ODOFREDUS  , an See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian jurist of the 13th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . He was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• BOLOGNA
• BOLOGNA, GIOVANNI DA (1524–1608)

Bologna and studied See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law under See also:

• BALDUINUS, JACOBUS

Balduinus and See also:

• ACCURSIUS (Ital. AccoRso), FRANCISCUS (1182-1260)

Accursius . After having practised as an See also:

• ADVOCATE (Lat. advocatus, from advocare, to summon, especially in law to call in the aid of a counsel or witness, and so generally to summon to one's assistance)

advocate both in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy and See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, he became See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor at Bologna in 1228 . The commentaries on See also:

• ROMAN

Roman law attributed to him are valuable as showing the growth of the study of law in Italy, and for their See also:

• BIOGRAPHICAL

biographical details of the jurists of the 12th and 13th centuries . Odofredus died at Bologna on the 3rd of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1265 . Over his name appeared Lecturae in codicem (See also:

• LYONS
• LYONS (Fr. Lyon)
• LYONS, COUNCILS OF
• LYONS, EDMUND LYONS, BARON (1790-1858)
• LYONS, RICHARD BICKERTON PEMELL LYONS, 1ST EARL (1817–1887)

Lyons, 1480) Lecturae in digestum vetus (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1504), Summa de libellis formandis (See also:

• STRASSBURG, or STRASBURG (French Strasbourg)

Strassburg, 151o), Lecturae in See also:

• TEES

tees libros (See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice, 1514), and Lecturae in digestum novum (Lyons, 1552) . O'DONNELL, the name of an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient and powerful Irish See also:

• FAMILY

family, lords of Tyrconnel in See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early times, and the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief rivals of the O'Neills in See also:

• ULSTER
• ULSTER, EARLS OF

Ulster . Like the family of O'See also:

• NEILL, JAMES GEORGE SMITH (1810-1857)

Neill (q.v.), that of O'Donnell was descended from Niall of the Nine Hostages, See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland at the beginning of the 5th century; the O'Neills, or Cinell See also:

• OWEN, JOHN (1616-1683)
• OWEN, JOHN [OVENUS Or AUDOENUS] (c. 1560-1622)
• OWEN, ROBERT (1771-1858)
• OWEN, SIR HUGH (1804-1881)
• OWEN, SIR RICHARD (1804–1892)

Owen, tracing their See also:

• PEDIGREE

pedigree to Owen (Eoghan), and the O'Donnells, or Cinel Connell, to Conall Gulban, both sons of Niall . Tyrconnel, the See also:

• DISTRICT

district named after the Cinel Connell, where the O'Donnells held sway, comprised the greater See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county of See also:

• DONEGAL

Donegal except the See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

peninsula of Inishowen; and since it See also:

• LAY

lay conterminous with the territory ruled by the O'Neills of See also:

• TYRONE
• TYRONE, EARLS OF

Tyrone, who were continually attempting to assert their supremacy over it, the See also:

• HISTORY

history of the O'Donnells is for the most part a See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of tribal warfare with their powerful neighbours, and of their own efforts to make See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good their claims to the overlordship of See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• CONNAUGHT
• CONNAUGHT, ARTHUR WILLIAM PATRICK ALBERT, DUKE OF (1850– )

Connaught . The first chieftain of See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark in the family was Goffraidh (See also:

• GODFREY, SIR EDMUND BERRY (1621-1678)

Godfrey), son of Donnell Mor O'Donnell (d . 1241) . Goffraidh, who was " inaugurated " as " The O'Donnell," i.e. chief of the See also:

• CLAN (Gaelic clann, O. Ir. cland, connected with Lat. planta, shoot or scion, the ancient Gaelic or Goidelic substituting k for p)

clan, in 1248, made a successful inroad into Tyrone against See also:

• BRIAN (926-1014)

Brian O'Neill in 1252 .

