See also:

• NUT
• NUT (0. Eng. knutu, cf. Dutch noot, Ger. Nuss; allied with Gael. cno; it is not of the same form as Lat. nux)

NUT (0. Eng. knutu, cf. Dutch noot, Ger. Nuss; allied with Gael. cno; it is not of the same See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form as See also:

• LAT

Lat. nux)  , a See also:

• TERM

term applied to that class of See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit which consists generally of a single See also:

• KERNEL (O.E. cyrnel, a diminutive of " corn," seed, grain)

kernel enclosed in a hard See also:

• SHELL
• SHELL (O. Eng. scell, scyll, cf. Du. sceel, shell, Goth. skalja, tile; the word means originally a thin flake,. cf. Swed. skalja, to peel off; it is allied to " scale " and " skill," from a root meaning to cleave, divide, separate)

shell . Botanically speaking, nuts are one-celled fruits with hardened pericarps, sometimes more or less enveloped in a cupule or See also:

• CUP (in O.E. cuppe; generally taken to be from Late Lat. cuppa, a variant of Lat. cupa, a cask, cf. Gr. KuaeXXov)

cup, formed by the See also:

• AGGREGATION (from the Lat. ad, to, gregare, to collect together)

aggregation of the bracts as in the See also:

• HAZEL (0. Eng. hresell; cf. Ger. Hasel, Swed. and Dan. Kassel, &c.,; Fr. noiselier, coudrier)

hazel and the See also:

• ACORN

acorn . In See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce, however, See also:

• TALE (O.Eng. talu, number, account, story; the word is common to many Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Zahl, number, Erzahlung, narrative, Du. taal, speech, language)

tale term has a wider application and embraces many fruits having hard woody indehiscent shells or coverings without reference to their enclosed seeds or kernels, besides leguminous pods, and even tuberous roots . A See also:

• GREAT

great number of nuts enter into commerce for various purposes, principally as articles of See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food or See also:

• SOURCES

sources of oil, and for several ornamental and useful purposes . For the most See also:

• PART

part the edible nuts are very See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich in oil, with only a small percentage of the other carbohydrates, See also:

• STARCH

starch, See also:

• SUGAR

sugar, &c., and they also contain a large proportion of nitrogenous constituents . Thus possessing rich nutrient principles in a highly concentrated See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, nuts are by themselves rather difficult of digestion, and the liability of many of them to become rancid is also a source of danger and a hindrance to their See also:

• FREE

free use . Oleaginous nuts used for food are likewise employed more or less as sources of oil, but on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand there are many oil-nuts of commercial importance not embraced in the See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of edible nuts . On the following See also:

• PAGE
• PAGE, THOMAS NELSON (1853- )
• PAGE, WILLIAM (1811-1885)

page is set out an alphabetical enumeration of the more important nuts, and of products passing under that name, used either as articles of food or as sources of oil . Name . Source . Locality . Remarks .

See also:

• ALMOND (from the O. Fr. almande or alemande, late Lat. amandola, derived through a form amingdola from the Gr. l uybian, an almond; the al- for a- is probably due to a confusion with the Arabic article al, the word having first dropped the a- as in the It

Almond Amygdalus communis, S . See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . . . Food, oil . Almond (See also:

• BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

bitter) . See also:

• VAR

var. dulcis W . Europe (See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain) Oil . Ar See also:

• NUT
• NUT (0. Eng. knutu, cf. Dutch noot, Ger. Nuss; allied with Gael. cno; it is not of the same form as Lat. nux)

nut or See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth nut Amygdalus communis, Tropics, especially Food . Bambarra ground nut var. amara See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa Food . See also:

• BEN (from Old Eng. bennan, within)

Ben nut Tubers of Bunium flexuo- See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India Oil . Bitter nut . . . . sum and other See also:

• SPECIES

species N .

