See also:

• OLBIA
• OLBIA (Gr. bX/3ia, i.e. happy; mod. Terranova Pausania, q.v.)

OLBIA (Gr. bX/3ia, i.e. happy; mod. See also:

• TERRANOVA

Terranova Pausania, q.v.)  , an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient seaport See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of See also:

• SARDINIA (Gr. 'IXs'o"uva, from a fancied resemblance to a footprint in its shape, Ital. Sardegna)

Sardinia, on the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast . The name indicates that it was of See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek origin, and tradition attributes its See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation to the Boeotians and Thespians under Iolaus (see SARDINIA) . Pais considers that it was founded by the Phocaeans of Massilia before the 4th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century B.C . (in Tamponi, op. cit. p . 83) . It is situated on See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low ground, at the extremity of a deep See also:

• RECESS (Lat. recessus, a going back, withdrawal, from recedere, to withdraw)

recess, now called the Golfo di See also:

• TERRANOVA

Terranova . It was besieged unsuccessfully by L . See also:

• CORNELIUS
• CORNELIUS, CARL AUGUST PETER (1824-1874)
• CORNELIUS, PETER VON (1784–1867)

Cornelius Scipio in 259 B.C . Its territory was ravaged in 210 B.C. by a Carthaginian See also:

• FLEET

fleet . In See also:

• ROMAN

Roman times it was the See also:

• REGULAR

regular landing-See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place for travellers from See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy . See also:

• CICERO

Cicero notes the See also:

• RECEIPT (M.E. receite, derived through Fr. from Lat. recepta, participle of recipere, to receive)

receipt of a See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter from his See also:

• BROTHER

brother from See also:

• OLBIA
• OLBIA (Gr. bX/3ia, i.e. happy; mod. Terranova Pausania, q.v.)

Olbia in 56 B.C., and obviously shared the prevailing belief as to the unhealthiness of Sardinia . Traces of the pre-Roman city have not been found .

The See also:

• LINE

line of the Roman city walls has been determined on the N. and E., the N.E. See also:

• ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle being at the ancient See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour, which See also:

• LAY

lay to the N. of the See also:

• MODERN

modern (Notizie degli Scavi, 1890, p . 224) . Among the See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions are two tombstones, one of an imperial freedwoman,1 the other of a freedman of Acte, the concubine of See also:

• NERO (37-68)

Nero; a similar See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb-See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone was also found at See also:

• CARALES (Gr. KapaXts, mod. Cagliari, q. v.)

Carales, and tiles bearing her name have been found in several parts of the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island, but especially at Olbia, where in See also:

• BUILDING

building a modern See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house in 1881 about one thousand were discovered . Pais (op. cit . 89 sqq.) attributes to Olbia an inscription now in the Campo Santo at See also:

• PISA
• PISA, COUNCIL OF (1409)

Pisa, an See also:

• EPISTYLE (Gr. erri, upon, and vTi)Xor, column)

epistyle bearing the words " Cereri sacrum Claudia Aug. See also:

• LIB

lib . Acte," and made of Sardinian (?) See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite . In any See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case it is clear that Acte must have had considerable See also:

• PROPERTY

property in the island (Corp . Inscr . See also:

• LAT

Lat. x . 7980) . Discoveries of buildings and tombs have frequently occurred within the See also:

• AREA

area of the See also:

• TOWN

town and in its neighbourhood . Some scanty remains of an See also:

• AQUEDUCT (Lat. aqua, water, and ducere, to lead; Gr. apaymryeiov, apayeeywov, vlrovopos)

aqueduct exist outside the town, but hardly anything else of 1 The freedwoman had been a slave of Acte before passing into the property of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor, and took the cognomen Acteniana—a practice which otherwise only occurs in the case of slaves of citizens of the highest See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank or of See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings.antiquity is to be seen in situ .

A large number of milestones, fifty-one in all, with inscriptions, and several more with illegible ones, belonging to the first twelve See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles of the Roman road between Olbia and Carales, have been discovered, and are now kept in the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of S . Simplicio (Notizie degli Scavi, 1888, p . 535; 1889, p . 258; 1892, pp . 217, 366; Classical See also:

• REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

Review, 1889, p . 228; 1890, p . 65; P . Tamponi, Silloge Epigrafica, Olbiense, See also:

• SASSARI

Sassari, 1895) . This large number may be accounted for by the fact that a new stone was often erected for a new emperor . They range in date from A.D . 245 to 375 (one is possibly of See also:

• DOMITIAN (Thus FLAVIUS DOMITIANUS)

Domitian) . The itineraries See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state that the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main road from Carales to Olbia ran through the centre of the island to the east of Gennargentu (see SARDINIA); but a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch certainly diverged from the main road from Carales to Turris Libisonis (which kept farther See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west, more or less along the line followed by the modern railway) and came to Olbia .

