OLIGOCENE See also:

• SYSTEM

SYSTEM (from the Gr. oXiyos, few, and Katvbs, See also:

• RECENT

recent)  , in See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

geology, the name given to the second See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of the older See also:

• TERTIARY

Tertiary rocks, viz. those which occur above the See also:

• EOCENE (Gr. *In, dawn, icauvos, recent)

Eocene and below the See also:

• MIOCENE

Miocene strata . These rocks were originally classed by See also:

• SIR

Sir C . See also:

• LYELL, SIR CHARLES (1797-1875)

Lyell as " older Miocene," the See also:

• TERM

term Oligocene being proposed by H . E . See also:

• BEYRICH, HEINRICH ERNST VON (1815—1896)

Beyrich in 1854 and again in 1858 . Following A. de See also:

• LAPPARENT, ALBERT AUGUSTE COCHON DE (1839–19o8)

Lapparent, the Oligocene is here regarded as divisible into two stages, an upper one, the Etampian (from See also:

• ETAMPES, ANNE DE PISSELEU

Etampes), See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent to the Rupelian of A . See also:

• DUMONT
• DUMONT, ANDRE HUBERT (1809-1857)
• DUMONT, FRANCOIS (1751-1831)
• DUMONT, JEAN (d. 1726)
• DUMONT, PIERRE ETIENNE LOUIS (1759-1829)

Dumont (1849), and a See also:

• LOWER

lower one, the Sannoisian (from Sannois near See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris), equivalent to the Tongrian (from Tongris in See also:

• LIMBURG
• LIMBURG, or LIMEOURG

Limburg) of Dumont (1859) . This lower division is the Ligurian of some authors, and corresponds with the Lattorfian (Latdorf) of K . See also:

• MAYER, JOHANN TOBIAS (1723-1762)
• MAYER, JULIUS ROBERT (1814-1878)

Mayer in See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany; it is in See also:

• PART

part the equivalent of the older term Ludian of de Lapparent . It should be pointed out that several authors retain the Aquitanian See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage (see MIOCENE) at the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top of the Oligocene, but there are sufficiently See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good reasons for removing it to the younger See also:

• SYSTEM

system . The Oligocene deposits are of fresh-See also:

• WATER

water, brackish, marine and terrestrial origin; they include soft sands, sandstones, grits, marls, shales, limestones, conglomerates and lignites . The See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical aspect of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe during this See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period is indicated on the accompanying See also:

• MAP
• MAP (or MAPES), WALTER (d. c. 1208/9)

map .

Here and there, as in N . Germany, aher A.de Lapparcpt Emory See also:

• WALKER, FRANCIS AMASA (1840-1897)
• WALKER, FREDERICK (184o--1875)
• WALKER, GEORGE (c. 1618-169o)
• WALKER, HENRY OLIVER (1843— )
• WALKER, HORATIO (1858– )
• WALKER, JOHN (1732—1807)
• WALKER, OBADIAH (1616-1699)
• WALKER, ROBERT (d. c. 1658)
• WALKER, ROBERT JAMES (1801-1869)
• WALKER, SEARS COOK (1805—1853)
• WALKER, THOMAS (1784—1836)
• WALKER, WILLIAM (1824-1860)

Walker to the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea gained ground that had been unoccupied by Eocene See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters, but important changes, associated with the continuation of elevatory processes in the See also:

• PYRENEES [Span. Pirineos, Fr. Pyrenees]

Pyrenees and See also:

• ALPS

Alps which had begun in the preceding period, were in progress, and a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general relative uplifting took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place which caused much of the Eocene sea See also:

• FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor to be occupied at this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time by See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake basins and lagoons . The movements, however, were not all of a negative See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character as regards the water areas, for oscillations were evidently frequent, and subsidence must have been considerable in some regions to admit of the See also:

• ACCUMULATION (from Lat. accumulare, to heap up)

accumulation of the See also:

• GREAT

great thickness of material found deposited there . Perhaps the most striking See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change from Eocene See also:

• TOPOGRAPHY
• TOPOGRAPHY (Gr. Toros, place, -partied', to write)

topography in Europe is to be seen in the See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of the Oligocene sea over North Germany, whence it extended eastward through See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland and See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia to the See also:

• ARAL

Aral-See also:

• CASPIAN

Caspian region, communicating thence with See also:

• ARCTIC (Gr. "ApKroc, the Bear, the northern constellation of Ursa Major)

Arctic waters by way of a Ural depression . The Asian extension of the central mediterranean sea appears to have begun to be limited . It was later in the period when the wide-spread emersion set in . In See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain Oligocene formations are found only in the See also:

• HAMPSHIRE (or COUNTY OF SOUTHAMPTON, abbreviated HANTS)

Hampshire See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

Basin and the Isle of See also:

