See also:

• NOVGOROD
• NOVGOROD (formerly known as V elikiy-Novgorod, Great Novgorod)

NOVGOROD (formerly known as V elikiy-Novgorod, See also:

• GREAT

Great Novgorod)  , a See also:

• TOWN

town of See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia, See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of the same name, and the seat of an See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of the Orthodox See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church, situated 119 M. by See also:

• RAIL

rail S. of St . See also:

• PETERSBURG

Petersburg, on the See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks of the Volkhov, 2 M. below the point where it issues from See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake Ilmen . Pop . (190o) 26,972 . The See also:

• PRESENT

present town is but a poor survival of the wealthy See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval times . It consists of a kremlin (old fortress), and of the city, which stands on both banks of the See also:

• RIVER

river, connected by a handsome See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge . The kremlin was much enlarged in 1044, and again in 1116 . Its stone walls, originally palisades, were begun in 1302, and much extended in 1490 . Formerly a See also:

• GREAT

great number of churches and shops, with wide squares, stood within the enclosure . Its See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical monuments include the See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral of St See also:

• SOPHIA (1630-1714)

Sophia, built in 1045–1052 by architects from See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople to take the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original wooden structure (989), destroyed by See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire in that See also:

• YEAR

year . Some See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor changes were made in 1688 and 1692, but otherwise (notwithstanding several fires) the See also:

• BUILDING

building remained unaltered until its restoration in 1893–1900 . It contains many highly-prized See also:

• RELICS (Lat, reliquiae, the equivalent of the English " remains " in the sense of a dead body)

relics, including See also:

• BRONZE

bronze doors of the 12th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, one brought reputedly from Sigtuna, the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient capital of See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden .

Another ancient building in the kremlin is the Yaroslav See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

Tower, in the square where the See also:

• NOVGOROD
• NOVGOROD (formerly known as V elikiy-Novgorod, Great Novgorod)

Novgorod vyeche (See also:

• COMMON

common See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council) used to meet; it still bears the name of " the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of Yaroslav " ; and was the chancellery of the secretaries of the vyeche . Other remarkable monuments of ancient See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture are the church of St . See also:

• NICHOLAS
• NICHOLAS (1841– )
• NICHOLAS (or NICLAES), HENRY (or HENDRIK) (c. 1501-C. 158o)
• NICHOLAS, SIR EDWARD (1593-1669)
• NICHOLAS, ST

Nicholas erected in 1135, the Snamenski cathedral of the 14th century, and churches of the 14th and 15th centuries . Within the town itself there are four monasteries and convents, two of them dating from the 1th century and two from the 12th century; and the large number in the immediate neighbourhood shows the great extent which the city formerly had . A See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument to commemorate the thousandth anniversary of the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of Russia (the calling in of the Varangians by Novgorod in 862) was erected in 1862 . Another monument commemorates the repulse of the See also:

• NAPOLEONIC

Napoleonic invasion of 1812 . The date at which the Slays first erected forts on the Volkhov (where it leaves Lake Ilmen and where it flows into Lake See also:

• LADOGA (formerly NEvo)

Ladoga) is unknown . That situated on a low See also:

• TERRACE (Fr. terrace, terrasse, from It. terraccia, terrazzo, Lat. terra, earth)

terrace See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close by Lake Ilmen was soon abandoned, and Novgorod or " New-town " (in contradistinction to the Scandinavian Aldegjeborg or Ladoga) was founded by Scandinavian See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-rovers as Holmgard on another terrace which extended a mile See also:

• LOWER

lower on both banks of the river . The older fort (Gorodishche) still existed in the 13th century . Even in the 9th century the new city on the Volkhov exercised a See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of supremacy over the other towns of the lake region, when its inhabitants in 862 invited the Varangians, under the leadership of Rurik, to the See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of the Russian towns of the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north . Down to the end of the loth century Novgorod was in some sort depended on See also:

• KIEV
• KIEV, KIEFF, or KIYEFF

Kiev; yet in 997 its inhabitants obtained from their own See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince Yaroslav a See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter which granted them self-government . For five centuries this charter was the See also:

• BULWARK (a word probably of Scandinavian origin, from bol or bole, a tree-trunk, and werk, work, in Ger. Bollwerk, which has also been derived from an old German bolen, to throw, and so a machine for throwing missiles)

bulwark of the See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence of Novgorod .

