KARL IMMANUEL See also:

• NITZSCH, GREGOR WILHELM (179x-1861)
• KARL IMMANUEL NITZSCH (1787-1868)

NITZSCH (1787-1868)  , Lutheran divine, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at the small Saxon See also:

• TOWN

town of See also:

• BORNA

Borna near See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig on the 21st of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1787 . His See also:

• FATHER

father, Karl See also:

• LUDWIG, KARL FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1816—1895)
• LUDWIG, OTTO (1813-1865)

Ludwig See also:

• NITZSCH, GREGOR WILHELM (179x-1861)
• NITZSCH, KARL IMMANUEL (1787-1868)

Nitzsch (1751–1831), who at that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time was pastor and See also:

• SUPERINTENDENT

superintendent in Borna, and afterwards (1790) became See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor at See also:

• WITTENBERG

Wittenberg and director (1817) of the See also:

• SEMINARY (Lat. seminarium, from semen, seed)

seminary for preachers, has also See also:

• LEFT

left a name of some distinction in the theological See also:

• WORLD

world by a number of writings, among which may be mentioned a See also:

• WORK

work entitled De discrimine revelationis imperatoriae et didacticae prolusions academicae (2 vols., 1830) . Theologically, he represented a See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination of supernaturalism and See also:

• RATIONALISM (from Lat. rationalis, pertaining to reason, ratio)

rationalism (supernatural rationalism or a Kantian rational supernaturalism) . Karl Immanuel was sent to study at Schulpforta in 1803, whence he proceeded to the university of Wittenberg in 1806 . In 1809 he graduated, and in 1810 he became a Privatdozent at the university . Having become diaconus at the Schlosskirche in 1811, he showed remarkable See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy and zeal during the See also:

• BOMBARDMENT

bombardment and See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city in 1813 . In 1817 he was appointed one of the preceptors in the preachers' seminary which had been established at Wittenberg after the suppression of the university . From 1820 to 1822 he was superintendent in Kemberg, and in the latter See also:

• YEAR

year he was appointed professor ordinarius of systematic and See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology at See also:

• BONN

Bonn . Here he remained until called to succeed See also:

• MARHEINEKE, PHILIP KONRAD (1780-1846)

Marheineke at See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin in 1847; subsequently he became university preacher, See also:

• RECTOR (Lat. for " ruler," " guide," &c., from regere, " rule ")

rector of the university, See also:

• PROVOST (through O. Fr. prevost, mod. prevot, Lat. praepositus, set over, from praeponere, to place in front)

provost of St See also:

• NICOLAI, CHRISTOPH FRIEDRICH (1733-1811)

Nicolai (in 1854) and member of the supreme See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church, in which last capacity he was one of the ablest and most active promoters of the Evangelical See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

Union . He died on the 21st of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1868 . He represented the Vermittelungstheologie of the school of See also:

• SCHLEIERMACHER, FRIEDRICH DANIEL ERNST (1768-1834)

Schleiermacher . His son, See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

FRIEDRICH AUGUST NITZSCH (b .

1832), was made professor ordinarius of theology at See also:

• GIESSEN

Giessen in 1868 and at See also:

• KIEL

Kiel in 1872 . He was the author of Grundriss der christl . Dogmengeschichte (187o, incomplete) and 'Das See also:

• SYSTEM

System See also:

• DES

des Boethius (1860), amongst other See also:

• WORKS

works . Karl Nitzsch's See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal works are: System der christlichen Lehre (1829; 6th ed., 1851; Eng. trans., 1849), Praktische Theologie (1847-186o; 2nd ed., 1863-1868), Akademische Vortrdge fiber christliche Glaubenslehre (1858) and several See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of Predigten . " He took as his starting-point the fundamental thought of Schleiermacher, that See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion is not See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine but See also:

• LIFE

life, See also:

• DIRECT

direct consciousness, feeling . At the same time he sought to bring religious feeling into closer connexion with knowledge and volition than Schleiermacher had done; he laid See also:

• SPECIAL

special stress—and justly—on the recognition of a necessary and See also:

• RADICAL (Lat. radix, a root)

radical union of religion with morality, treating both dogmatics and See also:

• ETHICS
• ETHICS, SHAFTESBURY, HOBBES

ethics together accordingly in his System der christlichen Lehre" (See also:

• OTTO

Otto See also:

• PFLEIDERER, OTTO (1839—1908)

Pfleiderer, Development of Theology, p . 123) . His Protestantische Beantwortung, a reply to the Symbolik of Johann See also:

• ADAM
• ADAM (or ADAN) DE LE HALE (died c. 1288)
• ADAM, ALEXANDER (1741–1809)
• ADAM, JULIETTE (1836– )
• ADAM, LAMBERT SIGISBERT (1700-1759)
• ADAM, MELCHIOR (d. 1622)
• ADAM, PAUL (1862– )
• ADAM, ROBERT (1728—1792)
• ADAM, SIR FREDERICK (1781-1853)
• ADAM, WILLIAM (1751-1839)

Adam See also:

• MOHLER, JOHANN ADAM (1796—1838)

Mohler (1796-1838), which originally appeared in the Studien u . Kritiken, of which he was one of the founders, may also be mentioned . See See also:

• HERZOG, HANS (1819–1894)
• HERZOG, JOHANN JAKOB (1805-1882)

Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopadie, and the Allgemeine deutsche Biographie; F . Lichtenberger, See also:

• HISTORY

History of See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German Theology in the Nineteenth See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

Century, pp . 185-196 .

