NORWEGIAN  LITERATURE See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

Early Norse literature is inextricably See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound up with Icelandic literature . See also:

• ICELAND (Dan. Island)

Iceland was colonized from See also:

• NORWAY
• NORWAY (Norge)

Norway in the 9th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, and the colonists were See also:

• DRAWN

drawn chiefly from the upper and cultured classes . They took with them their See also:

• POETRY

poetry and See also:

• LITERARY

literary traditions . Old Norse literature is therefore dealt with under Iceland (q.v.) . (See also See also:

• EDDA

EDDA, See also:

• SAGA (literally a story committed to writing)

SAGA, See also:

• RUNES, RUNIC LANGUAGE AND INSCRIPTIONS

RUNES.) The See also:

• MODERN

modern literature of Norway bears something of the same relation to that of See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark that See also:

• AMERICAN

American literature bears to See also:

• ENGLISH

English . In each See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case the development and separation of a dependency have produced a See also:

• DESIRE

desire on the See also:

• PART

part of persons speaking the See also:

• MOTHER

mother-See also:

• TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue for a literature that shall See also:

• EXPRESS (through the French from the past participle of the Lat. exprimere, to press out, by transference used of representing objects in painting or sculpture, or of thoughts, &c. in words)

express the See also:

• LOCAL

local emotions and conditions of the new nation . Two notable events led to the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of a See also:

• SEPARATE

separate Norwegian literature: the one was the creation of the university of See also:

• CHRISTIANIA (officially KRISTIANIA)

Christiania in 1811, and the other was the separation of Norway from Denmark in 1814 . Before this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time Norwegian writers had been content, as a See also:

• RULE

rule, to publish their See also:

• WORKS

works at See also:

• COPENHAGEN (Danish Kjobenhavn)

Copenhagen . The first name on the See also:

• ANNALS (Annales, from annus, a year)

annals of Danish literature, Peder See also:

• CLAUSEN, GEORGE (1852- )

Clausen, is that of a Norwegian; and if all Norse writers were removed from that See also:

• ROLL (O. Fr. rolle, roulle, mod. role, Lat. rotulus, dim. of rota, wheel)
• ROLL, ALFRED PHILIPPE (1846– )

roll, the See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list would be poorer by some of its most illustrious names, by See also:

• HOLBERG, LUDVIG HOLBERG, BARON (1684-1754)

Holberg, Tullin, See also:

• WESSEL, JOHAN 1 (c. 1420-1489)

Wessel, Treschow, See also:

• STEFFENS, HENRIK (1773-1845)

Steffens and See also:

• HAUCH, JOHANNES CARSTEN (1790-1872)

Hauch . The first See also:

• BOOK

book printed in Norway was an See also:

• ALMANAC

almanac, brought out in Christiania in 1643 by a wandering printer named Tyge Nielsen, who brought his types from Copenhagen . But the first See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press set up definitely in Norway was that of Valentin See also:

• KUHN, FRANZ FELIX ADALBERT (1812–1881)

Kuhn, brought over from See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany in 165o by the theologian See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian Stephensen See also:

• BANG, HERMANN JOACHIM (1858– )

Bang (158o--1678) to help in the circulation of his numerous tracts . Bang's Christianiae Stads Beskrifuelse (r65r), is the first book published in Norway .

Christen See also:

• JENSEN, WILHELM (1837- )

Jensen (d . 1653) was a See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest who collected a small glossary or glosebog of the local dialects, published in 1656 . See also:

• GERHARD
• GERHARD, FRIEDRICH WILHELM EDUARD (1795-1867)

Gerhard Milzow (1629—1688), the author of a Presbylerologia Norwegica (1679), was also a Norse priest . The earliest Norwegian writer of any See also:

• ORIGINAL

original merit was Dorthe See also:

• ENGELBRECHTSDATTER, DORTHE (1634-1716)

Engelbrechtsdatter (1634—1716), afterwards the wife of the pastor Ambrosius Hardenbech . She is the author of several volumes of religious poetry which have enjoyed See also:

• GREAT

great popularity . The hymn-writer Johan Brunsmann (1637—1707), though a Norseman by See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth, belongs by See also:

• EDUCATION

education and See also:

• TEMPER (from Lat. temperare, to mingle or compound in due proportion, to qualify, rule, regulate, to be moderate, formed from tempos, time, fit or due season)

temper entirely to Denmark . Not so Petter See also:

• DASS, PETTER (1647 – 1708)

Dass (1647—1708) (q.v.), the most original writer whom Norway produced and retained at See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home during the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of See also:

• ANNEXATION (Lat. ad, to, and nexus, joining)

annexation . Another priest, See also:

• JONAS, JUSTUS (1493–1555)