• WIGHT, ISLE OF

Wight; from the admixture of fresh-water, marine and estuarine deposits, E . See also:

• FORBES
• FORBES, ALEXANDER PENROSE (1817-1875)
• FORBES, ARCHIBALD (1838-1900)
• FORBES, DAVID (1828--1876)
• FORBES, DUNCAN
• FORBES, EDWARD (1815—1854)
• FORBES, JAMES DAVID (1809—1868)
• FORBES, SIR JOHN (1787—1861)

Forbes named these the " Fluviomarine See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series." The following are the more important subdivisions, in descending See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order: 'The Hamstead (See also:

• HAMPSTEAD

Hampstead) beds, marine at the top, with Ostrea callifera, Natica, &c., estuarine and fresh-water below, with Unio, Viviparus and the remains of crocodiles, turtles and mammals . The Bembridge marls, fresh-water, estuarine and marine, resting upon the Bembridge See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone, with many fresh-water fossils such as Limnaea, Planorbis, Ohara, large See also:

• LAND

land snails, Amphidromus, See also:

• HELIX (Gr. € tE, a spiral or twist)

Helix, Glandina, and many See also:

• INSECTS

insects and plant leaves . The See also:

• OSBORNE

Osborne beds, marls, See also:

• CLAYS, PAUL JEAN (1819-1900)

clays and limestones, with Unio, Limnaea, &c . The Headon beds (upper), fresh-water clays, marls and limestones (See also:

• MIDDLE

middle), brackish and marine, more sandy (lower), brackish and fresh-water clays, marls, tufaceous limestones and sandstones . The clays and sands of the Bovey Basin in See also:

• DEVONSHIRE (DEvoN)
• DEVONSHIRE, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Devonshire were formerly classed as Miocene, but they are now regarded by C .

See also:

• REID, ROBERT (1862– )
• REID, SIR GEORGE (1841- )
• REID, SIR ROBERT GILLESPIE (184o-19o8)
• REID, SIR WILLIAM (1791-1858)
• REID, THOMAS (1710-1796)
• REID, THOMAS MAYNE (1818-1883)
• REID, WHITELAW (1837- )

Reid as Eocene on the See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of the plant remains, though there is still a possibility that they may be found to be of Oligocene See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age . In See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France the best-known See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract of Oligocene rocks rests in the Paris basin in See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close relationship with the underlying Eocene . These rocks include the first and second See also:

• GYPSUM

gypsum beds, the source of " See also:

• PLASTER

plaster of Paris "; at Montmartre the first or upper See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed is 20 metres in thickness, and some of the beds contain siliceous nodules (fusils) and numerous mammalian remains . Above the gypsum beds is the travertine of Champigny-sur-See also:

• MARNE

Marne, a series of See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue and See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white marls (supra-gypseous marls), followed by the " glaises verts " or greenish marls . At the top of the lower Oligocene of this See also:

• DISTRICT

district is the lacustrine " calcaire de See also:

• BRIE (Briegus saltus, from Celtic briek, clay)

Brie " or middle travertine, which at Fertesous-Jouane is exploited for millstones; this is associated with the See also:

• FONTAINEBLEAU

Fontainebleau limestone, which at See also:

• CHATEAU (from Lat. castellum, fortress, through O. Fr. chastel, chasteau)

Chateau-See also:

• LANDON, CHARLES PAUL (1760-1826)
• LANDON, LETITIA ELIZABETH (18o2-1838)

Landon and Souppes is sufficiently compact to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form an important See also:

• BUILDING

building See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone, used in the Arc de Triomphe and other structures in Paris . The upper Oligocene of Paris begins with the marnes a huitres, followed by the brackish and fresh-water molasse of Etrechy, and a series of sandy beds, of which the best known are those of Fontainebleau, Etampes and Ormoy; in these occur the See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups of See also:

• CALCITE

calcite crystals, charged with See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand, See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar in all See also:

• MINERAL

mineral collections . Elsewhere in France similar mixed marine, fresh-water and brackish beds are found: in See also:

• AQUITAINE

Aquitaine there are marine and lacustrine marls, limestones and molasse; marine beds occur at See also:

• BIARRITZ

Biarritz; lacustrine and fresh-water marls and limestones with See also:

• LIGNITE (Lat. lignum, wood)

lignite appear in the sub-Pyrenees; in See also:

• PROVENCE (Provincia, Proenza)

Provence there are brackish red clays, conglomerates and lignites, with limestones in the upper parts; and in Limagne there are mottled sands, arkoses, clays and fresh-water limestones . In the See also:

• JURA
• JURA (" deer island ")

Jura region and on the See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders of the central See also:

• MASSIF

massif a See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar See also:

• GROUP

group of deposits, the terrain siderolithique, is found in beds and in pockets in See also:

• JURASSIC

Jurassic limestones . Sometimes this See also:

• DEPOSIT (Lat. depositurn, from deponere, to lay down, to put in the care of)

deposit consists of red See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay (bolus) with nests of pisolitic See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron, as in Jura and Franche-See also:

• COMTE, AUGUSTE [ISIDORE AUGUSTE MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER] (1798-1857)

comte, See also:

• ALSACE (Ger. Elsass)

Alsace, &c.; occasionally, as in Bourgogne, See also:

• BERRY, CHARLES ALBERT (1852-1899)
• BERRY, CHARLES FERDINAND
• BERRY, JOHN, DUKE OF (1340-1416)
• BERRY, or BERRI

Berry, the valley of the Aubois, See also:

• CHATILLON

Chatillon, it is made up of a See also:

• BRECCIA

breccia or See also:

• CONGLOMERATE (from the Lat. conglomerare, to form into a ball, glomus, glomeris; so also the general term " conglomeration " for a miscellaneous collection of things, gathered together in a mass)

conglomerate of Jurassic pebbles cemented with See also:

• LIMONITE, or BROWN IRON ORE

limonite and carbonate of See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime or See also:

• SILICA

silica (an intimate mixture of See also:

• MARL (from O. Fr. marle, Late Lat. margila, dim. of marga; cf. Du. and Ger. Mergel)

marl and iron ore in these districts is called " castillard ") . At See also:

• QUERCY (Lat. pagus Caturcinus, Fr. Cahorsin)

Quercy the cementing material is phosphate of lime derived from the bones of mammals (Adapis, Necrolemur, See also:

• PALAEOTHERIUM (i.e. ancient animal)

Palaeotherium, Xiphodon, &c.), which are so numerous that it has been suggested that these animals must have been suffocated by gaseous emanations . Similar ferruginous deposits occur in See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South Germany . In the Alpine region the Oligocene rocks assume the character of the See also:

• FLYSCH

Flysch, a complex assemblage of marly and sandy shales and soft sandstones with calcareous See also:

• CEMENT (from Lat. caementum, rough pieces of stone, a shortened form of caedimentum, from caedere, to cut)

cement (" macigno ") .

The Flysch phase of deposition had begun before the close of the preceding period, but the bulk of it belongs to the Oligocene, and is especially characteristic of the lower part . The Flysch may attain a very great thickness; in See also:

• DAUPHINE

Dauphine it is said to be 2000 metres . Obscure plant-like impressions are See also:

• COMMON

common on certain horizons of this formation, and have received such names as Chondrites, Fucoids, Helminthoidea . The " gres de Taveyannaz " and " Wildflysch " of Lake See also:

• THUN (Fr. Thoune)
• THUN, LAKE OF

Thun contain fragments of eruptive rocks . Marine beds occur at Barreme, See also:

• DESERT

Desert, See also:

• CHAMBERY

Chambery, &c., and parallel with the normal Flysch in the higher Alps of Vaudois is a nummulitic limestone; both here and near See also:

• INTERLAKEN

Interlaken, in the See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble of Ralligstocke, calcareous See also:

• ALGAE

algae are abundant . Part of the " schistes See also:

• DES

des See also:

• GRISONS (Ger. Graubunden)

Grisons " (" Biindner Schiefer ") have been regarded as of Oligocene age . In the Leman region the " Flysch See also:

• ROUGE (" red," from Lat. rubeus)

rouge " at the See also:

• FOOT

foot of the Dent du Midi belongs to the upper part of the Flysch formation . In North Germany the lower Oligocene consists largely of sandy marls, often glauconitic; typical localities are Egeln near See also:

• MAGDEBURG

Magdeburg and Latdorf near See also:

• BERNBURG

Bernburg; at See also:

• SAMLAND

Samland the glauconitic sand contains nodules of See also:

• AMBER

amber, with insects, derived from Eocene strata . The upper Oligocene beds, which See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover a wide See also:

• AREA

area, comprise the See also:

• STETTIN

Stettin sands and Septarian Clay or Rupelton, marine beds tending to See also:

• MERGE

merge laterally one into another . In the See also:

• MAINZ (Fr. Mayence)

Mainz basin a See also:

• PETROLEUM (Lat. Petra, rock, and oleuin, oil)

petroleum-bearing sandy marl is found at Pechelbronn and Lobsann in Alsace underlying a fresh-water limestone which is followed by the marine Meeressand " of See also:

• ALZEY

Alzey . Lignites (Braunkohl) are widely spread in this region and appear at Latdorf, See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, in See also:

• WESTPHALIA (Ger. Westfalen)
• WESTPHALIA, TREATY OF

Westphalia and See also:

• MECKLENBURG

Mecklenburg; at See also:

• HALLE (known as HALLE-AN-DER-SAALE, t0 distinguish it from the small town of Halle in Westphalia)
• HALLE, SIR CHARLES (originally KARL HALLE) (1819-1895)

Halle is a variety called pyropissite, which is exploited at See also:

• WEISSENFELS

Weissenfels for the manufacture of See also:

• PARAFFIN

paraffin . Map of Europe in the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early part of the Oligocene Period MS .

