See also:

• ODER (Lat. Viadua; Slavonic, Vjodr)

ODER (See also:

• LAT

Lat. Viadua; See also:

• SLAVONIC, OLD

Slavonic, Vjodr)  , a See also:

• RIVER

river of See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, rises in See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria on the Odergebirge in the Moravian tableland at a height of 1950 ft. above the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea, and 14 M. to the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of See also:

• OLMUTZ (Czech; Olomouc or Holomauc)

Olmutz . From its source to its mouth in the Baltic it has a See also:

• TOTAL

total length of 56o m., of which 480 m.'are navigable for See also:

• BARGES

barges, and it drains an See also:

• AREA

area of 43,300 sq. m . The first 45 M. of its course See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie within See also:

• MORAVIA (Ger., Ma/wen; Czech, Morava)

Moravia; for the next 15 m. it forms the frontier between Prussian and See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian See also:

• SILESIA

Silesia, while the remaining 500 M. belong to See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia, where it traverses the provinces of Silesia, See also:

• BRANDENBURG

Brandenburg and See also:

• POMERANIA (German, Pommern)

Pomerania . It flows at first towards the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-east, but on quitting Austria turns towards the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west, maintaining this direction as far as See also:

• FRANKFORT

Frankfort-on-See also:

• ODER (Lat. Viadua; Slavonic, Vjodr)

Oder, beyond which its See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general course is nearly due north . As far as the frontier the Oder flows through a well-defined valley, but, after passing through the See also:

• GAP

gap between the Moravian mountains, and the Carpathians and entering the Silesian See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain, its valley is wide and shallow and its See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks generally See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low . In its See also:

• LOWER

lower course it is divided into numerous branches, forming many islands . The See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main channel follows the See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the valley and finally expands into the Pommersches, or Stettiner Haff, which is connected with the sea by three arms, the Peene, the See also:

• SWINE

Swine and the Dievenow, forming the islands of Usedem and See also:

• WOLLIN

Wollin . The Swine, in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle, is the main channel for See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief tributaries of the Oder on the left See also:

• BANK

bank are the Oppa, Glatzer See also:

• NEISSE

Neisse, Katzbach, See also:

• BOBER

Bober and Lausitzer Neisse; on the right bank the Malapane, Bartsch and See also:

• WARTHE (Polish, Warta)

Warthe . Of these the only one of importance for navigation is the Warthe, which through the See also:

• NETZE

Netze is brought into communication with the See also:

• VISTULA (Ger. Weichsel, Polish Wisla)

Vistula . The Oder is also connected by canals with the See also:

• HAVEL

Havel and the See also:

• SPREE

Spree . The most important towns on its banks are See also:

• RATIBOR (Polish Raciborz)

Ratibor, See also:

• OPPELN (Polish, Oppolie)

Oppeln, See also:

• BRIEG

Brieg, See also:

• BRESLAU (Polish Wraclaw)

Breslau, See also:

• GLOGAU

Glogau,-Frankfort, See also:

• CUSTRIN, or KUSTRIN

Custrin and See also:

• STETTIN

Stettin, with the seaport of See also:

• SWINEMUNDE

Swinemunde at its mouth .

Glogau, Custrin and Swinemunde are strongly fortified . The earliest important undertaking with a view of improving the waterway was due to the initiative of See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick the See also:

• GREAT

Great, who recommended the diversion of the river into a new and straight channel in the swampy See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract of See also:

• LAND

land known as the Oderbruch, near Custrin . The See also:

• WORK

work was carried out in the years 1746–1753, a large tract of marshland being brought under cultivation, a considerable detour cut off, and the main stream successfully confined to the See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal, 12 M. in length, which is known as the New Oder . The river at See also:

• PRESENT

present begins to be navigable for barges at Ratibor, where it is about See also:

• LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo ft. wide, and for larger vessels at Breslau, and great exertions are made by the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government to deepen and keep open the channel, which still shows a strong tendency to choke itself with See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand in certain places . The alterations made of See also:

• LATE

late years consist of three systems of See also:

• WORKS

works: (1) The canalization of the main stream (4 m.) at Breslau, and from the confluence of the Glatzer Neisse to the mouth of the Klodnitz canal, a distance of over 50 M . These See also:

• ENGINEERING

engineering works were completed in 1896 . (2) In 1887–1891 the Oder-Spree canal was made to connect the two See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers named . The canal leaves the Oder at See also:

• FURSTENBERG

Furstenberg (132 M. above its mouth) at an See also:

• ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

altitude of 93 ft., and after 15 M. enters the See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

Friedrich-Wilhelm canal (134 ft.) . After coinciding with this for 7 m., it makes another cut of 5 M. to the Spree at See also:

• FURSTENWALDE

Furstenwalde' (126 ft.) . Then it follows the Spree for 12 m., and at See also:

• GROSS

Gross Tranke (121 ft.) passes out and goes to See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake Seddin (106 ft.), 15 m . (3) The deepening and regulation of the mouth and lower course of the stream, consisting of the Kaiserfahrt, 3 M. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long, affording a waterway between the Stettiner Haff and the river Swine for the largest ocean-going vessels; a new cut, 44 M. long, from Vietzig on the Stettiner Haff to Wollin See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

Island; the Parnitz-Dunzig and Dunzig-Oder canals, together 1 m. long, constituting the immediate approach to Stettin . Vessels See also:

• DRAWING

drawing 24 ft. are now able to go right up to Stettin .

In 1905 a project was sanctioned for improving the communication between See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin and Stettin by widening and deepening the lower course of the river and then connecting this by a canal with Berlin . Another project, See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, is one for the canalization of the upper course of the Oder . About 4,000,000 tons of merchandize pass through Breslau (up and down) on the Oder in the See also:

• YEAR

year . See Der Oderstrom, sein Stromgebiet and See also:

• SEINE
• SEINE (Lat. Sequana)
• SEINE, or SEAN (O. Fr. seigne, mod. seine, Lat. sagena, Gr. vaytivrl, a draw-net)

seine wichtigsten Nebenflusse; hydrographische, wasserwirtschaftliche and wasserrechtliche Darstellung (Berlin, 1896) .