Jonas See also:

• RAMUS, PETRUS, or PIERRE DE LA RAMEE (1515-1572)

Ramus (1649—1718), wrote Norriges Kongers Historic (See also:

• HISTORY

History of the Norse See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

Kings) in 1719, and Norriges Beskrivelse (1735) . The celebrated missionary to See also:

• GREENLAND (Danish, &c., Gronland)

Greenland, Hans See also:

• EGEDE, HANS (1686–1758)

Egede (1686—1758), wrote several works on his experiences in that See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . Peder Hersleb (1689—1757) was the compiler of some popular See also:

• TREATISES

treatises of Lutheran See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology . Frederik Nannestad, See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of See also:

• TRONDHJEM, or THRONDHJEM (sometimes written in the German form Drontheim)

Trondhjem (1693-1774), started a weekly See also:

• GAZETTE

gazette in 176o . The missionary Knud Leem (1697—1774) published a number of works on the Lapps of Finmark, one at least of which, his Beskrivelse over Finmarkens Lapper (1767), still possesses considerable See also:

• INTEREST

interest .

The famous Erik See also:

• PONTOPPIDAN, ERIK (1698—1764)
• PONTOPPIDAN, HENRIK (1857— )

Pontoppidan (1698—1764) cannot be regarded as a Norwegian, for he did not leave Denmark until he was made bishop of See also:

• BERGEN

Bergen, at the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of See also:

• FORTY

forty-nine . On the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand the far more famous See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

Baron Ludvig Holberg (1684—1754), belongs to Denmark by everything but birth, having See also:

• LEFT

left Norway in childhood . A few Norsemen of the beginning of the 18th century distinguished themselves chiefly in See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science . Of these Johan See also:

• ERNST, HEINRICH WILHELM (1814–1865)

Ernst Gunnerus (1718—1773), bishop of Trondhjem, was the first See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man who gave See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to the Norwegian See also:

• FLORA

flora . He founded the Norwegian Royal Society of Sciences in 176o, with Gerhard Schoning (1722—1780) the historian and Hans Strom (1726—1797) the zoologist . Peder Christofer Stenersen (1723—1776), a writer of occasional verses, merely led the way for Christian Braumann Tullin (1728—1765), a lyrical poet of exquisite See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius, who is claimed by Denmark but who must be mentioned here, because his poetry was not only mainly composed in Christiania, but breathes a local spirit . Danish literature between the great names of Evald and See also:

• BAGGESEN, JENS IMMANUEL (1764-1826)

Baggesen presents us with hardly a single figure which is not that of a Norseman . The director of the Danish See also:

• NATIONAL

national See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre in 1771 was a Norwegian, Niels Krog Bredal (1733—1778), who was the first to write lyrical dramas in Danish . A Norwegian, Johan Nordahl Brun (1745—1816), was the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal tragedian of the time, in the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste . It was a Norwegian, J . H . Wessel (1742—1785), who laughed this taste out of See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion .

In 1772 the Norwegian poets were so strong in Copenhagen that they formed a Norske Selskab (Norwegian Society), which exercised a tyranny over contemporary letters which was only shaken when Baggesen appeared . Among the leading writers of this period are Claus Frimann (1746—1829), See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter Harboe Frimann (1752—1839), Claus See also:

• FASTING (from " fast," derived from old Teutonic fastejan; synonyms being the Gr. vnorebety, late Lat. jejunare)

Fasting (1746—1791), Johan Wibe (1948—1782), Edvard See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

Storm (1749—1794), C . H . See also:

• PRAM (Du. praam)

Pram (1756—1821), Jonas See also:

• REIN

Rein (1760-1821), Jens Zetlitz (1761—1821), and Lyder Christian Sagen (1771—1850), all of whom, though Norwegians by birth, find their See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in the annals of Danish literature . To these poets must be added the philosophers Niels Treschow (1751—1833) and Henrik Steffens (1773—1845), and in later times the poet Johannes Carsten Hauch (1790-1872) . The first See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form which Norwegian literature took as an See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent thing was what was called " Syttendemai-Poesi," or The poetry of the 17th of May, that being the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day on which „See also:

• TREFOIL (Lat. trif olium, three-leaved plant, Fr. trk/le, Ger. Dreiblatt and Dreiblattbogen)

Trefoil.” Norway obtained her See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence and proclaimed forward her See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king . Three poets, called the " Trefoil," came as the inaugurators of Norwegian thought in 1814 . Of these See also:

• CONRAD (d. 955)
• CONRAD, JOSEPH (1856– )
• CONRAD, or KONRAD (M. H. Ger. Kuonrdl, i.e. " keen in counsel," Lat. Conradus, It. Corrado, cf. the A.S. Ccenred)