From the end of the loth century the princes of Novgorod, chosen either from the sons of the great princes of Kiev (until 1136) or from some other See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the See also:

• FAMILY

family of Rurik, were always elected by the vyeche; but they were only its military defenders, and their delegates were merely assessors in the courts which levied taxes for the military force raised by the prince . The vyeche invariably expelled the princes as soon as they provoked discontent . Their See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election was often a subject of dispute between the wealthier merchants and landowners and the poorer classes; and Novgorod, which was dependent for its See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply upon the See also:

• LAND

land of Suzdal, was sometimes compelled to accept a prince from the Suzdal branch instead of from that of Kiev . After 1270 the city often refused to its See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade . Its position, however, on the See also:

• WATER

water See also:

• HIGHWAY

highway from the have princes at all, and the elected See also:

• MAYOR (Lat. major, greater)
• MAYOR, JOHN EYTON BICKERSTETH (1825– )

mayor was the representative of the executive . Novgorod in its transactions with other cities took the name of " See also:

• SOVEREIGN

Sovereign Great Novgorod " (Gospodin Velikiy Novgorod) . The supreme See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power was in the hands of the vyeche . The city, which had a See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of more than 8o,000, was divided into wards, and each See also:

• WARD
• WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
• WARD, ARTEMUS
• WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
• WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
• WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
• WARD, JAMES (1843– )
• WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
• WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
• WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
• WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
• WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)

ward constituted a distinct to the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of Novgorod . (P . A . K.; J . T .

BE) . See also:

• COMMUNE (Med. Lat. communia, Lat. communis, common)
• COMMUNE, MEDIEVAL

commune . The wards were subdivided into streets, which NOVIBAZAR, NOVI-BAZAR, Or NOVIPAZAR (ancient Rassia, corresponded to the prevailing occupations of their inhabitants, Rascia, or Rashka, See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish Yenipazar, i.e . " New See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

Market "), a each of these again being quite See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent with regard to its sanjak of See also:

• EUROPEAN

European See also:

• TURKEY

Turkey, in the vilayet of See also:

• KOSSOVO

Kossovo . Pop . own affairs . (1905) about 170,000 . Novibazar is a mountainous region, Trade was carried on by corporations . By the Volkhov and J watered by the Lim, which flows north into Bosnia, and by the See also:

• NEVA

Neva, Novgorod—then known also as Naugart and Nov- I several small tributaries of the Servian Ibar . About threewerden—had See also:

• DIRECT

direct communication with the Hanseatic and fourths of the inhabitants are See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian Serbs, and the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder Scandinavian cities, especially with See also:

• VISBY, or WISBY

Visby or Wisby on the are chiefly Moslem Albanians, with a few See also:

• GIPSIES, or GYPSIES

gipsies, Turkish See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of See also:

• GOTLAND

Gotland . The See also:

• DNIEPER

Dnieper brought it into connexion with officials and about 3000 Austro-Hungarian soldiers . The See also:

• LOCAL

local the See also:

• BOSPORUS, or BOSPHORUS (Gr. Boo-iopos=ox-ford, tradition-ally connected with Io, daughter of Inachus, who, in the form of a heifer, crossed the Thracian Bosporus on her wanderings)

Bosporus, and it was intermediary in the trade of Constan- trade is mainly agricultural .