NIU-CHWANG, a city of See also:

• CHINA

China, in the Manchurian See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of Sheng-See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king (Liao-tung), in 40°' 53' N. and 122° 7' E., about 35 M . (90 M. by See also:

• WATER

water) from the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of the Gulf of Liao-tung, on what is now a small See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main eastern affluent of the Liao-ho . The See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population is estimated at 8o,000 . The city proper is a comparatively unimportant See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place with broken-down walls, but it is surrounded by a number of large and flourishing suburbs . About the beginning of the Ta-ts'See also:

• ING

ing See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty (1644) Niu-chwang was the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• PORT

port on the See also:

• RIVER

river, but in the reign of K'ien-See also:

• LUNG

lung, owing mainly to See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical changes, it was supplanted by T'ien-chwang-tai farther down the stream, and towards the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the 18th century this had in turn to give place to Ying-tsze still nearer the mouth . In See also:

• IGNORANCE (Lat. ignorantia, from ignorare, not to know); want of knowledge, a state of mind which in law has important consequences. A well-known legal maxim runs: ignorantia juris non excusat ("ignorance of the law does not excuse")

ignorance of these facts Niu-chwang (now scarcely to be reached by a See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat-bottomed river See also:

• BOAT (0. Eng. bdt; the true etymological connexion with Dutch and Ger. boot, Fr. bateau, Ital. battello presents great difficulties; Celtic forms are from O. Eng.)

boat) was chosen as one of the ports to be opened to See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade by the treaty of Tien-tsin; and, though Ying-tsze had of necessitsy to be adopted as the site of the foreign settlements, Europeans still continue to speak of it as the port of Niu-chwang . Ying-tsze (otherwise known as Ying-k'ou, Niu-k'ou and in See also:

• MANDARIN

Mandarin as Muh-k'ou-ying) lies on the left See also:

• BANK

bank of the Liao-ho on the lowest dry portion of the See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain, not much above high-water See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark . The See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement immediately above the town.has a river frontage of See also:

• I000

I000 yds. opposite the deepest of the reaches, and runs back to the See also:

• HIGHWAY

highway leading to Niu-chwang . Off the mouth of the river there is an extensive See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar of hard mud which can only be crossed by certain channels at high See also:

• TIDE (O. Eng. lid, cf. Ger. Zeit, time or season, connected with root of Sanskrit a-diti, endless)

tide, when it is covered by from 18 to 20 ft. of water; and the port is altogether closed by See also:

• ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

ice for four or five months of the year, between See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November and May . Niu-chwang has shown considerable vigour as a port of trade, sharing in the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general prosperity of the provinces of See also:

• MANCHURIA

Manchuria, of which it is the outlet . It was opened to foreign trade in 1858 . In 1864 the See also:

• TOTAL

total value of trade was £934,374, in 1878 £2,606,134, in 1898 £4,634,470, while in 1904 the figures reached £5,950,895 .

The principal exports (29%) are beans, See also:

• BEAN (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Bohne)

bean-cake, bean-oil and See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild See also:

• SILK

silk . The bean-cake is a popular See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article of See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food with the natives of Kwang-tung and Fuh-kien, and is also largely employed for manuring the See also:

• RICE (Greek 6p6 a, Latin oryza, French riz, Italian riso, Spanish arroz, derived from the Arabic)
• RICE, EDMUND IGNATIUS (1762-1844)
• RICE, JAMES (1843-1882)

rice and See also:

• SUGAR

sugar See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields in the neighbourhood of See also:

• SHANGHAI

Shanghai, See also:

• AMOY

Amoy, See also:

• SWATOW (also Shan`tow)

Swatow, &c . Of imports (71%) the principal are See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton See also:

• YARN

yarn and cotton See also:

• CLOTH

cloth, most of the latter being See also:

• DRAWN

drawn from the See also:

• UNITED

United States in preference to See also:

• ENGLISH

English-made goods . The number of See also:

• RESIDENT

resident foreigners is about 150 . See also:

• RAILWAYS

Railways connect the port with See also:

• TIENTSIN

Tientsin and See also:

• PEKING, or PEKIN

Peking on the one See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, and with the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian territories lying to the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north on the other . In 1895 Niu-chwang was occupied by See also:

• JAPANESE

Japanese troops, and the town was included in the cession of territory originally granted by the treaty of See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace . By a supplementary See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

convention it was retroceded by the Japanese under pressure of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia . Niu-chwang suffered considerably from the disturbances of 1900 and again during the Russo-Japanese See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war . In 1900 the Russians defeated the See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese troops who attacked the town, and took See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession `of the port,and administered affairs until they in their turn were driven out by Japanese . At the conclusion of the war the Japanese restored the port to China .