See also:

• GOD

god to Assur," and spells the name Ni-nu-a, there can be no doubt that Nineveh is meant . See also:

• SHALMANESER [Ass. Sulmanu-afarid, " the god Sulman (Solomon) is chief "]

Shalmaneser I., in his See also:

• ALKALI

alkali inscriptions (L . W . King, Records of the Reign of Tukulti-See also:

• NINIB

Ninib I. p . 131), c . 1300 B.C., records his restoration of the temple of Ishtar of Nineveh, which had been built by Samsi-See also:

• HADAD

Hadad (Shamshi-See also:

• ADAD

Adad) and restored once before by Assuruballit . Which Samsi-Hadad (out of six at least) this was, and which Assur-uballit wa are not told; the first of the formername known to us was a contemporary of Khammurabi and, if he built the temple first, Khammurabi may have plundered it and then restored it again; but an even earlier Samsi-Hadad may be meant . Dushratta, king of Mitanni, about 1400 B.C., in the Tell el-Amarna letters offers to send to the king of Egypt an See also:

• IMAGE (Lat. imago, perhaps from the same root as imitari, copy, imitate)

image of Ishtar of Nineveh; from which it has been inferred that Nineveh was then under See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign See also:

• RULE

rule . The same letters mention Shaushbi as goddess of Nineveh . A statue of a See also:

• FEMALE

female nude figure found at Nineveh bears an inscription showing it to have been in the palace of Assur-See also:

• BEL

bel-kala (1080 L.c.), who is therefore supposed to have resided in Nineveh . Assur-resh-ishi, Mutakkil See also:

• NUSKU

Nusku and Tiglath-pileser I. restored a temple of Ishtar, probably in Nineveh .

Assur-narsin-apli (885 B.C.) restored the temple E-MAS-MAS of Ishtar at Nineveh, but removed his See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence to Calah . Shalmaneser II. set out on several of his expeditions from Nineveh, but in the latter See also:

• PART

part of his reign resided at Calah, and when See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke out under his son Assur-daninapli Nineveh sided with the See also:

• REBEL, JOHANN PETER (176o-1826)

rebel See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince . See also:

• SENNACHERIB (Ass. Sin-akhi-erba, " the Moon-god has increased the brethren ")

Sennacherib records that several of his royal ancestors had been buried in Nineveh and they presumably had resided there . At the commencement of his reign Sennacherib found Nineveh a poor See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place . A storehouse,the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient and renowned temple, an armoury or storehouse, were the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief buildings . Two lofty platforms along the Tigris front had served as See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations of the palaces hitherto built, but the platforms had been wrecked and the palaces were in decay . Sennacherib restored and enlarged the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• PLATFORM (Fr. plateforme, i.e. ground plan)

platform now covered by the Kuyunjik See also:

• MOUND

mound and built his palace on the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-western portion of it . It has been only partially excavated, though seventy-one rooms were opened, and it is the grandest architectural effort of Assyria . The bas-reliefs with which the walls are adorned are unrivalled in antiquity, for variety of subject, breadth of See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition, truth of presentation and See also:

• ARTISTIC

artistic treatment . The accuracy with which building operations are portrayed, and a sense of landscape, are great advances even on the superb See also:

• WORK

work of Sargon's palace at Khorsabad . On the adjoining platform to the south, now Nebi-Yunus, Sennacherib erected an See also:

• ARSENAL

arsenal for military supplies . Nineveh was badly supplied with See also:

• WATER

water for drinking; the inhabitants had to " turn their eyes to See also:

• HEAVEN (0. Eng. hefen, heofon, heofone; this word appears in O.S. hevan; the High. Ger. word appears in Ger. Himmel, Dutch hemel; there does not seem to be any connexion between the two words, and the ultimate derivation of the word is unknown; the sugges

heaven for the See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain," but Sennacherib conducted water by eighteen canals from the hills into the Husur and distributed its waters round the moats and into See also:

• STORE (from O. Fr. estor or estoire, Late Lat. staurum or instaurum, stock, provisions, supply, from the late use of instaurare, to provide, properly to construct, renew, restore)

store tanks, or ponds, within the city .