See also:

• AMERICA

America . . . See See also:

• HICKORY

HICKORY . See also:

• BRAZIL
• BRAZIL, or BRASIL

Brazil nut . . . . Voandzeia subterranea S . America Food, oil . See also:

• BREAD

Bread nut . . . Moringa pterygosperma W . Indies Food . See also:

• BUTTER (Lat. butyrum, Gr. 0obrvpov, apparently connected with $ous, cow, and rvpbs, cheese, but, according to the New English Dictionary, perhaps of Scythian origin)

Butter or Souari nut (a winged See also:

• SEED (from the root seen in Lat. serere, to sow)

seed) See also:

• GUIANA (Guyana, Guayana')

Guiana Food .

Cahoun nut . . . Carya amara (swamp See also:

• HONDURAS

Honduras Oil . See also:

• CANDLE (Lat. candela, from candere, to glow)

Candle nut . . . hickory) S . See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea Islands . Oil . Cashew nut . . Bertholletia excelsa . . W . Indies and Tropical Food, oil . See also:

• CHESTNUT (nux Castanea)

Chestnut .

Brosimum Alicastrum . America Food . See also:

• COB

Cob, filbert, or hazel Caryocar nuciferum . . S . Europe . See HAZEL . Cob nut of See also:

• JAMAICA

Jamaica . Attalea Cohune . . . Europe (Britain), &c . Food . Coco-nut .

. . . See also:

• ALEURITES (Gr. a))evpirlr, pertaining to iiXevpov, ground meal, from aXeiv, to grind)

Aleurites triloba . W . Indies and Tropical Food, oil . Cola nut . . . . Anacardium occidentale . America Food . Dika nut . . . Castanea vesca . . .

Tropics Food, oil . Ginkgo nut Corylus Avellana . . . W . Africa Food, oil . Ground nut or See also:

• PEA (Pisum)

pea nut Omphalea diandra . . W . Africa See GROUND NUT . Hickory nut . . . Cocos nucifera . . .

See also:

• JAPAN

Japan, See also:

• CHINA

China . . . See HIcxoRY . Hog nut . . . . Cola acuminata . . . Tropics Eaten by animals . Jesuit's nut . . . Irvingia Barteri . . .

N . America . . . Food . Mocker nut . . Ginkgo biloba (seed) . . N . America . . . See HICKORY . Moreton See also:

• BAY

Bay chestnut Arachis hypogaea . . S .

Europe Food . See also:

• NUTMEG (from " nut," and O. Fr. mugue, musk, Lat. muscus)

Nutmeg . . Carya See also:

• ALBA

alba . . . . N . America . . . Spice . See NUTMEG . Nutmeg (See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild) . . . Carya porcina .

. . . See also:

• AUSTRALIA

Australia Spice . See NUTMEG . See also:

• OLIVE (Olea europaea)

Olive nut . . . . Trapa natano . . . . E . Indies Food . See also:

• PALM (Lat. palma, Gr. iraX6.jn )
• PALM, JOHANN PHILIPP (1768-1806)

Palm nut . . . . Carya tomentosa .

Tropics Oil . See PALM . Pecan nut . . . . Castanospermum australe E . Indies . . . . Food, oil . See HICKORY . Pekea nut . . . . Myristica moschata .

. W . Africa . . . . Food . Physic nut . . . . Myristica fatua, Me tom- N . America . . . Oil . See also:

• PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

Pine nut . . .

. entosa, &c . Guiana . . . Food . Pistachio nut . . . Eleocar pus Ganitrus, &c . Tropical America . . Food . Quandang nut . . . Elaeis guineensis .

. See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy . . . Food . Ravensara nut . . . Carya olivaeformis . . S . Europe, &c .. . . Spice . See also:

• RUSH
• RUSH, BENJAMIN (1745–1813)
• RUSH, RICHARD (1780–1859)

Rush nut . . .

. Caryocar butyrosum . . Australia . . . . Food . Sapucaya nut . . . Curcas purgans . . . Food . See also:

• TAHITI

Tahiti chestnut . . Finns Pinea, &c . . .

Food . See also:

• WALNUT (Juglans)

Walnut Pistachia very . . Food, oil . See also:

• WATER

Water chestnut . . Fusanus acurninatus . . Food . Agathophyllumarornaticum See also:

• MADAGASCAR

Madagascar . . . Cyperus esculentus (tubers) S . Europe, &c .. . . Lecythis 011aria .