The sanjak is of great strategic tinople with See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . The Novgorod traders penetrated importance, for it is the N .W. See also:

• PART

part of the Turkish See also:

• EMPIRE

empire, on the at an See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early date to the shores of the See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White Sea, hunted on direct route between Bosnia and See also:

• SALONICA, SALONIKA

Salonica, and forms a See also:

• WEDGE (O. Eng. wecg, a mass of metal, cognate with Dutch wig, wigge, Dan. vaegge, &c.; in Lith. the cognate form outside Teut. is found in wagis, a peg, spigot; there is no connexion with " weigh," " weight," which must be referred to the root wegh, to li

wedge of Novaya Zemlya in the r 1th century, colonized the basins of the Turkish territory between See also:

• SERVIA

Servia and See also:

• MONTENEGRO

Montenegro . The See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union northern See also:

• DVINA

Dvina, descended the See also:

• VOLGA (known to the Tatars as Etil, Jill or Atel; to the Finnish tribes as Rau, and to the ancients as Rha and Oarus)

Volga, and as early as the 14th of these See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers, combined with the See also:

• ANNEXATION (Lat. ad, to, and nexus, joining)

annexation of Novibazar, century extended their trading expeditions beyond the Urals would have impeded the See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence towards into See also:

• SIBERIA

Siberia . Two great colonies, See also:

• VYATKA
• VYATKA, or VIATICA

Vyatka and See also:

• VOLOGDA

Vologda, organized Salonica . But by the treaty of See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin (1878) See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria-See also:

• HUNGARY
• HUNGARY (Hungarian Magyarorszdg)

Hungary on the same republican principles as the See also:

• METROPOLIS (Gr. piir17Pi mother, srGXis, city)

metropolis, favoured the was empowered to See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison the towns of Byelopolye, Priyepolye, further colonization of N.E . Russia . Plevlye and other strategic points within the sanjak, although At the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time a number of flourishing minor towns such as the entire See also:

• CIVIL

civil See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration remained in Turkish hands . Novyi Torg (See also:

• TORZHOK

Torzhok), Novaya Ladoga, See also:

• PSKOV

Pskov, and many others This decision was enforced in 1879 . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief approaches from arose in the lake region . Pskov soon became quite independent, Servia and Montenegro have also been strongly fortified by the and had a See also:

• HISTORY

history of its own; the others enjoyed a large measure See also:

• TURKS

Turks . of independence, still figuring. however, as subordinate towns in Novibazar, the capital of the sanjak, is a town of about 12,0OC all circumstances which necessitated common See also:

• ACTION

action . It is said inhabitants, on the site of the ancient Servian city of Rassia. that the population of Novgorod in the 14th century reached Near it there are See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• BATHS

baths, and the old church of St See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter 400,000, and that the pestilences of 1467, 1508 and 1533 carried and St .

See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul, the See also:

• METROPOLITAN (Lat. metropolitanus, Gr. µnrpoiroXtrns)

metropolitan church of the bishopric of Rassia, off no fewer than 134,000 persons . These figures, however, seem in which See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen Nemanya, See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of Servia, passed from the to relate rather to the whole Ilmen region . Roman to the Greek Church in 1143 . Novgorod's struggle against the Suzdal region (now the govern- NOVICE (through See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French from See also:

• LAT

Lat. novicius or novicius, one ment of See also:

• VLADIMIR
• VLADIMIR, ST (c. 956-1015)

Vladimir) began as early as the 12th century . In the who has newly arrived, novus, new), a See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person who joins a religious following century it had to contend with the Swedes and the See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order on See also:

• PROBATION

probation . He or she is subject to the authority of the Germans, who were animated not only by the See also:

• DESIRE

desire of territorial See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior, wears the See also:

• DRESS (from the Fr. dresser, to set out, arrange, formed from Lat. directus, arranged, dirigere, to direct, arrange)

dress of the order, and obeys the rules . At acquisition, but also by the spirit of religious proselytism . The the end of the " novitiate," which must last at least one year, advances of both were checked by battles at Ladoga and Pskov in the novice is See also:

• FREE

free to leave without taking the vows, and the order 1240 and 1242 respectively . Protected by its marshes, Novgorod is free to refuse to allow him or her to take them . The word was escaped the Mongol invasion of 1240-42, and was able to repel the early used of a beginner in any See also:

• ART

art or See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science, hence an inexattacks of the princes of See also:

• MOSCOW (Russian Moskva)
• MOSCOW, (Russian Moskva)

Moscow by whom the See also:

• MONGOLS

Mongols were perienced person . supported . It also successfully resisted the attacks of See also:

• TVER

Tver, and NOVI LIGURE, a town of See also:

• PIEDMONT (Ital. Piemonte; Low Lat. Pedemons and Pedemontium)

Piedmont, See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, in the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of aided Moscow in its struggle against this powerful See also:

• NEIGHBOUR (O. Eng. neahgebiir, from Walt, " nigh," " near ")

neighbour; See also:

• ALESSANDRIA

Alessandria, from which it is 14 M .

