See also:

• SIR

SIR See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

JOHN See also:

• SIR JOHN OLDCASTLE (d. 1417)

OLDCASTLE (d. 1417)  , See also:

• ENGLISH

English Lollard See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader, was son of See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard See also:

• OLDCASTLE, SIR JOHN (d. 1417)

Oldcastle of Almeley in See also:

• HEREFORDSHIRE

Herefordshire . He is first mentioned as serving in the expedition to See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland in 1400, when he was probably quite a See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man . Next See also:

• YEAR

year he was in See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of See also:

• BUILTH, or BUILTH WELLS

Builth See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle in See also:

• BRECON, or BRECKNOCK

Brecon, and serving all through the Welsh See also:

• CAMPAIGNS

campaigns won the friendship and esteem of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry, the See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales . Oldcastle represented Herefordshire in the See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament of 1404 . Four years later he married See also:

• JOAN

Joan, the heiress of See also:

• COBHAM

Cobham, and was thereon summoned to parliament as See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord Cobham in her right . As a trusted supporter of the prince, Oldcastle held a high command in the expedition which the young OLDCASTLE Henry sent to See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France in 1411 . Lollardy had many supporters in Herefordshire, and Oldcastle himself had adopted Lollard opinions before 1410, when the churches on his wife's estates in See also:

• KENT
• KENT, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• KENT, JAMES (1763-1847)
• KENT, WILLIAM (1685-1748)

Kent were laid under See also:

• INTERDICT (Lat. interdictum, from interdicere, to forbid by decree, lit., interpose by speech)

interdict for unlicensed See also:

• PREACHING (Fr. preecher, from Lat. praedicare, to proclaim)

preaching . In the See also:

• CONVOCATION
• CONVOCATION (Lat. convocatio, a calling together)

convocation which met in See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1413, shortly before the See also:

• DEATH

death of Henry IV., Oldcastle was at once accused of See also:

• HERESY

heresy . But his friendship with the new See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king prevented any decisive See also:

• ACTION

action till convincing See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence was found in a See also:

• BOOK

book belonging to Oldcastle, which was discovered in a See also:

• SHOP

shop in Paternoster See also:

• ROW, JOHN (c. 1525—1580)

Row . The See also:

• MATTER

matter was brought before the king, who desired that nothing should be done till he had tried his See also:

• PERSONAL

personal See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence . Old-castle declared his readiness to submit to the king " all his See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune in this See also:

• WORLD

world," but was See also:

• FIRM

firm in his religious beliefs . When he fled from See also:

• WINDSOR
• WINDSOR (properly NEw WINDSOR)

Windsor to his own castle at Cowling, Henry at last consented to a See also:

• PROSECUTION

prosecution .

Oldcastle refused to obey the See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop's repeated citations, and it was only under a royal See also:

• WRIT (O. Eng. gewrit, writ, from writan, to write)

writ that he at last appeared before the ecclesiastical See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court on the 23rd of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September . In a See also:

• CONFESSION (Lat. confessio, from confiteor, acknowledge, confess)

confession of his faith he declared his belief in the sacraments and the See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity of See also:

• PENANCE (Old Fr. penance, fr. Lat. poenitentia, penitence)

penance and true confession; but to put See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope, faith or See also:

• TRUST

trust in images was the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• SIN
• SIN (O. Eng. syn: a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zonde, Ger. Siinde)

sin of See also:

• IDOLATRY

idolatry . But he would not assent to the orthodox See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine of the See also:

• SACRAMENT

sacrament as stated by the bishops, nor admit the necessity of confession to a See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest . So on the•25th of September he was convicted as a heretic . Henry was still anxious to find a way of See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape for his old comrade, and granted a See also:

• RESPITE (O. Fr. respit, modern repit, Lat. respectus, regard, consideration, respicere, to look back at)

respite of See also:

• FORTY

forty days . Before that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time had expired Oldcastle escaped from the See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

Tower by the help of one See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• FISHER
• FISHER, ALVAN (1792–1863)
• FISHER, GEORGE PARK (1827-1909)
• FISHER, JOHN (c. 1469-1535)
• FISHER, JOHN ARBUTHNOT FISHER, 1ST BARON

Fisher, a See also:

• PARCHMENT

parchment-maker of Smithfield (See also:

• RILEY, JAMES WHITCOMB (1853– )

Riley, Memorials of See also:

• LONDON

London, 641) . Old-castle now put himself at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of a wide-spread Lollard See also:

• CONSPIRACY (from Lat. conspirare, literally to breathe together, to agree, combine, and especially to form a secret plot)

conspiracy, which assumed a definitely See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . The See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design was to seize the king and his See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers during a Twelfth-See also:

• NIGHT

night mumming at Eltham, and perhaps, as was alleged, to establish some sort of See also:

• COMMONWEALTH

commonwealth . Henry, forewarned of their intention, removed to London, and when the See also:

• LOLLARDS

Lollards assembled in force in St See also:

• GILES (GIL, GILLES), ST

Giles's See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

Fields on the loth of See also:

• JANUARY

January they were easily dispersed . Oldcastle himself escaped into Herefordshire, and for nearly four years avoided See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture . Apparently he was privy to the See also:

• SCROPE
• SCROPE, GEORGE JULIUS POULETT (1797—1876)

Scrope and See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge See also:

• PLOT
• PLOT, ROBERT (164o-1696)

plot in See also:

• JULY

July 1415, when he stirred some See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement in the Welsh See also:

• MARCHES, THE (It. Le Marche)

Marches . On the failure of the See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme he went again into hiding .

Oldcastle was no doubt the instigator of the abortive Lollard plots of 1416, and appears to have intrigued with the Scots . But at last his hiding-See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place was discovered and in See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1417 he was captured by the Lord Charlton of See also:

• POWIS, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF

Powis . Oldcastle who was " sore wounded ere he would be taken," was brought to London in a See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse-See also:

• LITTER (through O. Fr. litere or litiere, mod. litiere from Med. Lat. lectaria, classical lectica, lectus, bed, couch)

litter . On the 14th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December he was formally condemned, on the See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of his previous conviction, and that same See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day was hung in St Giles's Fields, and burnt " gallows and all." It is not clear that he was burnt alive . Oldcastle died a See also:

• MARTYR (Gr. pimp or µaprvs)

martyr . He was no doubt a man of See also:

• FINE

fine quality, but circumstances made him a traitor, and it is impossible altogether to condemn his See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution . His unpopular opinions and See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early friendship with Henry V. created a traditional See also:

• SCANDAL

scandal which See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long continued . In the old See also:

• PLAY

play The,Famous Victories of Henry V., written before 1588, Oldcastle figures as the prince's boon See also:

• COMPANION (through the O. Fr. compaignon or compagnon, from the Late Lat. companio,—cum, with, and panis, bread,—one who shares meals with another; the word has been wrongly derived from the Late Lat. compagnus, one of the same pages or district)

companion . When See also:

• SHAKESPEARE, WILLIAM (1564-1616)

Shakespeare adapted that play in Henry IV., Oldcastle still appeared; but when the play was printed in 1598 Falstaff's name was substituted, in deference, as it is said, to the then Lord Cobham . Though the See also:

• FAT (O.E. fdett; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vet, Ger. Fett, &c., and may be ultimately related to Greek Irian, and =apos, and Sanskrit pivan)

fat See also:

• KNIGHT, CHARLES (1791-1873)
• KNIGHT, DANIEL RIDGWAY (1845– )
• KNIGHT, JOHN BUXTON (1843–1908)

knight still remains " my old lad of the Castle," the See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage character has nothing to do with the Lollard leader . pelled him also to withhold his submission alike as " a See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian, a theologian, an See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical student and a See also:

• CITIZEN (a form corrupted in Eng., apparently by analogy with " denizen," from O. Fr. citeain, mod. Fr. citoyen)

citizen." The publication of this See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter was shortly followed by a See also:

• SENTENCE (Lat. sententia, a way of thinking, opinion, judgment; vote, sentire, to feel, think)

sentence of ex-communication pronounced against See also:

• DOLLINGER, JOHANN JOSEPH IGNAZ VON (1799-1890)

Dollinger and See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor Johannes See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

Friedrich (q.v.), and read to the different congregations from the pulpits of See also:

• MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)

Munich . The professors of the university, on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, had shortly before evinced their See also:

• RESOLUTION

resolution of affording Dollinger all the moral support in their See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power by an address (See also:

• APRIL

April 3, 1871) in which they denounced the Vatican decrees with unsparing severity, declaring that, at the very time when the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• PEOPLE

people had " won for themselves the See also:

• POST

post of See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour on the battlefield among the nations of the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth," the German bishops had stooped to the dishonouring task of " forcing consciences in the service of an unchristian tyranny, of reducing many pious and upright men to See also:

• DISTRESS

distress and want, and of persecuting those who had but stood steadfast in their See also:

• ALLEGIANCE (Mid. Eng. ligeaunce; med. Lat. ligeantia, &c.; the al- was probably added through confusion with another legal term, allegeance, an allegation; the Fr. allegeance comes from the English; the word is formed from " liege," of which the derivatio

allegiance to the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient faith" (See also:

• FRIEDBERG

Friedberg, Aktenstiicke z. ersten Vaticanischen Concil, p .

