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NUMISMATICS (Lat. numisma, nomisma, a coin; from the Greek, derived from voj4 u', to use according to law)

NUN (O. Eng. nunne, from Lat. nonnus, nonna, familiar terms for an old man or woman)

PEDRO NUNEZ (PETRUS NoNlUS) (1492—1577)

NUREMBERG (Ger. Nurnberg)

GASPAR NUREZ DE ARCE (1834—1903)

NURSE (a shortened form of the earlier " nourice," adapted through the French from Lat. nutrix, nu/rite, to nourish)

NUT (0. Eng. knutu, cf. Dutch noot, Ger. Nuss; allied with Gael. cno; it is not of the same form as Lat. nux)

NUTATION (from Lat. nutare, to nod)

NUTMEG (from " nut," and O. Fr. mugue, musk, Lat. muscus)

THOMAS NUTTALL (1786-1859)

NYANZA (from the ancient Bantu root word anza, a river or lake)

NYCKELHARPA (Swed. nyckel =key, harpa=harp; Ger. Schlusselfiedel)

EDGAR WILSON NYE (1850-1896)

NYMPHAEUM (Gr. vbµcbatov, vvµja"aov)

OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

OAKUM (0. Eng. dcumbe or—cecumbe, tow, literally " off-combings ")

OAR (A.S. kr; M. Eng. ore; Lat. remus; Gr. iperw5s : Sans. aritra; Fr. rame; Ital. Span., Port. Yana)

OASIS (Gr. &toss, the name given by Herodotus to the fertile spots in the Libyan desert: it probably represents an Egyptian word, cf. Coptic ouahe, ouih, to dwell, from which the Egyptian Arabic sod is derived)

OAST (0. Eng. dst, cf. Dutch eest, " kiln "; the Teutonic root is aidh- " to burn"; the pre-Teutonic idh- is seen in Lat. aestus, " heat," aestas, " summer," Gr. atOos, "burning heat")

RICHARD OASTLER (1789-1861)

OAT (O. Eng. ate; the word is not found in cognate languages; it may be allied with Fr. eitel, knot, nodule, cf. Gr. oiSos swelling)

TITUS OATES (1649-1705)

OATH (0. Eng. ddh)

OAXACA, OAJACA (from Aztec Huaxyacac), or OAXACA DE JUAREZ (official title)

OAXACA, or OAJACA (officially OAXACA DE JUAREZ)

OBBLIGATO, or OBLIGATO

OBELISK (Gr. b/3EXivrcos, diminutive of OEMs, a spit)

ADAM ADOLF OBERLANDER (1845— )

JEAN FREDERIC OBERLIN (1740-1826)

JEREMIE JACQUES OBERLIN (1735-1806)

OBERON (Fr. Alberon, Auberon, Ger. Alberich, i.e. rich, Goth. reiks, " ruler "—cf. Lat. rex—and O.H. and M.H. Ger. pl. elbi, elbe, " elves," pl. alp)

OBIT (through O. Fr., from Lat. obitus, death, obire, to go down, to die)

OBJECTIVE, or OBJECT GLASS

OBNOXIOUS (Lat. obnoxiosus, from ob, over, against, and noxa, harm)

OBOE, or HAUTBOY (Fr. hautbois, Ger. Hoboe, Ital. oboe)

OBSCENITY (from the adjective " obscene," Lat. obscenus, evil-looking, filthy)

JULIUS OBSEQUENS

OBSEQUIES (Med. Lat. obsequiae, formed after class. Lat. exsequiae)

OCALA (a Seminole word for green or fertile land)

WILLIAM OF OCCAM (d. c. 1349)

OCCASIONALISM (Lat. occasio, an event)

OCCLEVE (or HOCCLEVE), THOMAS (1368—1450?)

OCCULTATION (from Lat. occultare, the frequentative of occulere, to hide)

OCEAN AND OCEANOGRAPHY

OCEANUS (Gr. 'Slrceavts)

OCELLUS LUCANUS

OCELOT (Mexican Flalocelotl, literally field-jaguar, from Flalli, field, and ocelotl, tiger, jaguar)

BERNARDINO OCHINO (1487-1564)

OCHRIDA (also written OKHRIDA and ACHRIDA; Turkish Ochri)

SIR DAVID OCHTERLONY

LEONARD OCHTMAN (1854– )

SIMON OCKLEY (1678–1720)

OCRICULUM (mod. Otricoli)

OCTAHEDRON (Gr. 6K-rw, eight, Mpa, base)

OCTAVE (from Lat. octavus, eighth, octo, eight)

OCTOPUS (Gr. brcreo, eight and gobs, foot)