Conrad See also:

• NICOLAI, CHRISTOPH FRIEDRICH (1733-1811)

Nicolai Schwach (1793—1860) was the least remarkable . Henrik Anker Bjerregaard (1792—1842), See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in the same See also:

• HAMLET

hamlet of Ringsaker as Schwach, had a much brighter and more varied See also:

• TALENT (Lat. talentum, adaptation of Gr. TaXavrov, balance, ! Recollections of a First Visit to the Alps (1841); Vacation Rambles weight, from root raX-, to lift, as in rXi vac, to bear, 1-aXas, and Thoughts, comprising recollections of three Continental

talent . His See also:

• MISCELLANEOUS

Miscellaneous Poems, collected at Christiania in 1829, contain some charming studies from nature, and admirable patriotic songs . He brought out a tragedy of See also:

• MAGNUS, HEINRICH GUSTAV (1802-1870)

Magnus Batfods See also:

• SONNET (Ital. Sonetto, dim. of Suono, Fr. Sonnet)

Sonnet' (Magnus Barefoot's Sons) and a lyrical See also:

• DRAMA (literally "action," from Gr. Snail, act or do)

drama, Fjeldeventyret (The See also:

• ADVENTURE (from Lat. res adventura, a thing about to happen)

Adventure in the Mountains) (1828) . He became See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge of the supreme See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of the See also:

• DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese of Christiania .

The third member of the Trefoil, Mauritz Kristoffer See also:

• HANSEN, PETER ANDREAS (1795-1874)

Hansen (1794—1842), was a schoolmaster . His novels, of which Ottar de Bretagne (1819) was the earliest, were much esteemed in their day, and after his See also:

• DEATH

death were collected and edited (8 vols., 1855—1858), with a memoir by Schwach . Hansen's Poems, printed at Christiania in 1816, were among the earliest publications of a liberated Norway, but were preceded by a See also:

• VOLUME

volume of Smaadigte (See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

Short Poems) by all three poets, edited by Schwach in 1815, as a semi-See also:

• POLITICAL

political manifesto . These writers, of no great genius in themselves, did much by their See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry and patriotism to form a basis for Norwegian literature . The creator of Norwegian literature, however, was the poet Henrik See also:

• ARNOLD
• ARNOLD, BENEDICT (1741-1801)
• ARNOLD, GOTTFRIED (1666-1714)
• ARNOLD, MATTHEW (1822-1888)
• ARNOLD, SAMUEL (1740--18o2)
• ARNOLD, SIR EDWIN (1832-1904)
• ARNOLD, THOMAS (1745-1842)

Arnold See also:

• WERGELAND, HENRIK ARNOLD (18o8—1845)

Wergeland (1808—1845) (q.v.), a man of great genius and See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm, who contrived within the limits of a See also:

• LIFE

life as short as See also:

• BYRON, GEORGE GORDON BYRON, 6TH BARON (1788-1824)
• BYRON, HENRY JAMES (1834-1884)
• BYRON, HON
• BYRON, JOHN BYRON

Byron's to concentrate the labours 8n" of a dozen See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary men of letters . He held views in wethaven. most respects similar to those pronounced by See also:

• ROUSSEAU, JACQUES (1633-1693)
• ROUSSEAU, JEAN BAPTISTE (1671-1741)
• ROUSSEAU, JEAN JACQUES (1712-1778)
• ROUSSEAU, PIERRE ETIENNE THEODORE (1812–1867); French painter of the Barbizon school, was born in Paris on the 15th of April 1812, of a bourgeois family which included one or two artists. At first he received a business training, but soon displayed aptitu

Rousseau and See also:

• SHELLEY, MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT (1797-1851)
• SHELLEY, PERCY BYSSHE (1792-1822)

Shelley . His obscurity and extravagance stood in the way of his teaching, and his only disciples in poetry were See also:

• SYLVESTER, JAMES
• SYLVESTER, JOSHUA (1563–1618)

Sylvester Sivertson (18o9—1847), a journalist of talent whose verses were collected in 1848, and Christian Monsen (1815—1852) . A far more wholesome and constructive See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence was that of Johann See also:

• SEBASTIAN
• SEBASTIAN, ST

Sebastian Cammermeyer See also:

• WELHAVEN, JOHANN SEBASTIAN CAMMERMEYER (1807-1873)

Welhaven (1807—1873) (q.v.), who was first brought to the See also:

• SURFACE

surface by the conservative reaction in 183o against the extravagance of the See also:

• RADICAL (Lat. radix, a root)

radical party . A See also:

• SAVAGE
• SAVAGE, MINOT JUDSON (1841– )
• SAVAGE, RICHARD (d. 1743)

savage attack on Henrik Wergeland's Poetry, published in 1832, caused a great sensation, and produced an angry pamphlet in reply from the See also:

• FATHER

father, Nikolai Wergeland . The controversy became the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main topic of the day, and in 1834 Welhaven pushed it into a wider See also:

• ARENA (Lat. for " sand ")

arena by the publication of his beautiful See also:

• CYCLE
• CYCLE (Gr. KUK)^os, a circle)

cycle of satirical sonnets called Norges Dcemring (The See also:

• DAWN (the 16th-century form of the earlier " Jawing " or " dawning," from an old verb " daw," O. Eng. dagian, to become day; cf. Dutch dagen, and Ger. tagen)

Dawn of Norway), in which he preached a full conservative See also:

• GOSPEL (O. Eng. godspel, i.e. good news, a translation of Lat. bona annuntiatio, or evangelium, Gr. evayyeXwv; cf. Goth. iu spillon, " to announce good news," Ulfilas' translation of the Greek, from iu, that which is good, and spellon to announce)

gospel . He was assisted in his controversy with Wergeland by Henrik See also:

• HERMANN, JOHANN GOTTFRIED JAKOB (1772–1848)
• HERMANN, KARL FRIEDRICH (1804–1855)

Hermann See also:

• FOSS, EDWARD (1787-1870)

Foss (1790-1853), author of Tidsnornerne (The See also:

• NORNS (0. Norse, Nornir)

Norns of the Age) (1835) and other verses . Andreas Munch (1811—1884) took no part in the See also:

• FEUD

feud between Wergeland and Welhaven, but addicted himself to the study of Danish See also:

• MODELS

models independently of either .

He published a munch. See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of poems and dramas, one of which latter, See also:

• KONG

Kong Sverres Ungdom (1837), attracted some See also:

• NOTICE

notice . His popularity commenced with the See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of his Poems Old and New in 1848 . His highest level as a poet was reached by his epic called Kongedatterens Brudef See also:

• ART

art (The Bridal See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

Journey of the King's Daughter) (1861) . Two of his See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical dramas have enjoyed a popularity greatly in excess of their merit; these are See also:

• SOLOMON, ODES OF
• SOLOMON, PSALMS OF

Solomon de Caus (1854) and See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• RUSSELL (FAMILY)
• RUSSELL, ISRAEL COOK (1852- )
• RUSSELL, JOHN (1745-1806)
• RUSSELL, JOHN (d. 1494)
• RUSSELL, JOHN RUSSELL, 1ST EARL (1792-1878)
• RUSSELL, JOHN SCOTT (1808–1882)
• RUSSELL, LORD WILLIAM (1639–1683)
• RUSSELL, SIR WILLIAM HOWARD
• RUSSELL, THOMAS (1762-1788)
• RUSSELL, WILLIAM CLARK (1844– )

Russell (1857) . A See also:

• GROUP

group of See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor poetical writers may now be considered . Magnus Brostrup Landstad (18oa–188o) was born on Maaso, an See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island in the vicinity of the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North Cape, and, therefore, in higher lati- Minor tudes than any other man of letters . He was a hymn-writer poets. of merit, and he was the first to collect, in 1853, the Norske Folkeviser or Norwegian folk-songs . Landstad was ordered by the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government to prepare an See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official national hymn-book, which was brought out in 1861: Peter Andreas Jensen (1812–1867) published volumes of lyrical poetry in 1838, 1849, 1855 and 1861, and two dramas . He was also the author of a novel, En Erindring (A Souvenir), in 1857 . Aasmund Olafsen Vinje (1818–187o) was a See also:

• PEASANT (O. Fr. paysant, Mod. paysan; Lat. pagensis, belonging to the pagus or country; cf. " pagan ")

peasant of remarkable talent, who was the principal See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader of the See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement known as the " maalstrnv," an effort to distinguish Norwegian from Danish literature by the See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption of a peasant See also:

• DIALECT (from Gr. Sia stcror, conversation, manner of speaking, &aXeyec6at, to converse)

dialect, or rather a new See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language arbitrarily formed on a See also:

• COLLATION (Lat. collatio, from conferre, to bring together or compare)

collation of the various dialects, Vinje wrote a volume of lyrics, which he published in 1864, and a narrative poem, Storegut (Big Lad) (1866), entirely in this fictitious language, and he even went so far as to issue in it a newspaper, Dolen (The Dalesman), which appeared from 1858 to Vinje's death in 1870 . In these efforts he was supported by Ivar See also:

• AASEN, IVAR (1813-1896)

Aasen and by Kristoffer Janson (b . 1841) the philologist, the author of an historical tragedy, Jon See also:

• ARASON, JON (1484-1551)

Arason (1867) ; several novels: Fraa Bygdom (1865); Torgrim (1872); Fra Dansketidi (1875) ; Han og Ho (1878) ; and Austanfyre Sol og Vestanfyre Maane (See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East of the See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

Sun and See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West of the See also:

• MOON (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maan, Dan. maane, &c., and cognate with such Indo-Germanic forms as Gr. µlip, Sans. ma's, Irish mi, &c.; Lat. uses luna, i.e. lucna, the shining one, lucere, to shine, for the moon, but preserves the word i
• MOON, SIR RICHARD, 1ST BARONET (1814-1899)

Moon) (1879) ; besides a powerful but morbid drama in the ordinary language of Norway, En Kvindeskjebne (A Woman's See also:

• FATE

Fate) (1879) .

In 1882 he left Norway for See also:

• AMERICA

America as a Unitarian See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister, and from this See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile he sent home in 1885 what is perhaps the best of his books, The Saga of the See also:

• PRAIRIE (adopted from the Fr. prairie, a meadow-tract. Late Lat. prataria, Lat. pratum, meadow)

Prairie . See also:

• SUPERIOR

Superior to all the preceding in the quality of his lyrical See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing was the bishop of See also:

• CHRISTIANSAND (KRISTIANSUND)

Christiansand, Jurgen Moe (1813—1882) . He is, however, better known by his labours in See also:

• COMPARATIVE

comparative See also:

• MYTHOLOGY

mythology, in See also:

• CONJUNCTION (from Lat. conjungere, to join together)

conjunction with P . C . See also:

• ASBJORNSEN, PETER CHRISTEN (1812–1885)

Asbjornsen (see ASBJORNSEN AND MOE) . The names of the Norwegians See also:

• IBSEN, HENRIK (1828-1906)

Ibsen (q.v.) and See also:

• BJORNSON, BJORNSTJERNE (1832-1910)

Bjornson (q.v.), in the two See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields of the drama and the novel, stand out prominently in Modern the See also:

• EUROPEAN

European literature of the later 19th century; and novelists two writers of novels who owe much to their example are and onas See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

Lie (q.v.), and See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander Kielland (1849-1906) . drama- Nicolai Ramm Ostgaard (1812-1872) to some extent pre- dsrs, ceded Bjornson in his graceful See also:

• ROMANCE

romance En Fjeldbygd (A See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

Mountain See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

Parish), in 1852 . Frithjof Foss (1830-1899) ,who wrote under the See also:

• PSEUDONYM (Gr. >l ev&,vuµos, having a false name, ¢Evirls, false and ovoµa, name)

pseudonym of See also:

• ISRAEL (Hebrew for " God strives " or " rules "; see Gen. xxxii. 28; and the allusion in Hosea xii. 4)

Israel Dehn, attracted notice by seven separate stories published between 1862 and 1864 . Jacobine Camilla Collett (1813-1895), See also:

• SISTER

sister of the poet Wergeland, wrote Amtmanden.s Dottre (The See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

Governor's Daughters) (1855), an excellent novel, and the first in Norwegian literature which attempted the truthful description of ordinary life . She was a See also:

• PIONEER

pioneer in the movement for the emancipation of See also:

• WOMEN

women in Norway . See also:

• ANNE (1665-1714)
• ANNE (1693-1740)

Anne Magdalene Thoresen (1819-1903), a Dane by birth, wrote a series of novels of peasant life in the manner of Bjornson, of whom she was no unworthy See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil . One of her best novels is Signes Historie (1864) .

She also wrote some lyrical poetry and successful dramas . The principal historian of Norway is History, Peter Andreas Munch (1810-1863), whose multifarious writings include a See also:

• GRAMMAR (from Lat. grammatica, sc. ars; Gr. ypaµ)

grammar of Old Norse (1847); a See also:

• COL
• COL (Fr. for " neck," Lat. collum)

col-etc. See also:

• LECTION, LECTIONARY

lection of Norwegian See also:

• LAWS

laws until the See also:

• YEAR

year 1387 (1846-1849); a study of Runic See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions (1848); a history and description of Norway during the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages (1849) ; and a history of the Norwegian See also:

• PEOPLE

people in 8 vols . (1852-1863); See also:

• JAKOB, LUDWIG HEINRICH VON (1759—1827)

Jakob Aall (1773-1844) was associated with Munch in this See also:

• WORK

work . Christian See also:

• BERG (Ducatus Montensis)

Berg (1775-1852) was another worker in the same See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field . Jakob See also:

• RUDOLF (otherwise known as Basso NOROK and Gannon)

Rudolf Keyser (1803-1864) printed and annotated the most important documents dealing with the See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval history of Norway . Carl See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard Unger (b . 1817) took part in the same work and edited Morkinskinna in 1867 . His edition of the See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder Edda (1867) forms a landmark in the study of Scandinavian antiquities . Oluf Rygh (1833-1899) contributed to the archaeological part of history . The modern language of Norway found an admirable grammarian in Jakob Olaus Lokke t I829-1881) . A careful historian and ethnographer was Ludvig Kristensen Daa (18o9-1877) . Ludvig Daae (b .