The distance by both lines is much the same; and all these milestones belong to the last portion which was See also:

• COMMON

common to both roads . (T . As.) OLD-See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

AGE See also:

• PENSIONS

PENSIONS . The See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision of annuities for aged poor by the state was proposed in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England in the 18th century—e.g. by See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis Maseres, cursitor See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

baron of the See also:

• EXCHEQUER

Exchequer, in 1772, and by Mr See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

Mark Rolle, M.P., in 1787 . Suggestions for subsidizing friendly See also:

• SOCIETIES, LEARNED

societies have also been frequent—e.g. by T . See also:

• PAINE, ROBERT TREAT (1731–1814)
• PAINE, THOMAS (1737–1809)

Paine in 1795, tentatively in Sturges See also:

• BOURNE (southern form of burn, Teutonic born, bran, burna)
• BOURNE, or BOURN
• BOURNE, VINCENT (1695-1747)

Bourne's See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

Report on the Poor See also:

• LAWS

Laws, 1817, and by See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• LANSDOWNE
• LANSDOWNE, WILLIAM PETTY FITZMAURICE, 1ST MARQUESS OF (1737-18o5)

Lansdowne in 1837 . The subject again became prominent in the latter See also:

• PART

part of the 19th century . See also:

• CANON

Canon Blackley, who started this See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement, proposed to compel every one to insure with a state See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department against sickness and old age, and essentially his See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme was one for the See also:

• RELIEF

relief of the ratepayers and a more equitable readjustment of the poor-See also:

• RATE

rate . The terms provisionally put forward by him required that every one in youth should pay £1o, in return for which the state was to See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant 8s. a See also:

• WEEK (from A.S. wicu, Germanic *wikon, probably=change, turn)

week sick See also:

• ALLOWANCE (from "allow,' derived through 0. Fr. alouer from the two Lat. origins adlaudare, to praise, and allocare, to assign a place; so that the English word combined the general idea of "assigning with approval")

allowance and 4s. See also:

• PENSION (Lat. pensio, a payment, from pendere, to weigh, to pay)

pension after seventy . These proposals were submitted to the Select See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

Committee on See also:

• NATIONAL

National Provident See also:

• INSURANCE

Insurance, 1885-1887 . This See also:

• BODY

body reported unfavourably, more especially on the sick insurance part of the scheme, but the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of old-age pension survived, and was taken up by the National Provident See also:

• LEAGUE

League, of which Mr (afterwards See also:

• SIR

Sir) J . Rankin, M.P., was chairman .

The subject was discussed in the constituencies and expectation was aroused . An unofficial See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary committee was formed, with Mr J . See also:

• CHAMBERLAIN (0. Fr. chamberlain, chamberlenc, Mod. Fr. chambellan, from O. H. Ger. Chamarling, Chamarlinc, whence also the Med. Lat. cambellanus, camerlingus, camerlengus; Ital. camerlingo; Span. camerlengo, compounded of 0. H. Ger. Chamara, Kamara [Lat.
• CHAMBERLAIN, JOSEPH (1836— )
• CHAMBERLAIN, JOSHUA LAWRENCE (1828– )
• CHAMBERLAIN, SIR NEVILLE BOWLES (1820-1902)

Chamberlain as chairman . This committee published proposals in See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1892, which show a very interesting See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change of attitude on the part of the promoters . Compulsion, which at the earlier See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period had found favour with Canon Blackley, Sir J . Rankin and even Mr Chamberlain, was no longer urged . The annuitant was no longer required to pay a See also:

• PREMIUM (Lat. praemium, profit, reward, prae+emere, to buy)

premium adequate to the benefits promised, as in Canon Blackley's proposal . The benefit was no longer a pure See also:

• ANNUITY (from Lat. annus, a year)

annuity, but premiums were, in certain cases, returnable, and allowances were provided for widows, See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children (if any) and for the next of See also:

• KIN (0. E. cyn, a word represented in nearly all Teutonic languages, cf. Du. kunne, Dan. and Swed. kon, Goth kuni, tribe; the Teutonic base is kunya; the equivalent Aryan root gan- to beget, produce, is seen in Gr. 'yEvos, Lat. genus, cf. "kind")

kin . Canon Blackley's professed See also:

• OBJECT

object was to supersede the friendly societies, which, he alleged, were more or less insolvent; a proposal was now introduced to See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double every See also:

• HALF

half-See also:

• CROWN

crown of tension derived by members from their friendly societies . This See also:

• SUGGESTION

suggestion was criticized, even by supporters of the principle of state aid, on the ground that unless a pension was gratuitous, the class from which See also:

• PAUPERISM (Lat. pauper, poor)

pauperism is really See also:

• DRAWN

drawn could not profit by it . Mr See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• BOOTH (connected with a Teutonic root meaning to dwell, whence also " bower ")
• BOOTH, BARTON (1681–1933)
• BOOTH, CHARLES (184o– )
• BOOTH, EDWIN [THOMAS] (1833–1893)

Booth in particular took this line . He accordingly proposed that there should be a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general endowment of old age, 5s. a week to every one at the age of sixty-five .

This proposal was calculated to involve an See also:

• EXPENDITURE

expenditure of £18,000,000 for England and See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales and £24,000,000 for the See also:

• UNITED

United See also:

• KINGDOM

Kingdom, exclusive of the cost of See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration . While Mr Booth severely criticized the weak points of the contributory and voluntary schemes, their most influential See also:

• ADVOCATE (Lat. advocatus, from advocare, to summon, especially in law to call in the aid of a counsel or witness, and so generally to summon to one's assistance)

advocate, Mr Chamberlain, did not spare Mr Booth's proposals . Speaking at Highbury, for instance, on the 24th of May 1899, he described Mr Booth's universal scheme as " a gigantic See also:

• SYSTEM

system of out-See also:

• DOOR (corresponding to the Gr. Bbpa,. Lat. fores or valvae; the English word, with other forms common in allied languages, comes from the same Indo-European stem as the Gr. Obpa and Lat. fares)

door relief for every one, See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good and See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad, thrifty and unthrifty, the waster, drunkard and idler, as well as the industrious," and very forcibly stated his inability to support it . In 1893 Mr See also:

• GLADSTONE
• GLADSTONE, JOHN HALL (1827-1902)
• GLADSTONE, WILLIAM EWART (1809–1898)

Gladstone referred the whole question to a royal See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission (Lord See also:

• ABERDARE
• ABERDARE, HENRY AUSTIN BRUCE

Aberdare, chairman) . A See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority report, adverse to the principle of state pensions, was issued in 1895 . A minority report, signed by Mr Chamberlain and others, dissented, mainly on the ground that public expectation would be disappointed if nothing was done . In 1896 Lord See also:

• SALISBURY
• SALISBURY, EARLS OF
• SALISBURY, ROBERT ARTHUR TALBOT GASCOYNECECIL, 3RD MARQUESS OF (1830-1903)
• SALISBURY, ROBERT CECIL, 1ST EARL OF (c. 1565-1612)
• SALISBURY, THOMAS DE MONTACUTE, 4TH EARL OF (1388-1428)
• SALISBURY, WILLIAM LONGSWORD (or LONGESPEE), EARL OF (d. 1226)

Salisbury appointed a committee " of experts " (Lord See also:

• ROTHSCHILD

Rothschild, chairman) to report on schemes submitted, and, if necessary, to devise a scheme . The committee were unable to recommend any of the schemes submitted, and added that, " we ourselves are unable, after repeated attempts, to devise any proposal See also:

• FREE

free from See also:

• GRAVE

grave inherent disadvantages." This second condemnation was not considered conclusive, and a select committee of the House of See also:

• COMMONS

Commons (Mr See also:

• CHAPLIN, HENRY (1841– )

Chaplin, chairman) was appointed to consider the See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of " the aged deserving poor." After an ineffectual See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt by Mr Chaplin to induce the committee to drop the pension idea, and to consider the provision made for the aged by the poor See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, the committee somewhat hastily promulgated a scheme of gratuitous pensions for persons possessing certain qualifications . Of these the following were the most important: age of sixty-five; no conviction for See also:

• CRIME (Lat. crimen, accusation)

crime; no poor-law relief, " unless under exceptional circumstances," within twenty years; non-See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of income of los. a week; proved See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry, or proved exercise of reasonable See also:

• PROVIDENCE

providence by some definite mode of See also:

• THRIFT

thrift . The committee refrained from explaining the machinery and from estimating the cost, and suggested that this last problem should be submitted' to yet another committee . Accordingly a departmental committee (chairman, Sir E . See also:

• HAMILTON
• HAMILTON (GRAND or ASHUANIPI)
• HAMILTON, ALEXANDER (1757-1804)
• HAMILTON, ANTHONY, or ANTOINE (1646-1720)
• HAMILTON, ELIZABETH (1758–1816)
• HAMILTON, EMMA, LADY (c. 1765-1815)
• HAMILTON, JAMES (1769-1831)
• HAMILTON, JAMES HAMILTON, 1ST DUKE OF (1606-1649)
• HAMILTON, JOHN (c. 1511–1571)
• HAMILTON, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• HAMILTON, PATRICK (1504-1528)
• HAMILTON, ROBERT (1743-1829)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM (1730-1803)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM ROWAN (1805-1865)
• HAMILTON, THOMAS (1789-1842)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM (1704-1754)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM GERARD (1729-1796)

Hamilton) was appointed, which reported in See also:

• JANUARY

January 1900 .

The estimated cost of the above See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan was, by this committee, calculated at £10,300,000 in 1901, rising to £15,650,000 in 1921 . Mr Chaplin had publicly suggested that £2,000,00o, the proceeds of a Is. See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty on See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn, would go a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long way to meet the needs of the case—a conjecture which was obviously far too sanguine . These unfavourable reports discouraged the more responsible See also:

• ADVOCATES, FACULTY OF

advocates of state pensions . Mr Chamberlain appealed to the friendly societies to formulate a plan, an invitation which they showed no disposition to accept . Efforts continued to be made to See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press forward Mr Booth's universal endowment scheme or some modification of it . To this Mr Chamberlain declared his hostility . And here the See also:

• MATTER

matter rested, till in his See also:

• BUDGET (originally from a Gallic word meaning sack, latinized as bulga, leather wallet or bag, thence in O. Fr. bougette, from which the Eng. form is derived)

Budget speech in 1907 Mr See also:

• ASQUITH, HERBERT HENRY (1852– )

Asquith pledged the Liberal See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government to start a scheme in 1908 . In 1908 accordingly there was passed the Old-Age Pensions See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act, which carried into effect a scheme for state pensions, payable as from the 1st of January Igo to persons of the age of 70 years and over . The act grants a pension according to a graduated See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale of not exceeding 5s. a week to every See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person, male and See also:

• FEMALE

female, who fulfils certain statutory conditions, and at the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time is not subject to certain disqualifications . The statutory conditions, as set out in § 2 of the act, are: (1) The person must have attained the age of seventy; (2) must satisfy the pension authorities that for at least twenty years up to the date of receipt of pension he has been a See also:

• BRITISH

British subject and has had his See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence in the United Kingdom; and (3) the person must satisfy the pension authorities that his yearly means do not exceed £31, 10S . In § 4 of the act there are elaborate See also:

• PRO

pro-visions for the calculation of yearly means, but the following may be particularly noticed: (I) in calculating the means of a person being one of a married couple living together in the same house, the means shall not in any case be taken to be a less amount than half the See also:

• TOTAL

total means of the couple, and (2) if any person directly or indirectly deprives himself of any income or property in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to qualify for an old-age pension, it shall nevertheless be taken to be part of his means . The disqualifications are (I) receipt of poor-law relief (this qualification was specially removed as from the 1st of January 1911); (2) habitual failure to See also:

• WORK

work (except in the case of those who have continuously for ten years up to the age of sixty made provision for their future by payments to friendly, provident or other societies or See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade unions; (3) detention in a pauper or criminal lunatic See also:

• ASYLUM (from Gr. b.-, privative, arid earl, right'of seizure)
• ASYLUM, RIGHT OF (Fr. droit d'asile; Ger. Asylrecht)

asylum; (4) imprisonment without the See also:

• OPTION (Lat. optio, choice, choosing, optare, to choose)

option of a See also:

• FINE

fine, which xx•3disqualifies for ten years; and (5) liability to disqualification for a period not exceeding ten years in the case of an habitual drunkard .