187) . An address to the king, See also:

• DRAWN

drawn up a few days later, received the signatures of 12,000 Catholics . The refusal of the See also:

• RITES

rites of the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church to one of the signatories, Dr Zenger, when on his deathbed, elicited strong expressions of disapproval;) and when, shortly after, it became necessary to fill up by See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election six vacancies in the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of the university, the feeling of the See also:

• ELECTORS (Ger. Kurfursten, from Kilren, O.H.G. kiosan, choose, elect, and Furst, prince)

electors was indicated by the return of candidates distinguished by their dissent from the new decrees . In the following September the demand for another and a See also:

• FREE

free council was responded to by the assembling of a See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

congress at Munich . It was composed of nearly 500 delegates, convened from almost all parts of the world; but the See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element was now as manifestly predominant as the Latin element had been at See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome . The proceedings were pre-sided over by Professor von Schulte, and lasted three days . Among those who took a prominent See also:

• PART

part in the deliberations were Landammann See also:

• KELLER, ALBERT (1845- )
• KELLER, GOTTFRIED (1819-1890)
• KELLER, HELEN ADAMS (188o- )

Keller, Windscheid, Dollinger, See also:

• REINKENS, JOSEPH HUBERT (1821-1896)

Reinkens, Maassen (professor of See also:

• CANON

canon See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law at See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna), Friedrich and See also:

• HUBER, FRANCOIS (1750-1831)
• HUBER, JOHANN NEPOMUK (1830-1879)
• HUBER, LUDWIG FERDINAND (1764–1804)

Huber . The arrangements finally agreed upon were mainly provisional; but one of the resolutions plainly declared that it was desirable if possible to effect a See also:

• REUNION

reunion with the See also:

• ORIENTAL

Oriental See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek and See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian Churches, and also to arrive at an " under-See also:

• STANDING

standing " with the See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant and Episcopal communions . In the following year lectures were delivered at Munich by various supporters of the new movement, and the learning and eloquence of Reinkens were displayed with marked effect . In France the See also:

• ADHESION (from Lat. adhaerere, to adhere)

adhesion of the See also:

• ABBE (Serbo-Croatian Rai))

abbe See also:

• MICHAUD, JOSEPH FRANCOIS (1767–1839)

Michaud to the cause attracted considerable See also:

• INTEREST

interest, not only from his reputation as a preacher, but also from the notable step in advance made by his See also:

• DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

declaration that, inasmuch as the See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption of the standpoint of the Tridentine canons would render reunion with the Lutheran and the Reformed Churches impossible, the wisest course would be to insist on nothing more with respect to doctrinal belief than was embodied in the canons of the first seven See also:

• OECUMENICAL (through the Lat. from Gr. oiKOVµevI.KOS, universal, belonging to the whole inhabited world, i] oiKovµtvf sc. y;7, aides, to dwell)

oecumenical See also:

• COUNCILS

councils . In the same year the Old Catholics, as they now began to be termed, entered into relations with the historical little Jansenist Church of See also:

• UTRECHT
• UTRECHT, TREATY OF

Utrecht . Dollinger, in delivering his inaugural address as See also:

• RECTOR (Lat. for " ruler," " guide," &c., from regere, " rule ")

rector of the university of Munich, expressed his conviction that See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology had received a fresh impulse and that the religious See also:

• HISTORY

history of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe was entering upon a new phase .

Other circumstances contributed to invest Old Catholicism with additional importance . It was evident that the relations between the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CURIA

Curia and the Prussian See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government were becoming extremely strained . In See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1872 appeared the first See also:

• MEASURES

measures of the See also:

• FALK, JOHANN DANIEL (1768-1826)
• FALK, PAUL LUDWIG ADALBERT (1827-1900)

Falk See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry, having for their See also:

• OBJECT

object the See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of the influence of the See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy in the See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools, and in May the See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope refused to accept See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

Cardinal See also:

• HOHENLOHE

Hohenlohe, who during the council had opposed the See also:

• DEFINITION (Lat. definitio, from de-finire, to set limits to, describe)

definition of the See also:

• DOGMA (Gr. Sbypa, from b6aeiv, to seem; literally " that which seems, sc. good or true or useful " to any one)

dogma, as Prussian See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister at the Vatican . In the same year two humble See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish priests, Renftle of Mering in See also:

• BAVARIA (Ger. Bayern)

Bavaria and Tangermann of Unkel in the Rhineland, set an example of See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence by refusing The rites were administered and the See also:

• BURIAL

burial service conducted by Friedrich, who had refused to acknowledge his See also:

• EXCOMMUNICATION (Lat. ex, out of, away from; communis, common)

excommunication .