S.E. by rail, situated among but soon the ambition of the growing Moscow See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state was turned wooded hills, 646 ft. above sea-level . Pop . (1901) 17,868 . It against itself . The first serious invasion, in 1332, was rolled back was the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of a victory by the Austrians and Russians under with the aid of the See also:

• LITHUANIANS

Lithuanians . But in 1456 the great prince of Moscow succeeded in imposing a heavy See also:

• TRIBUTE (Lat. tributurn, a stated payment, contribution)

tribute . See also:

• IVAN (JOHN)

Ivan III. of Moscow took See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the colonies in the northern D vina and the See also:

• PERM

Perm regions, and began two bloody See also:

• WARS

wars, during which Novgorod fought for its See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty under the leadership of Martha Boretskaya, the mayor . In 1475–1478 Ivan III. entered Novgorod, abolished its charters, and carried away See also:

• I000

i000 of the wealthier families, substituting for them families from Moscow; the old free city then recognized his See also:

• SOVEREIGNTY

sovereignty . A century later Ivan IV . (the Terrible) abolished the last vestiges of the independence of the city . Having learned that a party favourable to Lithuania had been organized in Novgorod, he took the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field in 1570, and entered the city (much weakened by the See also:

• RECENT

recent pestilences) without opposition . His followers killed the heads of the monasteries, the wealthier of the merchants and See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy, and burned and pillaged the city and villages .

No fewer than 15,000 men, See also:

• WOMEN

women and See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children were massacred at Novgorod alone (60,000 according to some authorities) . A See also:

• FAMINE (Lat. fames, hunger)

famine ensued, and the See also:

• DISTRICT

district of Novgorod See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell into utter desolation . Thousands of families were transported to Moscow, Nizhniy-Novgorod, and other towns of the principality of Moscow . In the beginning of the 17th century Novgorod was taken and held for seven years by the Swedes; and in the 18th century the foundation of St Petersburg ultimately destroyed Volga to St Petersburg and on the See also:

• TRUNK (Fr. tronc, Lat. truncus, cut off, maimed)

trunk road from Moscow to the capital, still gave it some commercial importance; but even this was destroyed by the opening of the Vishera See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal, connecting the Msta with the Volkhov below the city, and by the construction of the railway from St Petersburg to Moscow, which passes 46 m . Suvorov over the French in 1799 . It is now an important railway junction, the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main lines from See also:

• TURIN

Turin and See also:

• MILAN
• MILAN (Ital. Milano, Ger. Mailand, anc. Mediolanum, q.v.)

Milan to See also:

• GENOA (anc. Genua, Ital. Genova, Fr. GPnes)

Genoa See also:

• CON

con-verging here . See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

Cotton, See also:

• SILK

silk, See also:

• COAL

coal briquettes, &c., are also manufactured here . NOVO-BAYAZET, a town of Russian See also:

• TRANSCAUCASIA

Transcaucasia, in the government of See also:

• ERIVAN
• ERIVAN, or I1

Erivan, 35 M . E.N.E. of the town of Erivan, and 4 M . W. of Gok-chai Lake, 5870 ft. above the sea . Pop . 8507 in 1897, mainly Armenians .

An Armenian See also:

• VILLAGE

village which stood here was destroyed by See also:

• NADIR (Arabic nadir, " opposite to," used elliptically for nadir-es-semt, "opposite to the zenith ")

Nadir Shah of See also:

• PERSIA

Persia in 1736, and it was not till the Turkish See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War of 1828–29 that the site was again occupied by Armenian refugees from the Turkish town of Bayazet or See also:

• BAYAZID, or BAJAZET

Bayazid .