. . Brazil . . . Inocar pus edulis . . . S . Sea Islands . . . Juglans regia . See also:

• ASIA

Asia, Europe . Various species of Trapa S . Europe, India, &c .

. The application of the term nut to many of these products is purely arbitrary, and it is obvious that numerous other bodies not known commercially as nuts might with equal propriety be included in the list . Most of the nuts of real commercial There remain'to be enumerated a number of nuts of commercial value for turnery and ornamental purposes, for medicinal use, and for several See also:

• MISCELLANEOUS

miscellaneous applications in the arts . These include: Name . Source . Locality . Remarks . Betel nut . . . . Areca See also:

• CATECHU

Catechu E . Indies ... . See also:

• BLADDER (from A.S. blaeddre, connected with bl¢wan, to blow, cf. Ger. blase)

Bladder nut . . .

Staphylea pinnata S . Europe Necklaces . Boomah nut . . . Pycnocoma macrophylle . Africa Tanning . Bonduc nut . . . Guilandina Bonduc . . India See also:

• MEDICINE

Medicine, beads . Clearing nut . . .

Strychnos potatorum . India Clearing water . Coquilla nut . Attalea funifera . . Brazil . . . . Turnery . Corozo nut or See also:

• VEGETABLE

vegetable Phytelephas macrocarpa . Tropical S . America See PALM . See also:

• IVORY (Fr. ivoire, Lat. ebur)
• IVORY, SIR JAMES (1765-1842)

ivory Dipterix odorata . . .

Tropical S . America Perfume . Cumara nut (Tonka Acrocomia selerocarpa . S . America . Beads . See also:

• BEAN (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Bohne)

bean) Aesculus Hippocastanum S . Europe . . . . Starch . Grugru nut . . .

. Semecarpus Anacardium E . Indies . . . . Marking See also:

• INK (from Late Lat. encaustum, Gr. gysavorov, the purple ink used by Greek and Roman emperors, from iyKaiew, to burn in)

ink and See also:

• VARNISH

varnish . See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

Horse chestnut . . Quercus infectoria . . See also:

• LEVANT

Levant See also:

• DYEING (0. Eng. dedgian, dealt ; Mid. Eng. deyen)

Dyeing and ink making, Marking nut . . . Strychnos Nux-Vomica . E . Indies . . .

. See See also:

• GALLS

GALLS . Nut galls . . . Nectandra Puchury . . S . America . . . . Medicine . See Nux See also:

• POISON

Poison nut . . . . Ophiocaryou paradoxum . S .

America . . . . VOMICA . Sassafras nut . . . Sapindus Saponaria . . W . Indies . . . Aromatic . Snake nut . . .

. Curiosity . See also:

• SOAP

Soap nut . . . . Washing; ornamental importance are or will be separately noticed, and here further allusion is only made to a few which form current articles of commerce, not otherwise treated of . The bread nut of Jamaica is the fruit of a lofty See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree, Brosimum Alicastrum . It is about an See also:

• INCH (O. Eng. ynce from Lat. uncia, a twelfthpart; cf. " ounce," and see As)

inch in See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter, and encloses a single seed, which, roasted or boiled, is a pleasant and nutritious See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article of food . The souari or surahwa nut, called also the " Butter nut of See also:

• DEMERARA

Demerara," and by fruiterers the " Suwarrow nut," is the fruit of Caryocar nuciferum, a native of the forests of Guiana, growing 8o ft. in height . This is perhaps the finest of all the fruits called nuts . The kernel is large, soft, and even sweeter than the almond, which it somewhat resembles in See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste . The few that are imported come from Demerara, and are about the See also:

• SIZE

size of an See also:

• EGG (O.E. aeg, cf. Ger. Ei, Swed. aegg, and prob. Gr. u,ov, Lat. ovum)
• EGG, AUGUSTUS LEOPOLD (1816-1863)

egg, somewhat See also:

• KIDNEY

kidney-shaped, of a rich reddish-See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, and covered with large rounded tubercles . The pekea nut, similar in See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance and properties, ,is the produce of Caryocar butyrosum, growing in the same regions of tropical America . The Jamaica cob nut is the produce of a euphorbiaceous tree, Omphalea diandra, the seeds of which resemble in taste the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary cob or hazel nut .