The graduated scale of pensions is given in a See also:

• SCHEDULE

schedule to the act, and provide that when the yearly means of a pensioner do not exceed £21 he shall have the full pension of 5s. a week, which diminishes by Is. a week for every addition of £2, 12s . 6d. to his income, until the latter reaches £31, 10s., when no pension is payable . The pension is paid weekly, on Fridays (§ 5), and is inalienable (§ 6) . All claims for, and questions See also:

• RELATING

relating to, pensions are deter-See also:

• MINED

mined by the pension authorities . They are (I) pension See also:

• OFFICERS

officers appointed by the See also:

• TREASURY

Treasury from among inland See also:

• REVENUE
• REVENUE (0. Fr. revenu, from revenir, to return)

revenue officers; (2) a central pension authority, which is the See also:

• LOCAL

Local Government See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

Board or a committee appointed by it, and (3) local pension committees appointed for every See also:

• BOROUGH (A.S. nominative burh, dative byrig, which produces some of the place-names ending in bury, a sheltered or fortified place, the camp of refuge of a tribe, the stronghold of a chieftain; cf. Ger. Burg, Fr. bor, bore, bourg)
• BOROUGH [BURROUGH, BURROWE, BORROWS], STEVEN (1525–1584)

borough and See also:

• URBAN
• URBAN (Urbanus)

urban See also:

• DISTRICT

district with a See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of over 20,000, and for every See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county . During the first three months of the See also:

• YEAR

year 1909, in which the act came into operation, there were 837,831 claims made for pensions: 490,755 in England and Wales, 85,408 in See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland, and 261,668 in See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland . Of these claims a total of 647,494 were granted: 393,700 in England and Wales, 70,294 in Scotland, and 183,500 in Ireland . The pensions in force on the 31st of March 1909 were as follows: 582,565 of 5s., 23,616 of 4S., 23,275 of 3S., 11,429 of 2S., and 6609 of Is . By the 3oth of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September the total amount of See also:

• MONEY

money paid to 682,768 pensioners was £6,063,658, and in the estimates of 1909–1910 a sum of £8,750,000 was provided for the See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment of pensions . See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany.—The movement in favour of state aid to provision for old age has been largely due to the example of Germany . The See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German system (which for old age See also:

• DATES

dates from 1891) is a See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of compulsory and contributory insurance . One half of the premium payable is paid by the labourer, the other half by the employer .

The state adds a subvention to the allowances paid to the annuitant . (See GERMANY.) See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France.—By a law of See also:

• APRIL

April 1910 a system of old-age pensions, designed to come into operation in 1911, was adopted . It is a contributory system, embracing all wage-earners, with the exception of railway servants, miners and sailors on the See also:

• SPECIAL

special reserve See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of the See also:

• NAVY

navy . It applies also to small landowners, See also:

• TENANT (from Lat. tenere, to hold)

tenant farmers and See also:

• FARM

farm labourers . All are eligible for a pension at the age of 65, if in receipt of less than £120 a year . The actual rente or pension is calculated on the basis of the total obligatory contribution, together with a fixed viagere or state annuity . Male wage-earners are required to contribute 9 francs a year, and See also:

• FEMALES

females 6 francs, the employers contributing a like amount . The largest pension obtainable is for See also:

• LIFE

life contributions and amounts to 414 francs . A clause in the act permits wage-earners to claim the rente at the age of 55 on a proportionately reduced scale without the viagere . The total cost of providing pensions in 1911 is estimated at over £5,500,000 . See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark.—The Danish system of old-age pensions was instituted by a law of 1891, and has been extended by further acts of 1902 and 1908 . By the law of 1891 the See also:

• BURDEN, or BURTHEN

burden of maintaining the aged was in part transferred from the local to the national taxes, and relief from this latter source was called a pension .