1834) has written the history of Christiania, and has traced the See also:

• CHRONICLES, BOOKS OF

chronicles of Norway during the Danish See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession . Bernt Moe (1814-185o) was a careful biographer of the heroes of Eidsvold . Eilert See also:

• LUND
• LUND, TROELS FREDERIK (1840- )

Lund Sundt (1817-1875) published some very curious and valuable works on the See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of the poorer classes in Norway . See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor J . A . See also:

• FRIIS, JOHAN (1494-1570)

Friis (b . 1821) published the folk-See also:

• LORE
• LORE, AMBROISE DE (1396-1446)

lore of the Lapps in a series of valuable volumes . The See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German orientalist, Christian See also:

• LASSEN, CHRISTIAN (1800-1876)
• LASSEN, EDUARD (1830-19o4)

Lassen (18o0-1876) was a Norwegian by birth . Lorentz Dietrichson (b . 1834) wrote voluminously both on See also:

• SWEDISH

Swedish and Norwegian, chiefly on Norwegian art and literature . In See also:

• JURISPRUDENCE (Lat. jurisprudenlia, knowledge of law, from jus, right, and prudentia, from providere, to foresee)
• JURISPRUDENCE, COMPARATIVE

jurisprudence the principal Norwegian authorities are Anton See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin Schweigaard (1808-1870) and Frederik Stang (1808-1884) . Peter Carl Lasson (1798-1873) and Ulrik Anton >tlotzfelt (1807-1865) were the See also:

• LIGHTS, CEREMONIAL USE OF

lights of an earlier See also:

• GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation .

In medical science, the great writer of the beginning of the 19th century was See also:

• MICHAEL
• MICHAEL (1596-1645)
• MICHAEL (Hebrew Sn,q, " Who is like God? ")

Michael Skjelderup (1769-1852), who was succeeded by Frederik Holst (1791-1871) . See also:

• DANIEL
• DANIEL (DANIL)
• DANIEL, BOOK
• DANIEL, GABRIEL (1649-1728)

Daniel See also:

• CORNELIUS
• CORNELIUS, CARL AUGUST PETER (1824-1874)
• CORNELIUS, PETER VON (1784–1867)

Cornelius Danielsen (b . 1815) was a prominent dermatologist; but probably the most eminent of modern physiologists in Norway is Carl Wilhelm Boeck (1808-1875) . The elder See also:

• BROTHER

brother of the last-mentioned, Christian Peter Bianco Boeck (1798-1877), also demands recognition as a medical writer . See also:

• CHRISTOPHER, SAINT (Christophorus, Christoferus)

Christopher See also:

• HANSTEEN, CHRISTOPHER (1784–1873)

Hansteen (1784-1873) was professor of See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics at the university for nearly sixty years . Michael Sars (1805-1869) obtained a European reputation through his investigations in invertebrate See also:

• ZOOLOGY (from Gr. Nov, a living thing, and ?byos, theory)

zoology . He was assisted by his son Georg See also:

• OSSIAN

Ossian Sars (b . 1837) . Baltazar See also:

• MATTHIAS
• MATTHIAS (1557-1619)

Matthias Keilhau (1797-1858) and Theodor See also:

• KJERULF, HALFDAN (1815-1868)
• KJERULF, THEODOR (1825-1888)

Kjerulf (1825-1888) have been the leading Norwegian geologists . Mathias Numsen Blytt (1789-1862) represents See also:

• BOTANY (from Gr. l3or6v17, plant; ,66vicety, to graze)

botany . His Norges Flora, part of which was published in 1861, was left incomplete at his death . Niels Henrik See also:

• ABEL (better ABELL), THOMAS (d. 1540)
• ABEL (Hebrew for breath)
• ABEL, KARL FRIEDRICH (1725-1787)
• ABEL, NIELS HENRIK (1802-1829)
• ABEL, SIR FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, BART

Abel (18o2-1829) (q.v.) was a mathematician of extraordinary promise; Ole Jakob Broch (1818-1889) must be mentioned in the same connexion .