The seed, however, contains a deleterious embryo, which must not be eaten . Cola, See also:

• KOLA

kola or goora nuts are the seeds of Cola acuminata (Sterculiaceae), a tree, native of tropical Africa, now introduced into the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West Indies and See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South America . The nuts form an important article of commerce through-out Central Africa, being used over a wide See also:

• AREA

area as a See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of stimulant condiment . The nuts, of which there are numerous varieties, are found to contain a notable proportion of theine, as much as 2.13 %, besides theobromine and other important food-constituents, to which circumstances, doubtless, their valuable properties are due . Coquilla nuts, the hard inner portion (" See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone ") of the palm, Attalea funifera, the piassaba of Brazil, are highly valued for turnery purposes . They have an elongated See also:

• OVAL (Lat. ovum, egg)

oval form, 3 to 4 in. in length, and being intensely hard they take a See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• POLISH

polish, displaying a richly streaked brown colour . The marking nut, Semecarpus Anacardium, is a fruit closely allied in its source and properties to the cashew nut (q.v.) . The marking nut is a native of the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East Indies, where the extremely acrid juice of the shell of the fruit in its unripe See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state is mixed with quicklime and used as a marking-ink . The juice also possesses medicinal virtues as an See also:

• EXTERNAL

external application, and when dry it is the basis of a valuable caulking material and See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black varnish . The seeds are edible, and the source of a useful oil . Physic nuts are the produce of the euphorbiaceous tree, Curcas purgans, whence a valuable oil, having similar purgative properties to See also:

• CASTOR

castor oil, is obtained . The plant is a native of South America, but is now found throughout all tropical countries .

Pine nuts are the seeds of several species of Pinus, eaten in the countries of their growth, and also serving to some extent as sources of oil . Of these the most important are the stone pine, Pinus Pinea, of Italy and the Mediterranean coasts, and the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian stone pine, Pinus Cembra . The Pinus Sabiniana of See also:

• CALIFORNIA
• CALIFORNIA, LOWER (Baja California)
• CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF

California and P . Gerardiana of the Himalayas similarly yield edible seeds . These seeds possess a pleasant, slightly resinous flavour . Ravensara nuts, the fruit of Agathophyllum aromaticum (Lauraceae), a native of Madagascar, is used as a spice under the name of the Madagascar clove nutmeg . The Sapucaya nut, a native of Brazil, is seen occasionally in fruit-shops . It is produced by a large tree, Lecythis 011aria, or " See also:

• CANNON (a word common to Romance languages, from the Lat. canna, a reed, tube, with the addition of the augmentative termination -on, -one)

cannon-See also:

• BALL (in Mid. Eng. bal; the word is probably cognate with " bale," Teutonic in origin, cf. also Lat. falls, and Gr. 7raXXa)
• BALL, JOHN (1585-1640)
• BALL, JOHN (1818-1889)
• BALL, JOHN (d. 1381)
• BALL, SIR ALEXANDER JOHN, BART
• BALL, THOMAS (1819- )

ball tree." Its specific name is taken from the large See also:

• URN (Lat. urna, either from root of urere, to burn, being made of burnt clay, or connected with urceus, Gr. I5pxa, jar)

urn-shaped capsules, called " See also:

• MONKEY

monkey-pots " by the inhabitants, which contain the nuts . The sapucaya nut has a sweet flavour, resembling the almond, and if better known would be highly appreciated . It is, however, scarce, as the monkeys and other wild animals are said to be particularly fond of it . This nut, which is of a rich See also:

• AMBER

amber-brown, is not unlike the Brazil nut, but it has a smooth shell furrowed with deep See also:

• LONGITUDINAL

longitudinal wrinkles . Soap nuts are the fruits of various species of Sapindus, especially S .

Saponaria, natives of tropical regions . They are so called because their rind or See also:

• OUTER

outer covering contains a principle, saponine, which lathers in water, and so is useful in washing . The pods of See also:

• ACACIA

Acacia concinna, a native of India, possess the same properties, and are also known as soap nuts .