See also:

• OBELISK (Gr. b/3EXivrcos, diminutive of OEMs, a spit)

OBELISK (Gr. b/3EXivrcos, diminutive of OEMs, a See also:

• SPIT

spit)  , a See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of monumental See also:

• PILLAR (0. Fr. piler, Mod. pilier, Late Lat. pilare, from pila, column)

pillar; and also the See also:

• TERM

term for a See also:

• BIBLIOGRAPHICAL

bibliographical reference-See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark in the form of a See also:

• DAGGER

dagger . The typical See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian See also:

• OBELISK (Gr. b/3EXivrcos, diminutive of OEMs, a spit)

obelisk is an upright monolith of nearly square See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section, generally to diameters in height, the sides slightly See also:

• CONVEX

convex, tapering up-wards very gradually and evenly, and terminated by a See also:

• PYRAMIDION (diminutive of " pyramid ")

pyramidion whose faces are inclined at an See also:

• ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle of 6o° . Obelisks were usually raised on pedestals of cubical form resting on one or two steps, and were set up in pairs in front of the entrance of temples . Small obelisks have been found in tombs of the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of the Old See also:

• KINGDOM

Kingdom . The earliest See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple obelisk still in position is that of Senwosri I. of the XIIth See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

Dynasty at See also:

• HELIOPOLIS

Heliopolis (68 ft. high) . A pair of See also:

• RAMESES, or RAMESSES (Gen. xlvii. r1; Exod. xii. 37; Num. xxxiii. 3)

Rameses II . (77 and 75 ft. high respectively) stood at See also:

• LUXOR

Luxor until one of them was taken to See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris in 1831 . Single ones of Tethmosis I. and Hatshepsut (109 ft. high) still stand at See also:

• KARNAK

Karnak and remains of others exist there and elsewhere in See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt . See also:

• COLOSSAL

Colossal See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite obelisks were erected by only a few See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings, Senwosri I. in the See also:

• MIDDLE

Middle Kingdom and Tethmosis I., Hatshepsut, Tethmosis III. and Rameses II. of the See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire . Smaller obelisks were made in the Saite See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period . The See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans admired them, and the emperors carried off some from their See also:

• ORIGINAL

original sites and caused others to be made in See also:

• IMITATION (Lat. imitatio, from intitari, to imitate)

imitation (e.g. that for See also:

• ANTINOUS

Antinous at See also:

• BENEVENTO

Benevento): twelve are at See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, one in See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople; two, originally set up by Tethmosis III. at Heliopolis, were taken by See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus to adorn the Caesareum at See also:

• ALEXANDRIA
• ALEXANDRIA (Arab. Iskenderia)

Alexandria: one of these, " See also:

• CLEOPATRA

Cleopatra's See also:

• NEEDLE (O. Eng. ncedl; the word appears in various forms in Teutonic languages, Ger. Nadel, Dutch naal, the root being ne-, to sew, cf. Ger. nahen, and probably Lat. nere, to spin, Gr. vi)ats, spinning)

Needle," was removed in 1877 to See also:

• LONDON

London, the other in 1879 to New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York . Such obelisks were probably more than See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere embellishments of the temples .

The pyramidions were sheathed in See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

bright See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal, catching and reflecting the See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun's rays as if they were thrones of the sunlight . They were dedicated to See also:

• SOLAR, SOLLER (Lat. solarium, Fr.• galetas, Ital. solaio)

solar deities, and were especially numerous at Heliopolis, where there was probably a single one sacred to the sun of immemorial antiquity . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• PART

part of the sun-temple at Abusir built by Neuserre of the Vth Dynasty appears to have been in the shape of a stumpy obelisk on a vast See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale, only the See also:

• BASE

base now remains, but hieroglyphic pictures indicate this form . The hieroglyph of some other See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early sun- temples shows a disk on the pyramidion The material employed for the See also:

• GREAT

great obelisks was a See also:

• PINK

pink granite from the quarries of Syene, and in these quarries there still remains, partially detached, an example 70 to 8o ft. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long . The largest obelisk known is that in the piazza of St See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Lateran at Rome; this had been set up by Tethmosis III. at Heliopolis in the 15th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century B.C., was brought over from Egypt by See also:

• CONSTANTINE

Constantine the Great and erected in the See also:

• CIRCUS (Lat. circus, Gr. Kipeos or Kptxot, a ring or' circle; probably " circus " and " ring " are of the same origin)

Circus See also:

• MAXIMUS
• MAXIMUS, ST (c. 58o-662)

Maximus, being ultimately re-erected in 1552 by See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• SIXTUS

Sixtus V . It was 105 ft. q in. high, including the pyramidion, and its sides measured 9 ft. ro in. and 9 ft . 8 in. respectively . On the base of the magnificent obelisk of Hatshepsut at Karnak, 97 ft . 6 in. high, there is an inscription stating that it and its See also:

• FELLOW

fellow were made within the See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short space of seven months . In consequence of the breaking away of the See also:

• LOWER

lower part of " Cleopatra's Needles " when removed to Alexandria and re-erected, the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• ENGINEERS, MILITARY

engineers supported the angles on See also:

• BRONZE

bronze crabs, one of which with three reproductions now supports the angles of the obelisk on the See also:

• THAMES

Thames See also:

• EMBANKMENT

Embankment . There was another form of obelisk, also tapering, but more squat than the usual type, with two of the sides narrow and terminating in a rounded See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top . One such of Senwosri I., covered with See also:

• SCULPTURE
• SCULPTURE (Lat. sculptura, from sculpere, to carve, cognate with Gr. yXb4ew)

sculpture and See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions, lies at Ebgig in the See also:

• FAYUM

Fayum .

Stelae, inscribed with the names of the kings, occurred in pairs in the royal tombs of the Ist Dynasty at See also:

• ABYDOS

Abydos, and pairs of small obelisks are said to have been found in private tombs of the IVth Dynasty . The origin of the obelisk may be sought in sacred upright stones set up in See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of gods and dead, like the menhirs, and the Semitic Massebahs and bethels . In See also:

• ABYSSINIA (officially ETHIOPIA)

Abyssinia, at Axum and elsewhere, there is a marvellous See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of obelisk-like monuments, probably sepulchral . They range from See also:

• RUDE, FRANCOIS (1784–1855)

rude menhirs a few feet high to elaborately sculptured monoliths of See also:

• LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo ft . The loftiest of those still See also:

• STANDING

standing at Axum is about 6o ft. high, 8 ft . 7 in. wide, and about 18 in. thick, and is terminated by a rounded See also:

• APEX

apex See also:

• UNITED

united by a necking to the See also:

• SHAFT
• SHAFT (O. Eng., sceaft, from scafan, to shave; the word is common to Teutonic languages)

shaft . The back of the obelisk is See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain, but the front and sides are subdivided into storeys by a series of bands and plates, each See also:

• STOREY (equivalents are Fr. etage, Ital. piano, Ger. Stock)

storey having panels sunk into it which seem to represent windows with mullions and See also:

• TRANSOM (probably a corruption of Lat. transtrum, a thwart, in a boat; equivalents are Fr. traverse, croisillon, Ger. Losholz)

transom . These architectural decorations are derived from a See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style of See also:

• BUILDING

building found by the See also:

• RECENT

recent See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German expedition extant in an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church; courses of See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone here alternate in the walls (both inside and out) with beams of See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood held by circular clamps . In front of the best-preserved obelisk is a raised See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar with holes sunk in it apparently to receive the See also:

• BLOOD

blood of the See also:

• SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice to the ancestors . Most of these must date before the See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption of See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity as the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion in the 6th century . See G . See also:

• MASPERO, GASTON CAMILLE CHARLES (1846– )

Maspero, L'Archeologie egyptienne (new ed., Paris, 1907), p .

105 ; H . H . Gorringe, Egyptian Obelisks (New York, 1882; London, 1885, &c.); F . W. von Bissing and L . Borchardt, Das Re-Heiligtum See also:

• DES

des Konigs Ne-woser-Re (See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1905) ; on the ancient method of raising obelisks, L . Borchardt, " Zur Baugeschichte des Amonstempel von Karnak," in Sethe's Untersuchungen zur Geschichte and Altertumskunde Aegyptens, v . 15 . For the Abyssinian obelisks see especially E . Littmann and D . Krencker, Vorbericht der deutschen Aksum Expedition (Berlin, 1906) . (F . LL .