OCTOROON, or OCTAROON (from Lat. octo, eight, formed on the example of quadroon)

OCTOSTYLE (Gr. brcTia eight, and oriXos, a column)

OCTROI (0. Fr. octroyer, to grant, authorize; Lat. auctor)

ODAENATHUS, or ODENATUS (Gr. 'OSalvaOos, Palm, ris = " little ear ")

ODD (in middle English odde, from old Norwegian oddi, an angle of a triangle; the old Norwegian oddamann is used of the third man who gives a casting vote in a dispute)

ORDER OF ODDFELLOWS

ODE (Gr. uiSri, from aei&ew, to sing)

ODER (Lat. Viadua; Slavonic, Vjodr)

ODEUM (Gr. Odeion)

ODILIENBERO, or OTTILIENBERG (called Allitona in the 8th century)

ODIN, or OTHIN (O. Norse 66inn)

ODO1 OF BAYEUX (c. 1036-1097)

ODOACER, or ODOVACAR (c. 434-493)

ODORIC (c. 1286-1331)

ODYSSEUS (in Latin Ulixes, incorrectly written Ulysses)

JEAN FRANCOIS OEBEN

JOHN OECOLAMPADIUS (1482-1531)

OECOLOGY, or ECOLOGY (from Gr. otKOS, house, and klyos, department of science)

OECUMENICAL (through the Lat. from Gr. oiKOVµevI.KOS, universal, belonging to the whole inhabited world, i] oiKovµtvf sc. y;7, aides, to dwell)

OEDIPUS (OiSiirovs, O16tir63i7s, Wines, from Gr. ot&eiv swell, and gobs foot, i.e. " the swollen-footed ")

GUSTAV FRIEDRICH OEHLER (1812-1872)

ADAM OELSCHLAGER [OLEARIUS] (1600-1671)

OESEL (in Esthonian Kure-saare or Saare-ma)

OESOPHAGUS (Gr. o'lvca=I will carry, and r/)ayeiv, to eat)

OETA (mod. Kotavothra)

FRIEDRICH CHRISTOPH OETINGER (1702-1782)

JACQUES OFFENBACH (1819-1880)

OFFERTORY (from the ecclesiastical Lat. offertorium, Fr. offertoire, a place to which offerings were brought)

OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

OGEE (probably an English corruption of Fr. ogive, a diagonal groin rib, being a moulding commonly employed; equivalents in other languages are Lat. cyma-reversa, Ital. gola, Fr. cymaise, Ger. Kehlleisten)

JOHN OGILBY (1600–1676)

OGILVIE (or OGILBY), JOHN (c. 158o-1615)

OGIVE (a French term, of which the origin is obscure; auge, trough, from Lat. augere, to increase, and an Arabic astrological word for the " highest point." have been suggested as derivations)

JAMES EDWARD OGLETHORPE (1696—1785)

OGYGES, or OGYGUS

ADAM GOTTLOB OHLENSCHLAGER (1779-1850)

GEORG SIMON OHM (1787-1854)

GEORGES OHNET (1848– )

ARNAULD DE OIHENART (1592-1668)

OILLETS (from an O. Fr. diminutive of tail, eye, in Mod. Fr. millet; other English variants are oylets, eyelets, or eyelet-holes)

OILS (adopted from the Fr. oile, mod. huile, Lat. oleum, olive oil)

OJIBWAY (OJIBWA)

LORENZ OKEN (1779-1851)

OKLAHOMA (a Choctaw Indian word meaning " red people ")

OKUBO TOSHIMITSU (183o-1878)

OKUMA (SHIGENOBU), COUNT

OLAF, or ANLAF (d. 981)

OLAUS MAGNUS, or MAGNI (Magnus, i.e. Stora, great, being the family name, and not a personal epithet)

HEINRICH WILHELM MATTHIAS OLBERS (1758-1840)

OLBIA (Gr. bX/3ia, i.e. happy; mod. Terranova Pausania, q.v.)

