See also:

• ALFRED

ALFRED BERNHARD See also:

• ALFRED BERNHARD NOBEL (1833-1896)

NOBEL (1833-1896)  , See also:

• SWEDISH

Swedish chemist and engineer, was the third son of See also:

• EMMANUEL, or IMMANUEL

Emmanuel See also:

• NOBEL, ALFRED BERNHARD (1833-1896)

Nobel (1801-1872), and was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• STOCKHOLM

Stockholm on the 21st of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1833 . At an See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age he went with his See also:

• FAMILY

family to St See also:

• PETERSBURG

Petersburg, where his See also:

• FATHER

father started See also:

• TORPEDO

torpedo See also:

• WORKS

works . In 1859 these were See also:

• LEFT

left to the care of the second son, Ludvig Emmanuel (1831-1888), by whom they were greatly enlarged, and See also:

• ALFRED

Alfred, returning to See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden with his father, devoted himself to the study of ex-See also:

• PLOSIVES

plosives, and especially to the manufacture and utilization of See also:

• NITROGLYCERIN, C3H

nitroglycerin . He found that when that See also:

• BODY

body was incorporated with an absorbent, inert substance like kieselguhr it became safer and more convenient to manipulate, and this mixture he patented in 1867 as See also:

• DYNAMITE (Gr. S6eaµis, power)

dynamite . He next combined nitro-See also:

• GLYCERIN, GLYCERINE

glycerin with another high explosive, See also:

• GUN

gun-See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton, and obtained a transparent, jelly-like substance, which was a still more powerful explosive than dynamite . See also:

• BLASTING

Blasting See also:

• GELATIN, or GELATINE

gelatin, as it was called, was patented in 1876, and was followed by a See also:

• HOST

host of similar combinations, modified by the addition of See also:

• POTASSIUM [symbol K (from kalium), atomic weight 39.114 0=16)]

potassium nitrate, See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood-pulp and various other substances . Some thirteen years later Nobel produced ballistite, one of the earliest of the nitroglycerin smokeless powders, containing in its latest forms about equal parts of gun-cotton and nitroglycerin . This See also:

• POWDER (through O. Fr. puldre, modern poudre, from Lat. pulvis, pulveris, dust)

powder was a precursor of See also:

• CORDITE

cordite, and Nobel's claim that his patent covered the latter was the occasion of vigorously contested See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law-suits between him and the See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

Government in 1894 and 1895 . Cordite also consists of nitroglycerin and gun-cotton, but the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of the latter which its inventors wished-to use was the most highly nitrated variety, which is not soluble in mixtures of See also:

• ETHER, (C2H5)2O

ether and See also:

• ALCOHOL

alcohol, whereas Nobel contemplated using a less nitrated form, which is soluble in such mixtures . The question was complicated by the fact that it is in practice impossible to prepare either of these two forms without ad-mixture of the other; but eventually the courts decided against Nobel . From the manufacture of dynamite and other See also:

• EXPLOSIVES

explosives, and from the exploitation of the See also:

• BAKU

Baku oil-See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields, in the development of which he and his See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers, Ludvig and See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert Hjalmar (1829-1896), took a leading See also:

• PART

part, he amassed an immense See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune; and at his See also:

• DEATH

death, which occurred on the loth of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1896 at See also:

• SAN

San Remo, he left the bulk of it in See also:

• TRUST

trust for the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of five prizes, each See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth several thousand pounds, to be awarded annually without distinction of See also:

• NATIONALITY

nationality . The first three of these prizes are for See also:

• EMINENCE (Lat. eminentia)

eminence in See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science, in See also:

• CHEMISTRY
• CHEMISTRY (formerly "chymistry"; Gr. xvµela; for derivation see ALCHEMY)

chemistry and in medical science or See also:

• PHYSIOLOGY (from Gr. 4 i s, nature, and koyos, discourse)

physiology; the See also:

• FOURTH

fourth is for the most remarkable See also:

• LITERARY

literary See also:

• WORK

work clans le See also:

• SENS

sens d'idkalisme; and the fifth is to be given to the See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person or society that renders the greatest service to the cause of See also:

• INTERNATIONAL, THE

international brotherhood, in the suppression or reduction of See also:

• STANDING

standing armies, or in the establishment or furtherance of See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace congresses .

See See also:

• LES

Les Prix Nobel en agar (Stockholm, 1904) .