He laid out a See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

park or See also:

• PARADISE (Gr. lrap6BEwos)

Paradise, for See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure and the See also:

• CHASE
• CHASE, SALMON PORTLAND (1808-1873)
• CHASE, SAMUEL (1741–1811)
• CHASE, WILLIAM MERRITT (1849– )

chase, to the east of his palaces, and built up a magnificent "triumphal way" sixty-two cubits broad and forbade any householder to encroach upon the See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

street . Sennacherib made Nineveh his See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court residence and, after his destruction of Babylon and the influx of the enormous See also:

• BOOTY (apparently influenced by " boot," O. Eng. bot, ad-vantage or profit, through an adaptation from an earlier form cognate with Ger. Beute and Fr. butin)

booty brought back from his See also:

• CON

con-quests, it must have been the most magnificent and wealthiest city of the East . Esarhaddon began to rebuild Babylon and so departed from his See also:

• FATHER

father's purpose to make Nineveh the See also:

• METROPOLIS (Gr. piir17Pi mother, srGXis, city)

metropolis of the empire, but he did not altogether neglect the city . He rebuilt the temple of Assur at Nineveh, and a palace for himself now covered by the Nebi-Yunus mound and so inefficiently explored . Thither Assur-bani-pal brought the rebel Egyptian vassals Necho and Sharru-ludari, the Elamite kings, the booty and captives of his continual conquests . He rebuilt the temples and a palace for himself north of Sennacherib's on the site of the Tatter's See also:

• HAREM

harem; which was adorned with extraordinary variety and richness . His sculptures are at the highest range of See also:

• ORIGINAL

original and effective delineation in antiquity . Especially is his palace famous for the celebrated library, of which Sennacherib had made a commencement . Tens of thousands of See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay tablets, systematically arranged on shelves, contained the See also:

• CLASSICS

classics of the Babylonian literature for which his See also:

• SCRIBES

scribes ran-sacked and copied the treasures of all then known centres of See also:

• LITERARY

literary See also:

• LIFE

life . Very little trace is See also:

• LEFT

left of the fortunes of Nineveh during the reigns of the sons of Assur-bani-pal . Nineveh, according to See also:

• HERODOTUS (c. 484-425 B.C.)

Herodotus, was besieged by See also:

• CYAXARES (Pers. Uvakhshatra)

Cyaxares and the Medes but saved by Madyes and the Scythians some twenty or more years before the Medes in See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance with Nabopolassar, king of Babylon, finally took it, c . 6o6 B.C .

Much conjecture has been lavished upon the varying accounts which have reached us of the See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture, but it seems probable that a heavy flood or the besiegers burst the great dam and while thus emptying the moats launched a flood against the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west wall on the inside and thus breached the defences . It may be of See also:

• INTEREST

interest to See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record the names of the governors of Nineveh : See also:

• NERGAL

Nergal-mudammik . 835 B.C.; Ninib-mukin-ahi, 790-761 B.C.; Mande, 725 B.c.; Nabu-dini-epush, 704 B.c.; Ahi-ilai, 649 B.C., officiated as Eponyms for the See also:

• YEAR

year . If, as generally admitted, the ruins of Mespila and See also:

• LARISSA (Turk. Yeni Shehr, " new town ")

Larissa " described " by See also:

• XENOPHON

Xenophon, Anab . 4, 7 sq. were those of Kuyunjik and Nimrud, we may conclude that there was no inhabited city on the spot at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of the See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

march of the Greeks with See also:

• CYRUS
• CYRUS (Gr. KDpos; Pers. Kuru-sh; Babyl. Kurash; Hebr. Koresh)

Cyrus (cf . See also:

• STRABO (born c. 63 n.c.)

Strabo xvi. p . 245) . The name of Nineveh (See also:

• SYRIAC

Syriac Ninwe; Arabic Ninawa, Nunawa) continued, even in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages, to be applied to a site opposite Mosul on the east See also:

• BANK

bank of the Tigris, where huge mounds and the traces of an ancient city wall See also:

• BORE

bore See also:

• WITNESS
• WITNESS (from O. Eng. witan, to know)

witness of former greatness . Copious references to these mentions are collected in Tuch, De Nino Urbe (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1845) . See also:

• IBN

Ibn Jubair, p . 237 sq., followed by Ibn Batuta, U . 137, gives a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good description of the ruins and the great See also:

• SHRINE (Lat. scrinium, a case or chest for books, hence a casket; from scribere, to write, Fr. ecrin, Ital. scrigno)

shrine of Jonah as existing in the 12th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century .

