Online Encyclopedia

city ,and county and municipal borough of Liverpool (684,958; nine members) ; the county and municipal boroughs of St Helens (84,410; one member); See also:

WIGAN

Wigan (60,764; one member), See also:

WARRINGTON

Warrington (64,242; a See also:

PART

part only of the parliamentary borough is in this county) . Municipal boroughs—Bootle (58,566), Leigh (40,001), Southport (county borough; 48,083), Widnes (28,580) . Urban districts—Abram (6306; Wigan), Allerton (1101 ; Liverpool), See also:

ASHTON

Ashton-in-Makerfield (18,687), See also:

ATHERTON, or CHOWBENT

Atherton (16,211), Billinge (4232; Wigan), Birkdale (14,197; Southport), Childwall (219; Liverpool), Formby (6o6o), Golborne (6789; St Helens), Great See also:

CROSBY, HOWARD (1826–1891)

Crosby (7555; Liverpool), Haydock (8575; St Helens), See also:

HINDLEY

Hindley (23,504; Wigan), Huyton-with-See also:

ROBY, HENRY JOHN (183x- )

Roby (4661; St Helens), I nce-in-Makerfield (21,262), Lathom-and-Burscough (7113; Ormskirk), Litherland (10,592; Liverpool), Little Crosby (563; See also:

LIVER (O. Eng. lifer; cf. cognate forms, Dutch lever, Ger. Leber, Swed. lefver, &c.; the O. H. Ger. forms are libara, lipora, &c.; the Teut. word has been connected with Gr. i'prap and Lat. jecur)

Liver-See also:

POOL

pool), Little Woolton (1091; Liverpool), Much Woolton (4731; Liverpool), Newton-in-Makerfield (16,699), Ormskirk (6857), Orrell (5436; Wigan), See also:

PRESCOT

Prescot (7855; St Helens), Rainford (3359; St Helens), Skelmersdale (5699; Ormskirk), See also:

STANDISH, MILES, or MYLES (c. 1584-1656)

Standish-with-Langtree (6303; Wigan), See also:

TYLDESLEY

Tyldesley-with-Shakerley (14,843), Upholland (4773; Wigan), See also:

WATERLOO

Waterloo-with-See also:

SEAFORTH, EARL OF

Seaforth (23,102; Liverpool) . SOUTH-EASTERN DIvIsIoN.—This is of about the same area as the South-Western division, and it constitutes the See also:

heart of the See also:

INDUSTRIAL

industrial region . Parliamentary divisions—See also:

ECCLES

Eccles, See also:

Gorton, See also:

Heywood, See also:

MIDDLE

Middle-ton, See also:

Prestwich, See also:

Radcliffe-cum-See also:

FARNWORTH

Farnworth, Stretford, See also:

WESTHOUGHTON

Westhoughton . Parliamentary boroughs—the city and county of a city of See also:

Manchester (543,872; six members) ; with which should be correlated 'the ad-joining county and municipal borough of See also:

SALFORD

Salford (220,957; three members), also the county and municipal boroughs of See also:

Bolton (168,215; two members), See also:

Bury (58,029; one member), See also:

ROCHDALE

Rochdale (83,114; one member), See also:

Oldham (137,246; two members), and the municipal borough of Ashton-under-Lyne (43,890) . Part only of the last parliamentary borough is within the county, and this division also contains part of the parliamentary boroughs of See also:

STALYBRIDGE

Stalybridge and See also:

STOCKPORT

Stockport . Municipal boroughs—Eccles (34,369), Hey-See also:

wood (25,458), See also:

Middleton (25,178), See also:

MOSSLEY

Mossley (13,452) . Urban districts —Aspull (8388; Wigan), Audenshaw (7216; Ashton-under-Lyne), Blackrod (3875; Wigan), See also:

CHADDERTON

Chadderton (24,892; Oldham), See also:

Crompton (13,427; Oldham), See also:

DENTON

Denton (14,934; Ashton-under-Lyne), Droylsden (11,087; Manchester), Failsworth (14,152; Manchester), Farnworth (25,925; Bolton), Gorton (26,564; Manchester), Heaton See also:

Norris (9474; Stockport) . See also:

HORWICH

Horwich (15,084; Bolton), See also:

HURST, JOHN FLETCHER (1834-1903)

Hurst (7145; Ashton-under-Lyne), Irlam (4335; Eccles), Kearsley (9218; Bolton), Lees (3621; Oldham), Levenshulme (11,485; Manchester), Little-borough (11,166; Rochdale), Little Hulton (7294; Bolton), Little See also:

Lever (5119; Bolton), Milnrow (8241; Rochdale), See also:

Norden (3907; Rochdale), Prestwich (12,839; Manchester), Radcliffe (25,368; Bury), See also:

RAMSBOTTOM

Ramsbottom (15,920; Bury), See also:

ROYTON

Royton (14,881; Oldham), Stretford (3o,4 6; Manchester), See also:

SWINTON

Swinton-and-Pendlebury (27,005; Manchester), Tottington (6118; Bury), See also:

TURTON

Turton (12,355; Bolton), Urmston (6594; Manchester), Wardle (4427; Rochdale), Westhoughton (14,377; Bolton), See also:

WHITEFIELD,

Whitefield or Stand (6588; Bury), See also:

Whitworth (9578; Rochdale), See also:

Worsley (12,462; Eccles) .

See also:

William the Conqueror gave the lands between the Ribble and Mersey, and Amounderness to See also:

Roger de Poictou, but at the See also:

time of Domesday See also:

BOOK

Book these had passed out of his See also:

hand and belonged to the king . The name Lancashire does not appear in Domesday; the lands between the Ribble and Mersey were included in See also:

CHESHIRE

Cheshire and those north of the Ribble in See also:

YORKSHIRE

Yorkshire . Roger de Poictou soon regained his lands, and See also:

Rufus added to his possessions the See also:

REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of Lonsdale south of the Sands, of which he already held a part; and as he had the Furness fells as well, he owned all that is now known as Lancashire . In 1102 he finally forfeited all his lands, which See also:

Henry I. held till, in 1118, he created the See also:

HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of Lancaster by incorporating with Roger's forfeited lands certain escheated manors in the counties of See also:

Nottingham, transferred in 1873 by the Judicature See also:

ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act to the high court of Derby and See also:

Lincoln, and certain royal manors, and bestowed it upon his See also:

NEPHEW

nephew See also:

Stephen, afterwards king . During Stephen's reign the history of the honour presents certain difficulties, for See also:

David of See also:

Scotland held the lands north of the Ribble for a time, and in 1147 the See also:

EARL

earl of Chester held the district between the Ribble and Mersey . Henry II. gave the whole honour to William, Stephen's son, but in 1164 it came again into the king's hands until 1189, when See also:

Richard I. granted it to his See also:

BROTHER

brother See also:

John . In 1194, owing to John's See also:

REBELLION

rebellion, it was confiscated and the honour remained with the crown till 1267 . In 1229, however, all the crown See also:

DEMESNE (DEMESNE, DEMAIN, DOMAIN, &c.)

demesne between the Ribble and Mersey was granted to Ranulf, earl of Chester, and on his See also:

DEATH

death in 1232 ,:ame to William See also:

Ferrers, earl of Derby, in right of his wife See also:

AGNES, SAINT

Agnes, See also:

SISTER

sister and co-See also:

HEIR (Lat. heres, from a root meaning to grasp, seen in heres or erus, master of a house, Gr. xeip, hand, Sans. hat ana, hand)

heir of Ranulf . The Ferrers held it till 1266, when it was confiscated owing to the earl's rebellion . In 1267 Henry III. granted the honour and county and all the royal demesne therein to his son See also:

Edmund, who was created earl of Lancaster . His son, Earl See also:

Thomas, married the heiress of Henry de See also:

Lacy, earl of Lincoln, and thus obtained the great estates belonging to the de Lacys in Lancashire . On the death of Henry, the first See also:

DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of Lancaster, in 1361, the estates, See also:

TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title and honour See also:

fell to John of Gaunt in right of his wife See also:

BLANCHE, JACQUES EMILE (1861– )

Blanche, the duke's See also:

elder daughter, and by the See also:

ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession of Henry IV., John of Gaunt's only son, to the See also:

THRONE

throne, the duchy and honour became merged in the crown .

The county of Lancaster is first mentioned in 1169 as contributing See also:

LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo marks to the Royal See also:

EXCHEQUER

Exchequer for defaults and fines . The creation of the honour decided the boundaries, throwing into it Furness and Cartmel, which geographically belong to See also:

Westmorland; Lonsdale and Amounderness, which in Domesday had been surveyed under Yorkshire; and the See also:

LAND

land between the Ribble and Mersey . In Domesday this district south of the Ribble was divided into the six hundreds of See also:

West Derby, . Newton, Warrington, Blackburn, Salford and Leyland, but before Henry II.'s reign the hundreds of Warrington and Newton were absorbed in that of West Derby . Neither Amounderness nor Lonsdale was called a See also:

HUNDRED

hundred in Domesday, but soon after that time the former was treated as a hundred . Ecclesiastically the whole of the county originally belonged to the diocese of See also:

York, but after the reconquest of the district between the Ribble and Mersey in 923 this part was placed under the See also:

bishop of Lich-See also:

field in the archdeaconry of Chester, which was subdivided into the rural deaneries of Manchester, Warrington and Leyland . Up to 1541 the district north of the Ribble belonged to the archdeaconry of See also:

Richmond in the diocese of York, and was subdivided into the rural deaneries of Amounderness, Lonsdale and Coupland . In 1541 the diocese of Chester was created, including all Lancashire, which was divided into two See also:

arch-deaconries: Chester, comprising the rural deaneries of Manchester, Warrington and Blackburn, and Richmond, comprising the deaneries of Amounderness, Furness, Lonsdale and See also:

Kendal . In 1847 the diocese of Manchester was created, which included all Lancashire except parts of West Derby, which still belonged to the diocese of Chester, and Furness and Cartmel, which were added to Carlisle in 1856 . In 1878 by the creation of the diocese of Liverpool the south-eastern part of the county was subtracted from the Manchester diocese . No See also:

SHIRE

shire court was ever held for the county, but as a duchy and county palatine it has its own See also:

SPECIAL

special courts . It may have enjoyed palatine jurisdiction under Earl See also:

MORCAR, EARL (fl. ro66)

Morcar before the See also:

CONQUEST

Conquest, but these privileges, if ever exercised, remained in See also:

ABEYANCE (O. Fr. abeance, " gaping")

abeyance till 1351, when Henry, duke of Lancaster, received See also:

POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power to have a chancery in the county of Lancaster and to issue writs therefrom under his own See also:

seal, as well touching pleas of the crown as any other See also:

RELATING

relating to the See also:

COMMON

common See also:

LAWS

laws, and to have all See also:

Jura See also:

REGALIA (Lat. regalis, royal, from rex, king)

Regalia belonging to a county palatine .

In 1377 the county was erected into a See also:

PALATINATE (Ger. Pfalz)

palatinate for John of Gaunt's See also:

LIFE

life, and in 1396 these rights of jurisdiction were extended and settled in See also:

PERPETUITY (Lat. perpetuus, continuous)

perpetuity on the See also:

dukes of Lancaster . The county palatine courts consist of a chancery which See also:

DATES

dates back at least to 1376, a court of common pleas, the jurisdiction of which wasjustice, and a court of criminal jurisdiction which in no way differs from the king's See also:

ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary court . In 1407 the duchy court of Lancaster was created, in which all questions of See also:

revenue and dignities affecting the duchy possessions are settled . The chancery of the duchy has been for years practically obsolete . The duchy and county palatine each has its own seal . The office of See also:

CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor of the duchy and county palatine dates back to 1351 . Lancashire is famed for the number of old and important county families living within its See also:

BORDERS, THE

borders . The most intimately connected with the history of the county are the Stanleys, whose See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief seat is Knowsley See also:

Hall . See also:

Sir John See also:

Stanley See also:

early in the 15th century married the heiress of Lathom and thus obtained See also:

possession of Lathom and Knowsley . In 1456 the See also:

head of the See also:

FAMILY

family was created a peer by the title of See also:

Baron Stanley and in 1485 raised to the earldom of Derby . The Molyneuxes of Sephton and Croxteth are probably descended from William de Molines, who came to England with William the Conqueror, and is on the See also:

roll of See also:

BATTLE

Battle See also:

Abbey . Roger de Poictou gave him the See also:

MANOR

manor of Sephton, and Richard de See also:

MOLYNEUX

Molyneux who held the See also:

ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate under Henry II. is undoubtedly an ancestor of the family .

In 1628 Sir Richard Molyneux was advanced to the See also:

peerage of See also:

Ireland by the title of See also:

VISCOUNT (through O. Fr. viscomte, mod. vicomte, from Low Lat. vice-comes, cf. Portug. visconde, Ital. visconte)

Viscount See also:

MARYBOROUGH

Maryborough, and in 1771 See also:

Charles, See also:

Lord Maryborough, became earl of Sefton in tint peerage of Ireland . His son was created a peer of the United Kingdom as Baron Sefton of Croxteth . The Bootle Wilbrahams, earls of Lathom, are, it is said, descended from John Botyll of Melling, who was alive in 1421, and from the Wilbrahams of Cheshire, who date back at least to Henry III.'s reign . In 1755 the two families intermarried . In 1828 the title of Baron Skelmersdale was bestowed on the head of the family and in 188o that of earl of Lathom . The Gerards of Bryn are said to be descended from an old Tuscan family, one of whom came to England in See also:

EDWARD

Edward the See also:

CONFESSOR

Confessor's time, and whose son is mentioned in Domesday . Bryn came into this family by See also:

MARRIAGE

marriage early in the 14th century . Sir Thomas See also:

Gerard was created a See also:

BARONET

baronet by See also:

James I. in 1611, and in 1876 a peerage was conferred on Sir See also:

Robert Gerard . The Gerards of Ince were a See also:

COLLATERAL (from Med. Lat. collateralis,—cum, with, and latus, lateris, side,—side by side, hence parallel or additional)

collateral See also:

BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch . The Lindsays, earls of See also:

Crawford and Balcarres, are representative on the See also:

FEMALE

female See also:

side of the Bradshaighs of Haigh Hall, who are said to be of Saxon origin . Other great Lancashire families are the Hoghtons of Hoghton See also:

TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

Tower, dating back to the 12th century, the Blundells of Ince Blundell, who are said to have held the manor since the 12th century, now represented by the Weld-Blundells, the Tyldesleys of Tyldesley, now See also:

EXTINCT

extinct, and the Butlers of Bewsey, barons of Warrington, of whom the last male heir died in 1586 . At the See also:

close of the 12th and during the 13th century there was a considerable advance in the importance of the towns; in 1199 Lancaster became a borough, in 1207 Liverpool, in 1230 Salford, in 1246 Wigan, and in 1301 Manchester .

The Scottish See also:

WARS

wars were a great drain to the county, not only because the north part was subject to frequent invasions, as in 1322, but because some of the best See also:

BLOOD

blood was taken for these wars . In 1297 Lancashire raised roots men, and at the battle of See also:

FALKIRK

Falkirk (1298) r000 Lancashire soldiers were in the vanguard, led by Henry de Lacy, earl of Lincoln . In 1349 the county was visited by the See also:

Black Death and a See also:

RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record exists of its ravages in Amounderness . In ten parishes between See also:

SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1349 and See also:

JANUARY

January 1350, 13,180 persons perished . At Preston 3000 died, at Lancaster 3000, at Garstang 2000 and at Kirkham 3000 . From the effects of this See also:

PLAGUE (in Gr. Xotµos; in Lat. pestis, pestilentia)

plague Lancashire was apparently slow to recover; its boroughs ceased to return members early in the 14th century and See also:

trade had not yet made any great advance . The drain of the Wars of the See also:

ROSES, WARS OF THE

Roses on the county must also have been heavy, although none of the battles was fought within its borders; Lord Stanley's force of 5000 raised in Lancashire and Cheshire virtually decided the battle of See also:

BOSWORTH, JOSEPH (1789–1876)

Bosworth Field . The poverty of the county is shown by the fact that out of £40,000 granted in 1504 by See also:

PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament to the king, Lancashire's See also:

SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share was only £318 . At the battle of See also:

FLODDEN, or FLODDEN FIELD

Flodden (1513) the Lancashire archers led by Sir Edward Stanley almost totally destroyed the Highlanders on the right Scottish wing and greatly contributed to the victory . Under the Tudors the county prospered; the parliamentary boroughs once more began to return members, the towns increased in See also:

SIZE

size, many halls were built by the gentry and trade increased . In 1617 James I. visited Lancashire, and in consequence of a See also:

PETITION (Lat. for " seeking " or " praying ")

petition presented to him at Hoghton, complaining of the restrictions imposed upon See also:

SUNDAY

Sunday amusements, he issued in 1618 the famous Book of See also:

Sports . Another of James's See also:

WORKS

works, the Daemonologie, is closely connected with the See also:

GROSS

gross superstitions concerning witches which were specially prevalent in Lancashire .

The great centre of this See also:

WITCHCRAFT

witchcraft was Pendle See also:

FOREST

Forest, in the See also:

PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish of See also:

WHALLEY, EDWARD (c. 1615-c. 1675)

Whalley, and in 1612 twelve persons from Pendle and eight from Samlesbury were tried for witchcraft, nine of whom were hanged . In 1633 another batch of seventeen witches from Pendle were tried and all sentenced to be executed, but the king pardoned them . This was the last important See also:

case of witchcraft in Lancashire . In the See also:

ASSESSMENT, (from Lat. assessare, to sit beside, to judge)

assessment of See also:

SHIP

ship See also:

MONEY

money in 1636 the county was put down for £1000, towards which Wigan was to raise £50, Preston £40, Lancaster £30, and Liverpool £25, and these figures compared with the assessments of £140 on See also:

Hull and £200 on See also:

Leeds show the See also:

COMPARATIVE

comparative unimportance of the Lancashire boroughs . On the See also:

eve of the Great Rebellion in 164r parliament resolved to take command of the See also:

MILITIA (Fr. milice, Ger. Miliz, from Lat. miles, soldier, militia, military service)