Recipients of public assistance must be over 6o years of age, they must be of good See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character and for 5 years previous to receipt must have had their See also:

• DOMICILE (Lat. domicilium, from domus, home)

domicile in Denmark without receiving public charity . Such public assistance may be granted either in money, or See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind, or by residence in an institution, such as an See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital . The assistance given, whatever it may be, must be sufficient for See also:

• MAINTENANCE (Fr. maintenance, from maintenir, to maintain, support, Lat. manu tenere, to hold in the hand)

maintenance, and for attendance in case of illness . The actual amount is determined by the poor-law authorities, but all private assistance amounting to more than Too kroner (£5, 13s.) a year is taken into See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account in measuring the poverty of the applicant . The cost of assistance is met in the first case by the See also:

• COMMUNE (Med. Lat. communia, Lat. communis, common)
• COMMUNE, MEDIEVAL

commune in which the recipient is domiciled, but half the amount is afterwards refunded by the state . In 1907–1903, 71,185 persons were assisted—53,008 by money and 18,177 otherwise . The total expenditure was £489,200, £242,660 being refunded by the state . rI New See also:

• ZEALAND (also SEALAND Or SEELAND; Danish Sjaelland)

Zealand.—In 1898 a See also:

• BILL

bill, introduced by the Rt . Hon . R . J . See also:

• SEDDON, RICHARD JOHN (1845-1906)
• SEDDON, THOMAS (1821-1856)

Seddon, premier, became law which provided for the payment of an old-age pension out of the consolidated fund (revenue of the general government) to persons duly qualified, without contribution by the beneficiaries .

The claimants must be 65 years of age, See also:

• RESIDENT

resident in the See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony, and have so resided for 25 years . They must be free from conviction for lesser legal offences for 12 years, and for more serious breaches of the law for 25 years, previous to the application . They must be of good moral character and have a See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of sobriety and respectability for five years . Their yearly income must not exceed £52, and they must not be owners of property exceeding in value £270 . Aliens, See also:

• ABORIGINES

aborigines, See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese and Asiatics are excluded . The pensions are for £18 per annum, but for each £1 of yearly income over and above £34, and also for each £15 of See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital over and above £5o, £1 is deducted from the amount of the pension . Applications have to be made to the See also:

• DEPUTY (through the Fr. from a Late Lat. use of deputare, to cut off, allot; putare having the original sense of to trim, prune)

deputy registrars of one of 72 districts into which the colony is for this purpose divided . The claim is then recorded and submitted to a stipendiary See also:

• MAGISTRATE (Lat. magistratus, from magister, master, properly a public office, hence the person holding such an office)

magistrate, before whom the claimant has to prove his qualifications and submit to See also:

• CROSS

cross-examination . If the claim is admitted, a certificate is issued to the deputy registrar and in due course handed to the claimant . Payment is made through the local See also:

• POST

post-See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office as desired by the pensioner . The act came into force on the 1st of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1898 . An amending act of 1905 increased the amount of the maximum pension to £26 a year .

See further, NEw ZEALAND . The authors of the measure maintain that it is a See also:

• GREAT

great success, while others point to the invidious character of the cross-examination required in proving the necessary degree of poverty, and allege that the arrangement penalizes the thrifty members of the poorer class, and is a See also:

• DIRECT

direct incentive to See also:

• TRANSFER (from Lat. transferre, to bear across, carry over)

transfer of property, of a more or less fraudulent character, between members of a See also:

• FAMILY

family . See also:

• VICTORIA
• VICTORIA (or VITTORIA), TOMMASSO LUDOVICO DA (C. I540-C. 1613)
• VICTORIA [ALEXANDRINA VICTORIA]

Victoria.—By the Old-Age Pensions Act 1900, £75,000 was appropriated for the purpose of paying a pension of not more than Ios. per week to any person who fulfilled the necessary conditions, of which the following were the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal: The pensioner must be 65 years of age or permanently disabled, must fill up a See also:

• DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

declaration that he has lived twenty years in the state; has not been convicted of See also:

• DRUNKENNESS

drunkenness, wife-See also:

• DESERTION

desertion, &c.; that his weekly income and his property do not exceed a given sum (the regulation of this and other details is intrusted to the See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor in See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council) . Further sums were subsequently appropriated to the purposes of the act . Report of Royal Commission from a Friendly Society Point of View, reprint from See also:

• ODDFELLOWS, ORDER OF

Oddfellows' See also:

• MAGAZINE

Magazine (1895); The Foresters' See also:

• MISCELLANY

Miscellany (See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1902); Unity, a Monthly See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal of Foresters, &c . (February 1902) ; C . S . See also:

• LOCH, HENRY BROUGHAM LOCH, 1ST BARON (1827-1900)

Loch, Old-Age Pensions and Pauperism (1892); Reply of Bradfield Board of Guardians to circular of National Provident League (1891); Publications of the Charity Organization Society .