The name of Ninawa applied, not to the ruins, but to the Rustak (See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields and hamlets) on the site (See also:

• BALADHURI (ABU-L-'ABBAS AHMAD IBN YAHYA IBN JABIR AL-BALADHURi)

Baladhuri, p . 331; Ibn Haukal, p . 145; Yaqut, ii . 694) . A very See also:

• COMPLETE

complete See also:

• SUMMARY

summary of the traditions will be found in Lincke, " Assyrien and Nineveh," in Geschichte and See also:

• SAGE, RUSSELL (1816-1906)

Sage der Mittelmeervolker Hach 607-606 . The explorations of See also:

• SIR

Sir A . H . See also:

• LAYARD, SIR AUSTEN HENRY (1817-1894)

Layard at Kuyunjik (1845-1847 and 1849-1851) definitely located the city, in See also:

• CONFIRMATION (Lat. confirmatio, from confirmare, to establish, make firm)

confirmation of ancient tradition and the identifications of See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

Rich and others . Excavations were carried on by See also:

• RAWLINSON, GEORGE (1812-1902)
• RAWLINSON, RICHARD (169o-1755)
• RAWLINSON, SIR HENRY CRESWICKE (1810—1895)
• RAWLINSON, SIR ROBERT (1810—1898)

Rawlinson, 1853-1855; H . See also:

• RASSAM, HORMUZD (1826-1910)

Rassam, 1854; G . See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith, 1873-1874 and 1876; Rassam again, 1877-1883; E . A .

See also:

• WALLIS, JOHN (1616-1703)

Wallis Budge, 1888-1889; and King, 1902 . The enormous mound of Kuyunjik now separated from that of Nebi-Yunus by the deep and rapid Khausar, marks the site of the palace of Sennacherib and Assur-bani-pal . The mound of Nebi-Yunus is crowned by the " See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

Tomb of Jonah," a sacred shrine to the See also:

• MODERN

modern inhabitants, and could not be explored; but by sinking a See also:

• SHAFT
• SHAFT (O. Eng., sceaft, from scafan, to shave; the word is common to Teutonic languages)

shaft within the walls of a private house, some sculptured slabs were recovered, and the See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government later opened out part of a palace of Esarhaddon . Excavations at two of the great city See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates showed them to have been erected by Sennacherib . NING-PO (Nixc-Po-Fu, i.e . City of the Peaceful Waves), a great city of See also:

• CHINA

China, the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• EMPORIUM (a Latin adaptation of the Gr. Eµabpuov, from f)

emporium of See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade in the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of Chehkiang, See also:

• STANDING

standing in a fine plain bounded by mountains towards the west, on the left bank of the Ning-po river, about 16 m. from its mouth, in 29° 49' N., 121° 35' E . It was visited by Portuguese traders as early as 1522, and is one of the five seaports which were thrown open to foreign trade in 1842 by the treaty of See also:

• NANKING (" the southern capital ")

Nanking . The population of the city and suburbs is estimated from 400,000 to 500,000 . Ning-po is surrounded by a fine old wall, 25 ft. high and 16 ft. broad, pierced by six gates and two passages for See also:

• SHIPS

ships in its See also:

• CIRCUIT (Lat. circuitus, from circum, round, and ire, to go)

circuit of 4 to 5 M . Just within the walls there is a considerable belt of open ground, and in many places the ramparts are thickly covered with See also:

• JASMINE, or JESSAMINE

jasmine and See also:

• HONEYSUCKLE (Mid. Eng., honysocle, i.e. any plant from which honey may be sucked,—cf. A.-S. huni-suge, privet; Ger. Geissblalt; Fr. chevrefeuille)

honeysuckle . In ascending the river a stranger's See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye is first caught by the numerous huge See also:

• ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

ice-houses with high thatched See also:

• ROOFS

roofs and by a tall See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower—the T'ien-feng-t'a or Ning-po See also:

• PAGODA (Port. pagode, a word introduced in the 16th century by the early Portuguese adventurers in India, reproducing phonetically some native word, possibly Pers. but-kadah, a house for an idol, or some form of Sansk. bhagavat, divine, holy)

pagoda or See also:

• OBELISK (Gr. b/3EXivrcos, diminutive of OEMs, a spit)

obelisk—which rises to a height of 16o ft. and has fourteen stories and seven tiers of windows, but has unfortunately been stripped of its galleries and otherwise damaged .