OLD AND PROVINCIAL

OLD CATHOLICS (Ger. Altkatholiken)

OLD ITALIAN LANGUAGES

OLD POINT COMFORT

OLD TESTAMENT APOCRYPHAL

SIR JOHN OLDCASTLE (d. 1417)

JOHAN VAN OLDENBARNEVELDT (1547-1619)

ANNE OLDFIELD (1683–173o)

JOHN OLDHAM (1653–1683)

THOMAS OLDHAM (1816–1878)

WILLIAM OLDYS (1696-1761)

C13H34O2 OLEIC ACID

OLFACTORY SYSTEM

OLGIERD (d. 1377)

OLIGARCHY (Gr. oXiyot, few, apxil, rule)

OLIGOCENE SYSTEM (from the Gr. oXiyos, few, and Katvbs, recent)

LAURENCE OLIPHANT (1829–1888)

MARGARET OLIPHANT OLIPHANT (1828-1897)

OLIFANT OLIPHANT (Ger. Helfant)

FERNAN PEREZ DE OLIVA (1492?-1530)

GASPAR DE GUZMAN OLIVARES

OLIVE (Olea europaea)

JOAQUIM PEDRO DE OLIVEIRA MARTINS (1845-1894)

ISAAC OLIVER (c. 1566--1617)

PETER OLIVER (1594-1648)

OLIVES, MOUNT OF, or MOUNT OLIVET ("Opus 'EXc uwos or riov 'EXauav; mod. Jebel-et-Tur)

JUSTE DANIEL OLIVIER (1807-1876)

OLIVIER EMILE OLLIVIER (1825— )

DENISON OLMSTED (1791-1859)

FREDERICK LAW OLMSTED (1822-1903)

OLMUTZ (Czech; Olomouc or Holomauc)

RICHARD OLNEY (1835— )

HERMANN OLSHAUSEN (1796-1839)

OLTENITZA (Oltenita)

OMAR (c. 581-644)

OMEN (a Latin word, either connected with os, mouth, or more probably with auris (Gr. ois, ear; apparently, meaning " a thing heard " or " spoken ")

OMICHUND (d. 1767)

OMNIBUS (Lat. " for all ")

ONEIDA (a corruption of their proper name Oneyotka-ono, " people of the stone," in allusion to the Oneida stone, a granite boulder near their former village, which was held sacred by them)

ONEIDA COMMUNITY (or Bible Communists)

ONESICRITUS, or ONESICRATES

ONION (Fr. oignon, Lat. unio, liberally unity, oneness, applied to a large pearl and to a species of onion)

ONOMACRITUS (c. 530-480 B.C.)

ONOSANDER, or ONASANDER

ARTHUR ONSLOW (1691-1768)

ONTOLOGY (adapted from a modern Latin form ontologia used by Jean le Clerc 1692; Gr. 6v, Evros, pres. part. of dam, to be, and klryos, science)

JAN JACOB VAN OOSTERZEE (1817-1882)

OOZE (O. Eng. wdse, cognate with an obsolete waise, mud; cf. O. Nor. veisa, muddy pool)

OPAH (Lampris luna)

OPALINA (so named by J. E. Purkinje and G. Valentin)

OPATA (" enemies," so called by their neighbours the Pimas)

OPERA (Italian for " work ")

OPHICLEIDE (Fr. ophicleide, basse d'harmonie; Ger. Ophikleid; Ital. oficleide)

OPHITES, or OPIMMANS (Gr. oOrs, Heb. r , " snake ")

OPHTHALMOLOGY (Gr. 6 Oakµbs, eye)

AMELIA OPIE (1769-1853)

JOHN OPIE (1761-1807)

OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

MARTIN OPITZ VON BOBERFELD (1597-1639)

OPIUM (Gr. amov, dim. from Orbs, juice)

OPORTO (i.e. o Porto, " the port ")

AUSTRALIAN OPOSSUM

RINGTAILED OPOSSUM

TASMANIAN OPOSSUM (grey and black)

CARL ALBERT OPPEL (1831–1865)

OPPELN (Polish, Oppolie)

JULIUS OPPERT (1825-19o5)

OPPIAN (Gr. 'Oaacavos)

OPTION (Lat. optio, choice, choosing, optare, to choose)

ORACH, or MOUNTAIN SPINACH

ORACLE (Lat. oraculum, from ora' to pray; the corresponding Greek word is uavreiov or Xpnuri7pwov)

ORAN (Arabic Wahran, i.e. ravine)

ORANGE (Citrus Aurantium)

ORANGE FREE STATE

HOUSE OF ORANGE

ORATORY (Lat. oratorio, sc. ors; from orare, to speak or pray)

ORATORY OF ST PHILIP NERI, CONGREGATION OF THE, or ORATORIANS

ORAZIO (c. 1565—1646)

ALCIDE DESSALINES ORBIGNY

PUPILLUS ORBILIUS

ORBIT (from Lat. orbita, a track, orbis, a wheel)

ORCAGNA (c. 1308-c. 13681)

ORCHARD (O. Eng. ort-geard, later orceard; a combination apparently of Lat. hortus, garden, and " yard " or " Barth ")

SIR WILLIAM QUILLER ORCHARDSON (1835-1910)