See also:

• NOMINALISM (from Lat. nomen, name)

NOMINALISM (from See also:

• LAT

Lat. nomen, name)  , the name of one of the two See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main tendencies of See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy, the other being See also:

• REALISM (from Low Lat. realis, appertaining to res, things, as opposed to ideas and imaginations)

Realism . The controversy between nominalists and realists arose from a passage in Boethius' See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of See also:

• PORPHYRY (IlopcPisptos) (A.D. 233-c. 304)

Porphyry's Introduction to the Categories of See also:

• ARISTOTLE
• ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)

Aristotle, which propounded the problem of genera and See also:

• SPECIES

species, (I) as to whether they subsist in themselves or only in the mind; (2) whether, if subsistent, they are corporeal or incorporeal; and (3) whether separated from sensible things or placed in them . The Realists held that universals alone have substantial reality, existing ante res; the Nominalists that universals are See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere names invented to See also:

• EXPRESS (through the French from the past participle of the Lat. exprimere, to press out, by transference used of representing objects in painting or sculpture, or of thoughts, &c. in words)

express the qualities of particular things and existing See also:

• POST

post res; while the Conceptualists, mediating between the two extremes, held that universals are concepts which exist in our minds and express real similarities in things themselves . Though a strong realist tendency is evident in the See also:

• SYSTEM

system of See also:

• ERIGENA, JOHANNES SCOTUS (c. 800-c. 877)

Erigena (9th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century), the controversy was not definitely started till the rrth century: it lasted till the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 12th, when the first See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of scholastic philosophy ends . Under an See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of much vain subtlety the controversy about universals involved issues of the greatest speculative and See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical importance: realism represented a spiritual, See also:

• NOMINALISM (from Lat. nomen, name)

nominalism an See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-spiritual, view of the See also:

• WORLD

world; while realism was evidently favourable, and nominalism unfavourable, to the teaching of the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church on the dogmas of the Trinity and the See also:

• EUCHARIST (Gr. evXapurria, thanksgiving)

Eucharist . Nominalism was a See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine of sceptics and suspected heretics, such as Berengar of See also:

• TOURS

Tours and See also:

• ROSCELLINUS (RUCELINrus, or ROUSSELIN) (c. 1050–c. 1122)

Roscellinus . Even See also:

• ABELARD, PETER (1079-1142)

Abelard's mediating doctrine of See also:

• CONCEPTUALISM (from " Concept ")

conceptualism (q.v.) was sufficiently near to See also:

• OBNOXIOUS (Lat. obnoxiosus, from ob, over, against, and noxa, harm)

obnoxious ideas to involve him in lifelong persecution . The principles of the See also:

• GREAT

great orthodox philosophers of the later scholastic period which begins in the 13th century, Albertus See also:

• MAGNUS, HEINRICH GUSTAV (1802-1870)

Magnus and See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• AQUINAS, THOMAS [Thomas of AQUIN or AQUINO], (c 1227--1274)

Aquinas, were those of moderate realism . When nominalism was revived in the 14th century by the See also:

• ENGLISH

English Franciscan, See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William of See also:

• OCCAM, WILLIAM OF (d. c. 1349)

Occam, it gave See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of a new tendency in thought, a distrust of abstractions and an impulse towards See also:

• DIRECT

direct observation and inductive See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research, a tendency which had its fulfilment in the scientific See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement of the See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance . Occam's dictum " Entia non multiplicanda sunt praeter necessitatem " was inspired by a spirit similar to that of See also:

• BACON
• BACON (through the O. Fr. bacon, Low Lat. baco, from a Teutonic word cognate with " back," e.g. O. H. Ger. pacho, M. H. Ger. backe, buttock, flitch of bacon)
• BACON, FRANCIS (BARON VERULAM, VISCOUNT ST ALBANS) (1561-1626)
• BACON, JOHN (1740–1799)
• BACON, LEONARD (1802–1881)
• BACON, ROGER (c. 1214-c. 1294)
• BACON, SIR NICHOLAS (1509-1579)

Bacon . Though nominalism is properly a medieval theory, the tendency has passed over into See also:

• MODERN

modern philosophy: the See also:

• TERM

term " nominalist " is often applied to thinkers of the empirical, sensationalist school, of whom J . S .

See also:

• MILL
• MILL (O. Eng. mylen, later myln, or miln, adapted from the late Lat. molina, cf. Fr. moulin, from Lat. mola, a mill, molere, to grind; from the same root, mol, is derived " meal;" the word appears in other Teutonic languages, cf. Du. molen, Ger. muhle)
• MILL, JAMES (1773-1836)
• MILL, JOHN (c. 1645–1707)
• MILL, JOHN STUART (1806-1873)

Mill may be taken as the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief representative . (H .