See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

BARON NILS ADOLF ERIK See also:

• BARON NILS ADOLF ERIK NORDENSKIOLD (1832-1901)

NORDENSKIOLD (1832-1901)  , geographer and See also:

• ARCTIC (Gr. "ApKroc, the Bear, the northern constellation of Ursa Major)

Arctic explorer, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• HELSINGFORS (Finnish Helsinki)

Helsingfors, 18th See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1832 . His ancestors came originally from See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden, but for some generations had been settled in See also:

• FINLAND (Finnish, Suomi or Suomenmaa)

Finland . His See also:

• FATHER

father, Nils Gustav See also:

• NORDENSKIOLD, NILS ADOLF ERIK, BARON (1832-1901)

Nordenskiold, was both a mineralogist and a traveller . Nordenskiold entered the university of Helsingfors in 1849, and applied himself specially to See also:

• CHEMISTRY
• CHEMISTRY (formerly "chymistry"; Gr. xvµela; for derivation see ALCHEMY)

chemistry and See also:

• MINERALOGY

mineralogy . In 1853 he accompanied his father to the Ural Mountains and studied the See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron and See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper mines at Tagilsk . On his return he received See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor appointments both at the university and the See also:

• MINING

mining See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office, but an unguarded speech at a convivial entertainment in 1855 See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew the See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention of the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian authorities to his See also:

• POLITICAL

political views, and led to his dismissal . He then visited See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, continuing his mineralogical studies, and in 1856 obtained the See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander travelling See also:

• STIPEND

stipend at the university of Helsingfors and planned to expend it in See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research in See also:

• SIBERIA

Siberia and See also:

• KAMCHATKA

Kamchatka . Before starting he took his See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master's and See also:

• DOCTOR (Lat. for " teacher ")

doctor's degrees (1857), but he again aroused the suspicion of the authorities, so that he was forced to leave the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country and was deprived of the right of ever holding office in the university . Settling at See also:

• STOCKHOLM

Stockholm he thenceforward became practically a See also:

• SWEDISH

Swedish See also:

• CITIZEN (a form corrupted in Eng., apparently by analogy with " denizen," from O. Fr. citeain, mod. Fr. citoyen)

citizen . He soon received an offer from See also:

• OTTO

Otto See also:

• TORELL, OTTO MARTIN (1828-1900)

Torell, the geologist, to accompany him on an expedition to See also:

• SPITSBERGEN (the name being Dutch is incorrectly, though commonly, spelled Spitzbergen)

Spitsbergen . To the observations of Torell on glacial phenomena Nordenskiold added the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery at See also:

• BELL
• BELL, ALEXANDER MELVILLE (1819—1905)
• BELL, ANDREW (1753—1832)
• BELL, GEORGE JOSEPH (1770-1843)
• BELL, HENRY (1767-1830)
• BELL, HENRY GLASSFORD (1803-1874)
• BELL, JACOB (1810-1859)
• BELL, JOHN (1691-178o)
• BELL, JOHN (1763-1820)
• BELL, JOHN (1797-1869)
• BELL, ROBERT (1800-1867)
• BELL, SIR CHARLES (1774—1842)

Bell See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

Sound of remains of See also:

• TERTIARY

Tertiary See also:

• PLANTS

plants, and on the return of the expedition he received the See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment of See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor and See also:

• CURATOR (Lat. for " one who takes care," curare, to take care of)

curator of the mineralogical See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of the Swedish See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

State Museum . In 1861 he took See also:

• PART

part in Tbrell's second Spitsbergen expedition, which yielded even more important geological results .

Of the further expedition to the same See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter promoted by the Swedish See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

academy of See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science in 1864, Nordenskiold was the See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader . Three years later, chiefly through the support of the Swedish See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government and Oscar See also:

• DICKSON, SIR ALEXANDER (1777–1840)
• DICKSON, SIR JAMES ROBERT (1832–1901)

Dickson, who contributed largely towards the later expeditions of 1872 and 1875, he headed a well-organized expedition in the iron steamer " See also:

• SOFIA (Bulgarian Sredetz, the middle town, a name now little used)

Sofia," and reached the highest See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• LATITUDE (Lat. latitudo, latus, broad)

latitude (81° 42') then attained in the eastern hemisphere . Arctic exploration had now become his all-absorbing See also:

• OBJECT

object in See also:

• LIFE

life, and in 187o, with three See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young naturalists, he visited the vast inland See also:

• ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

ice-See also:

• SHEET

sheet of See also:

• GREENLAND (Danish, &c., Gronland)

Greenland . His next expedition in 1872 did not See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer expectation, for the tenders were caught in the ice, and the crews of the three vessels were forced to See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter in Spitsbergen . In 1875-1876, however, a successful voyage eastwards, including the ascent of the See also:

• YENISEI

Yenisei, led him to See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt the discovery of the See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long-sought See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East Passage . This he accomplished in the voyage of the " See also:

• VEGA, GARCILASO DE LA
• VEGA, GARCILASO DE LA (1503-1536)

Vega," navigating for the first See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time the northern coasts of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe and See also:

• ASIA

Asia . Starting from See also:

• KARLSKRONA [CARLSCRONA,]

Karlskrona on the 22nd of See also:

• JUNE

June 1878, the " Vega " doubled Cape Chelyuskin in the following See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August, and after being frozen in at the end of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September near See also:

• BERING (BEHRING), VITUS (1680-1741)

Bering Strait, completed the voyage successfully in the following summer . He edited a monumental See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of the expedition in five See also:

• OCTAVO

octavo volumes, and himself wrote a more popular See also:

• SUMMARY

summary in two volumes . On his return to Sweden he received an enthusiastic welcome, and in See also:

• APRIL

April 188o was made a See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

baron and a See also:

• COMMANDER

commander of the See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

Order of the Nordstjerna . In 1883 he again visited the east See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of Greenland, and succeeded in taking his See also:

• SHIP

ship through the See also:

• GREAT

great ice barrier, a feat attempted in vain during more than three centuries . Baron Nordenskiold also made a notable reputation in the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field of See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical See also:

• GEOGRAPHY (Gr. yil, earth, and ypiickty, to write)

geography by his Facsimile See also:

• ATLAS

Atlas (1889) and Periplus (1897) . The former contains reproductions of the most important See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical documents printed during the 15th and 16th centuries, and the latter, a See also:

• WORK

work of far greater research, deals with the See also:

• HISTORY

history of See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early cartography and the sailing charts in use among mariners during the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages .

He died at Stockholm on the 12th of August 1901 .