In 1257 he drove the See also:

• ENGLISH

English out of northern Connaught, after a single combat with See also:

• MAURICE (1521–1553)
• MAURICE (MAURICIUS FLAVIUS TIBERIUS) (c. 539–602)
• MAURICE [or MAURITIUS], ST (d. c. 286)
• MAURICE, JOHN FREDERICK DENISON (1805-1872)

Maurice See also:

• FITZGERALD
• FITZGERALD, EDWARD (1809–1883)
• FITZGERALD, LORD E
• FITZGERALD, LORD EDWARD (1763-1798)
• FITZGERALD, LORD THOMAS (loth earl of Kildare), (1513-1537)
• FITZGERALD, RAYMOND, or REDMOND (d. ca. 1182)

Fitzgerald in which both warriors were wounded . O'Donnell while still incapacitated by his See also:

• WOUND (O. Eng. wund,connected with a Teutonic verb, meaning to strive, fight, suffer, seen in O. Eng. winnan, whence Eng. " win ")

wound was summoned by Brian O'Neill to give hostages in token of submission . Carried on a See also:

• LITTER (through O. Fr. litere or litiere, mod. litiere from Med. Lat. lectaria, classical lectica, lectus, bed, couch)

litter at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of his clan he gave See also:

• BATTLE

battle to O'Neill, whom he defeated with severe loss in prisoners and See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle; but he died of his wound immediately afterwards near See also:

• LETTERKENNY

Letterkenny, and.was succeeded in the chieftainship by his See also:

• BROTHER

brother Donnell Oge, who returned from See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland in See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time to withstand successfully the demands of O'Neill . In the 16th century, when the English began to make deter-See also:

• MINED

mined efforts to bring the whole of Ireland under subjection to the See also:

• CROWN

crown, the O'Donnells of Tyrconnel played a leading part; co-operating at times with the English, especially when such co-operation appeared to promise See also:

• TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph over their ancient enemies the O'Neills, at other times joining with the latter against the English authorities . 1 The Cinel, or Kinel, was a See also:

• GROUP

group of related clans occupying an extensive district . See P . W. gJoyce, A Social History of Ireland (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1903), i . 166 . • MANUS O'DONNELL (d . 1564), son of See also:

• HUGH
• HUGH, ST

Hugh Dubh O'Donnell, was See also:

• LEFT

left by his See also:

• FATHER

father to See also:

• RULE

rule Tyrconnel, though still a See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere youth, when Hugh Dubh went on a See also:

• PILGRIMAGE (Fr. pelerinage, Lat. peregrinatio)

pilgrimage to See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome about 1511 . Hugh Dubh had been chief of the O'Donnells during one of the bitterest and most protracted of the feuds between his clan and the O'Neills, which in 1491 led to a See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war, lasting more than ten years . On his return from Rome in broken See also:

• HEALTH

health after two years' See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence, his son Manus, who had proved himself a capable See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader in defending his See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country against the O'Neills, retained the chief authority .

A family See also:

• QUARREL

quarrel ensued, and when Hugh Dubh appealed for aid against his son to the Maguires, Manus made an See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance with the O'Neills, by whose assistance he established his hold over Tyrconnel . But in 1522 the two See also:

• GREAT

great northern clans were again at war . See also:

• CONN
• CONN, LOUGH

Conn Bacach O'Neill, 1st See also:

• EARL

earl of Tyrone, determined to bring the O'Donnells under thorough subjection . Supported by several septs of See also:

• MUNSTER
• MUNSTER, SEBASTIAN (1489-1552)

Munster and Connaught, Ind assisted also by English contingents and by the MacDonnells of See also:

• ANTRIM
• ANTRIM, RANDAL MACDONNELL, 1ST EARL OF (d. 1636)
• ANTRIM, RANDAL MACDONNELL, 1ST MARQUESS OF (1609-1683)

Antrim, O'Neill took the See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle of See also:

• BALLYSHANNON

Ballyshannon, and after devastating a large part of Tyrconnel he encamped at Knockavoe, near See also:

• STRABANE

Strabane . Here he was surprised at See also:

• NIGHT

night by Hugh Dubh and Manus O'Donnell, and routed with the loss of goo men and an immense quantity of See also:

• BOOTY (apparently influenced by " boot," O. Eng. bot, ad-vantage or profit, through an adaptation from an earlier form cognate with Ger. Beute and Fr. butin)

booty . Although this was one of the bloodiest fights that ever took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place between the O'Neills and the O'Donnells, it did not bring the war to an end; and in 1531 O'Donnell applied to the English See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government for See also:

• PROTECTION

protection, giving assurances of See also:

• ALLEGIANCE (Mid. Eng. ligeaunce; med. Lat. ligeantia, &c.; the al- was probably added through confusion with another legal term, allegeance, an allegation; the Fr. allegeance comes from the English; the word is formed from " liege," of which the derivatio

allegiance to See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry VIII . In 1537 See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas Fitzgerald and his five uncles were executed for See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion in Munster, and the English government made every effort to lay hands also on Gerald, the youthful See also:

• HEIR (Lat. heres, from a root meaning to grasp, seen in heres or erus, master of a house, Gr. xeip, hand, Sans. hat ana, hand)

heir to the earldom of See also:

• KILDARE

Kildare, a boy of twelve years of See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age who was in the See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret custody of his aunt See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

Lady Eleanor McCarthy . This lady, in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to secure a powerful See also:

• PROTECTOR

protector for the boy, accepted an offer of See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage by Manus O'Donnell, who on the See also:

• DEATH

death of Hugh Dubh in See also:

• JULY

July 1537 was inaugurated The O'Donnell . Conn O'Neill was a relative of Gerald Fitzgerald, and this event accordingly led to the formation of the Geraldine See also:

• LEAGUE

League, a federation which combined the O'Neills, the O'Donnells, the O'Briens of See also:

• THOMOND, EARL AND MARQUESS OF

Thomond, and other powerful clans; the See also:

• PRIMARY

primary See also:

• OBJECT

object of which was to restore Gerald to the earldom of Kildare, but which afterwards aimed at the See also:

• COMPLETE

complete overthrow of English rule in Ireland . In See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1 539 Manus O'Donnell and Conn O'Neill were defeated with heavy loss by the lord See also:

• DEPUTY (through the Fr. from a Late Lat. use of deputare, to cut off, allot; putare having the original sense of to trim, prune)

deputy at See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake Bellahoe, in See also:

• MONAGHAN

Monaghan, which crippled their See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power for many years . In the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west Manus made unceasing efforts to assert the supremacy of the O'Donnells in See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north Connaught, where he compelled O'Conor See also:

• SLIGO

Sligo to acknowledge his over-lordship in 1539 . In 1542 he went to See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England and presented himself, together with Conn O'Neill and other Irish chiefs, before Henry VIII., who promised to make him earl of Tyrconnel, though he refused O'Donnell's See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request to be made earl of Sligo .

In his later years Manus was troubled by quarrels between his sons See also:

• CALVAGH

Calvagh and Hugh MacManus; in 1555 he was made prisoner by Calvagh, who deposed him from all authority in Tyrconnel, and he died in 1564 . Manus O'Donnell, though a fierce See also:

• WARRIOR

warrior, was hospitable and generous to the poor and the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church . He is described by the Four Masters as " a learned See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man, skilled in many arts, gifted with a profound See also:

• INTELLECT (Lat. intellectus, from intelligere, to understand)

intellect, and the knowledge of every See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science." At his castle of Portnatrynod near Strabane he supervised if he did not actually dictate the See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing of the See also:

• LIFE

Life of See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint Columbkille in Irish, which is preserved in the Bodleian Library at See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford . Manus was several times married . His first wife, See also:

• JOAN

Joan O'Reilly, was the See also:

• MOTHER

mother of Calvagh, and two daughters, both of whom married O'Neills; the younger, See also:

• MARGARET
• MARGARET (1283–1290)
• MARGARET (1353-1412)
• MARGARET (1489–1541)
• MARGARET, ST (c. 1045–1093)
• MARGARET, ST (SANCTA MARGARITA)

Margaret, was wife of the famous See also:

• REBEL, JOHANN PETER (176o-1826)

rebel See also:

• SHANE

Shane O'Neill . His second wife, Hugh's mother, by whom he was ancestor of the earls of Tyrconnel (see below), was See also:

• JUDITH, THE BOOK OF

Judith, See also:

• SISTER

sister of Conn Bacach O'Neill, 1st earl of Tyrone, and aunt of Shane O'Neill .