Among theological writers may be mentioned Hans Nielsen See also:

• HAUGE, HANS NIELSEN (1771–1824)

Hauge (1771-1824), author of the See also:

• SECT

sect which bears his name; Svend Borchman Hersleb (1784-1836); Stener Johannes Stenersen (1789-1835); Wilhelm Andreas \\exels (1797-1866); a writer of extraordinary popularity; and Carl See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul See also:

• CASPARI, KARL PAUL (1814-1892)

Caspari (1814-1892), a German of Jewish birth, who adopted See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity and became professor of theology in the university of Christiania . The political crisis of 1884-1885, which produced so remarkable an effect upon the material and social life of Norway, was not without its influence upon literature . There had The new movement, followed to the great generation of the 'sixties, led by Ibsen and Bjornson, a See also:

• RACE

race of entirely prosaic writers, of no great talent, much exercised with " problems." The movement which began in 1885 brought back the See also:

• FINE

fine masters of a previous imaginative age, silenced the problem-setters, and encouraged a whole generation of new men, realists of a healthier sort . In 1885 the field was still held by the three main names of 817 modern Norse literature—Ibsen, Bjornson and Lie . Henrik Ibsen proceeded deliberately with his labours, and his name at the same time See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew in reputation and influence . The advance of Bjornstjerne Bjornson was not so See also:

• REGULAR

regular, because it was disturbed by political issues . Moreover, his early peasant tales once more, after having suffered great neglect, grew to be a force, and Bjornson's example has done much to revive an interest in the art of See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse in Norway . Jonas Lie, the most popular novelist of Norway, continued to publish his pure, fresh and eminently characteristic stories . His See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style, colloquial almost to a See also:

• FAULT (Mid. Eng. faute, through the French, from the popular Latin use of fallere, to fail; the originallof the Latin being replaced in English in the 15th century)

fault, has neither the See also:

• CHARM (through the Fr. from the Lat. carmen, a song)

charm of Bjornson nor the art of some of the latest generation . Ibsen, Bjornson and Lie continued, however, to be the three representative authors of their country . Kristian See also:

• ELSTER

Elster (1841-1881) showed great talent in his pessimistic novels Tora Trondal (1879) and Dangerous People (1881) . Kristian Gloersen (b .

1838) had many See also:

• AFFINITIES

affinities with Elster . See also:

• ARNE, THOMAS AUGUSTINE (1710-1778)

Arne Garborg (1851) was brought up under sternly pietistic influences in a remote country parish, the See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child of peasant parerts, in the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-west corner of Norway, and the gloom of these early surroundings has tinged all his writings . The early novels of Garborg were written in the peasant dialect, and for that See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason, perhaps, attracted little attention . It was not until 1890 that he addressed the public in ordinary language, in his extraordinary novel, Tired Men, which produced a deep sensation . Subsequently Gargorg returned, with violence, to the cultivation of the peasant language, and took a foremost part in the maalstrrev . A novelist of considerable crude force was Amalie See also:

• SKRAM, PEDER (c. 1500-1581)

Skram (1847-1905), wife of the Danish novelist, Erik Skram . Her novels are destitute of literary beauty, but excellent in their local See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, dealing with life in Bergen and the west See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast . But the most extravagant product of the prosaic period was Hans Jwger (b . 1854), a sailor by profession, who left the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea, obtained some instruction and embarked on literature . Jwger accepted the naturalistic formulas wholesale, and outdid See also:

• ZOLA, EMILE EDOUARD CHARLES ANTOINE (1840-1902)

Zola himself in the harshness of his pictures of life . Several of Jwger's books, and in particular his novel Morbid Love (1893), were immediately suppressed, and can with great difficulty be referred to . Knud Hamsun (b .

186o) has been noted for his egotism, and for the bitterness of his attacks upon his See also:

• FELLOW

fellow writers and the great names of literature . Hamsun is seen at his best in the powerful romance called See also:

• HUNGER

Hunger (1888) . A writer of a much more pleasing, and in its quiet way of a much more original See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order, is Hans Aanrud (b . 1863) . His See also:

• HUMOUR (Latin humor)

humour, applied to the observation of the Ostland peasants—Aanrud himself comes from the Gulbrandsdal—is exquisite; he is by far the most amusing of See also:

• RECENT

recent Norwegian writers, a race whose fault it is to take life too seriously . His See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story, How Our Lord made See also:

• HAY
• HAY (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Heu, Dutch hooi; the root from which it is derived, meaning " to cut," is also seen in " to hew "; cf. " hoe ")
• HAY, GEORGE (1729—1811)
• HAY, GILBERT
• HAY, JOHN (1838–1905)

Hay at Asmund Bergemellum's (1887), is a little masterpiece . Peter Egge (b . 1869), a See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young novelist and playwright from Trondhjem, came to the front with careful studies of types of Norwegian temperament . In his See also:

• JACOB
• JACOB, JOHN (1812-1858)

Jacob and Christopher (1900) Egge also proved himself a successful writer of See also:

• COMEDY

comedy . Gunnar See also:

• HEIBERG, JOHAN LUDVIG (1791-186o)

Heiberg (b . 1857), although older than most of the young generation, has but lately come into prominence . His poetical drama, The See also:

• BALCONY (Ital. balcone from balco, scaffold; cf. O. H. Ger. balcho, beam, Mod. Ger. Balken, Eng. balk)

Balcony, made a sensation in 1894, but ten years earlier his comedy of Aunt Ulrica should have awakened anticipation .

His strongest work is Love's Tragedy (1904) . Two young writers of great promise were removed in the very heyday of success, See also:

• GABRIEL (Heb. SKns, man of God)

Gabriel Finne (1866-1899) and Sigbjorn Obstfelder (1866-1900) . The last mentioned, in The Red Drops and The See also:

• CROSS

Cross, published in 1897, gave promise of something new in Norwegian literature . Obstfelder, who died in a See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital in Copenhagen inAugust 1goo, left an important book in MS., A Priest's See also:

• DIARY

Diary (1901) . Verse was banished from Norwegian literature, during the years that immediately preceded 1885 . The See also:

• CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

credit of restoring it belongs to See also:

• SIGURD (Sigur6r)

Sigurd Bodtker, who wrote an extremely naturalistic piece called Love, in the manner of See also:

• HEINE, HEINRICH, (1797-1856)

Heine . The earliest real poet of the new generation is, however, Niels Collett See also:

• VOGT, KARL CHRISTOPH (1817-1895)

Vogt (b . 1864), who published a little volume of Poems in 1887 . Arne Dybfest (1868-1892), a young anarchist who committed See also:

• SUICIDE (from Lat. sui, of oneself, and cidium, from cued ere, to kill)

suicide, was a decadent egotist of the most pronounced type, but a poet of unquestionable talent, and the writer of a remarkably melodious See also:

• PROSE

prose . In 1891 was printed in a See also:

• MAGAZINE

magazine Vilhelm Krag's (b . 1871) very remarkable poem called Fandango, and shortly afterwards a collection of his lyrics . Vogt and V .

Krag continued to be the leading lyrical writers of the period, and although they have many imitators, they cannot be said to have found any rivals . Vilhelm Krag turned to prose fiction, and his novels See also:

• ISAAC (Hebrew for " he laughs," on explanatory references to the name, see ABRAHAM)

Isaac Seehuusen (19o0) and Isaac Kapergast (1901) are excellent studies of Westland life . More distinguished as a novelist, however, is his brother, See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas P . Krag (b . 1868), who published a series of romantic novels, of which Ada See also:

• WILDE, OSCAR

Wilde (1897) is the most powerful . His short stories are full of delicate charm . Hans E . Kinck (b . 1865) is an accomplished writer of short stories from peasant life, written in dialect . Bernt Lie (b . 1868) is the author of popular works of fiction, mainly for the young . Sven Nilssen (b .

1864) is the author of a very successful novel, The Barque Franciska (1go1) . With him may be mentioned the popular dramatist and memoir-writer, See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• PAULSEN, FRIEDRICH (1846-1908)

Paulsen (b . 1851), author of The Widow's Son . Johan Bojer (b . 1872) has written satirical romances, of which the most powerful is The See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

Power of Faith (1903) . Jakob Hilditch (b . 1864) has written many stories and sketches of a purely national See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind, and is the See also:

• ANONYMOUS

anonymous author of a most diverting See also:

• PARODY (Gr. s-apybia, literally a song sung beside, a comic parallel)

parody of banal provincial journalism; Tranviksposten (1900-1901) . The leading critics are Carl Nxrup (b . 1864) and Hjalmar Christensen (b . 1869), each of whom has published collections of essays dealing with the aspects of recent Norwegian literature . The death of the leading bibliographer and lexicographer of Norway, Jens Braage Halvorsen (1845-1900), inflicted a See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow upon the literary history of his country; his See also:

• DICTIONARY

Dictionary of Norwegian Authors (1885-Igoo)—left for completion by Halfdan Koht—is one of the most elaborate works of its kind ever undertaken . Among recent historians of Norway much activity has been shown by Ernst Sars (b .

1835) and Yngvar Nielsen (b . 1843) . The great historian of See also:

• NORTHERN

northern jurisprudence was L . M . B . Aubert (1838-1896), and in this connexion T . H . Aschehoug (b . 1822) must also be mentioned . The leading philosopher of Norway in those years was the Hegelian