See also:

• OCTROI (0. Fr. octroyer, to grant, authorize; Lat. auctor)

OCTROI (0. Fr. octroyer, to See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant, authorize; See also:

• LAT

Lat. auctor)  , a See also:

• LOCAL

local tax collected on various articles brought into a See also:

• DISTRICT

district for See also:

• CONSUMPTION (Lat. consumere)

consumption . See also:

• OCTROI (0. Fr. octroyer, to grant, authorize; Lat. auctor)

Octroi taxes have a respectable antiquity, being known in See also:

• ROMAN

Roman times as vectigalia . These vectigalia were either the portorium, a tax on the entry from or departure to the provinces (those cities which were allowed to See also:

• LEVY (Fr. levee, from lever, Lat. levare, to lift, raise)
• LEVY, AMY (1861–1889)
• LEVY, AUGUSTE MICHEL (1844– )

levy the portorium shared the profits with the public See also:

• TREASURY

treasury); the ansarium or foricarium, a See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty levied at the entrance to towns; or the edulia, See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

sale imports levied in markets . Vectigalia were levied on See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine and certain articles of See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food, but it was seldom that the cities were allowed to use the whole of the profits of the taxes . Vectigalia were introduced into See also:

• GAUL
• GAUL, GILBERT WILLIAM (1855— )

Gaul by the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans, and remained after the invasion by the See also:

• FRANKS
• FRANKS, SIR AUGUSTUS WOLLASTON (1826-1897)

Franks, under the name of tonlieux and coutumes . They were usually levied by the owners of seigniories . But during the 12th and 13th centuries, when the towns succeeded in asserting their See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence, they at the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time obtained the recognition of their right to establish local See also:

• TAXATION
• TAXATION (from " tax," derived, through the French, from Lat. taxare, to appraise, which again is connected with the same root as tangere, to touch)

taxation, and to have See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of it . The royal See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, however, gradually asserted itself, and it became the See also:

• RULE

rule that permission to levy local taxes should be obtained from the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king . From the 14th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century onwards, we find numerous charters granting (octroyer) to See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French towns the right to tax themselves . The taxes did not remain strictly municipal, for an See also:

• ORDINANCE
• ORDINANCE, or ORDONNANCE

ordinance of See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

Cardinal See also:

• MAZARIN, JULES (1602-1661)

Mazarin (in 1647) ordered the proceeds of the octroi to be paid into the public treasury, and at other times the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government claimed a certain percentage of the product, but this practice was finally abandoned in 1852 . From an See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early time the octroi was farmed out to associations or private individuals, and so See also:

• GREAT

great were the abuses which arose from the See also:

• SYSTEM

system that the octroi was abolished during the Revolution . But'such a drastic measure meant the stoppage of all municipal activities, and in 1798 See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris was allowed to re-establish its octroi .

Other cities were allowed gradually to follow suit, and in 1809 a See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law was passed laying down the basis on which octrois might be established . Other See also:

• LAWS

laws have been passed from time to time in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France dealing with the octroi, especially those of 1816, 1842, 1867, 1871, 1884 and 1897 . By the law of 1809 octroi duties were allowed on (1) beverages and liquids; (2) eatables; (3) See also:

• FUEL (O. Fr. feuaile, popular Lat. focalia, from focus, hearth, fire)

fuel; (4) See also:

• FORAGE

forage; (5) See also:

• BUILDING

building materials . A See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale of rates was fixed, graduated according to the See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population, and farming out was strictly regulated . A law of 1816 enacted that an octroi could only be established at the wish of a municipal See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council, and that only articles destined for local consumption could be taxed . The law of 1852 abolished the 1o% of the See also:

• GROSS

gross receipts paid to the treasury . Certain indispensable commodities are allowed to enter See also:

• FREE

free, such as See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain, See also:

• FLOUR

flour, See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit, vegetables and See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish . French octroi duties are collected either by the (1) regie See also:

• SIMPLE

simple, i.e. by See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• OFFICERS

officers under the direction of the maire; (2) by the See also:

• BAIL

bail a ferme, i.e. farming, the contractor paying yearly a certain agreed upon sum calculated on the estimated amount; (3) the regie inleresse, a variation of the preceding method, the contractor sharing the profits with the See also:

• MUNICIPALITY

municipality when they reach a given- sum; and (4) the abonnement aver la regie See also:

• DES

des contributions indirectes, under which a See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of the treasury undertakes to collect the duties . More than See also:

• HALF

half the octrois are collected under (1), and the See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers tend to increase; (2) is steadily decreasing, while (3) has been practically abandoned; (4) tends to increase . The gross receipts in 1901 amounted to :11,132,870 . A law of 1897 created new See also:

• SOURCES

sources of taxation, giving communes the See also:

• OPTION (Lat. optio, choice, choosing, optare, to choose)

option of (1) new duties on See also:

• ALCOHOL

alcohol; (2) a municipal See also:

• LICENCE (through the French from Lat. licentia, licere, to be lawful)

licence duty on retailers of beverages; (3) a special tax on wine in See also:

• BOTTLE (Fr. bouteille, from a diminutive of the Lat. butta, a flask; cf. Eng. " butt ")

bottle; (4) See also:

• DIRECT

direct taxes on horses and carriages, clubs, billiard tables and See also:

• DOGS, ISLE OF

dogs; (5) additional centimes to direct taxes . From time to time there has been agitation in France for the abolition of octroi duties, but it has never been pushed very earnestly .

In 1869 a See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission was appointed to considerthe See also:

• MATTER

matter, and reported in favour of their retention . In See also:

• BELGIUM
• BELGIUM (Fr. Belgique; Flem. Belgic)

Belgium, on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, they were abolished in 1870, being replaced by an increase in customs and See also:

• EXCISE (derived through the Dutch, excijs or accijs, possibly from Late Lat. accensare,—ad, to, and census, tax; the word owes something to a confusion with excisum, cut out)

excise duties; and in 1903 those in See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt were also abolished . Octroi duties exist in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain, See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal and in some of the towns of See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria . O'See also:

• CURRY

CURRY, See also:

• EUGENE

EUGENE (1796-1862), Irish See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Dunaha, See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county See also:

• CLARE
• CLARE, JOHN (1793-1864)
• CLARE, JOHN FITZGIBBON, 1ST EARL OF (1749-1802)

Clare, in 1796, the son of a See also:

• FARMER, RICHARD (1735–1787)

farmer who was a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of unusual intelligence . After being employed for some time in the topographical and See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section of the Irish See also:

• ORDNANCE (a syncopated form of " ordinance " or " ordonnance," so spelt in this sense since the 17th century)

ordnance survey, O'Curry earned his living by translating and copying Irish See also:

• MANUSCRIPTS

manuscripts . The See also:

• CATALOGUE (a Fr. adaptation of the Gr. KaraXoyos, a register, from Karalyety, to enrol or pick out)

catalogue of Irish manuscripts in the See also:

• BRITISH

British Museum was compiled by him . On the See also:

• FOUNDING (from Lat. fundere, to pour)

founding of the Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic University of See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland (1854) he was appointed See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of Irish See also:

• HISTORY

history and See also:

• ARCHAEOLOGY (from Gr. &pxa1a, ancient things, and Xoyos, theory or science)

archaeology . His lectures were published by the university in 1860, and give a better knowledge of Irish See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval literature than can be obtained from any other one source . Three other volumes of lectures were published posthum ously, under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title On the See also:

• MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

Manners and Customs of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

Ancient Irish (1873) . His voluminous transcripts, notably eight huge volumes of ancient Irish law, testify to his unremitting See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry, The See also:

• CELTIC

Celtic Society, of the council of which he was a member, published two of his See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations of medieval tales . He died in See also:

• DUBLIN

Dublin in 1862 .