=Lando, undifferentlated area See also:

• LAGOON (Fr. lagune, Lat. lacuna, a pool)

Lagoon.)areaa molasse " is usually given; mixed with the molasse is an inconstant conglomeratic littoral formation, called Nagelfluh . The molasse occurs also in See also:

• BAVARIA (Ger. Bayern)

Bavaria, where it is several thousand feet thick and contains lignites . Oligocene deposits occur in the Carpathian region and See also:

• TIROL (or TYROL 1)

Tirol; as Flysch and brackish and lacustrine beds with lignite in Klausenburg, lignites at Haring in Tirol . In the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish Pyrenees they are well See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed; in the See also:

• APENNINES (Gr. 'A1T- vvLvos, Lat. Appenninus—in both cases used in the singular)

Apennines the scaly clays (" argille scagliose ") are of this age; while in See also:

• CALABRIA

Calabria they are represented by thick conglomerates and Flysch . Flysch appears also in See also:

• DALMATIA (Ger. Dalmatien; Ital. Dalmazia; Serbo-Croatian, Dalmacija)

Dalmatia and See also:

• ISTRIA (Ger. Istrien)

Istria (where it is called " tassello ") and in North Bosnia, where it contains marine limestones . Lignites are found at Sotzka and See also:

• STYRIA (German, Steiermark or Steyermark)

Styria, marine beds in the See also:

• BALKAN

Balkan See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

peninsula, glauconitic sands prevail in So' ith Russia, Flysch with sands and grits in the See also:

• CAUCASUS

Caucasus, while 'marine deposits also occupy the Aral-Caspian region and See also:

• ARMENIA (old Persian Armina, Armenian Hayasdan, or Hayq)

Armenia, and are to be traced into See also:

• PERSIA

Persia . Oligocene rocks are known in North See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, See also:

• ALGERIA
• ALGERIA (Algerie)

Algeria, See also:

• TUNIS

Tunis and See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt, with the silicified trees and See also:

• BASALT

basalt sheets north of the See also:

• FAYUM

Fayum . In North See also:

• AMERICA

America the rocks of this period have not been very clearly differentiated, but they may possibly be represented by the White See also:

• RIVER

river beds of S . Dakota, the white and blue marls of See also:

• JACKSON
• JACKSON, ANDREW (1767-1845)
• JACKSON, CYRIL (1746-1819)
• JACKSON, FREDERICK GEORGE (186o– )
• JACKSON, HELEN MARIA (1831–1885)
• JACKSON, MASON (c. 1820-1903)
• JACKSON, THOMAS (1579-1640)
• JACKSON, THOMAS JONATHAN (1824-1863)
• JACKSON, WILLIAM (1730-1803)

Jackson on the See also:

• MISSISSIPPI

Mississippi, the " Jacksonian " white limestone of See also:

• ALABAMA

Alabama, the limestone of See also:

• OCALA (a Seminole word for green or fertile land)

Ocala in See also:

• FLORIDA

Florida, certain lacustrine clays in the Uinta basin, and by the See also:

• RIB (from 0. Eng. ribb; the word appears' in many Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Rippe, Swed. reb)

rib-See also:

• BAND

band shales with See also:

• ASPHALT, or ASPHALTUM

asphalt and petroleum in the coastal range of See also:

• CALIFORNIA
• CALIFORNIA, LOWER (Baja California)
• CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF

California . In South America and the See also:

• ANTILLES

Antilles upper Oligocene is found, and the lignite beds of Coronet and Lota in See also:

• CHILE, or CHILI (derived, it is said, from the Quichua chin , cold, or tchili, snow)

Chile and in the Straits of See also:

• MAGELLAN, FERDINAND (in Sp. FERNANDO MAGALLANES, in Port. FERNAO DE MAGALHAES) (c. 1480-152I)

Magellan may be of this age; in See also:

• PATAGONIA

Patagonia are the lower Oligocene marine beds (" Patagonian ") and beds with mammalian remains . In New See also:

• ZEALAND (also SEALAND Or SEELAND; Danish Sjaelland)

Zealand the See also:

• OAMARU

Oamaru series of J . See also:

• HUTTON, CHARLES (1737-1823)
• HUTTON, JAMES (1726-1797)
• HUTTON, RICHARD HOLT (1826-1897)

Hutton is regarded as Oligocene; at its See also:

• BASE

base are interstratified basic volcanic rocks .

A correlation of Oligocene strata is summarized in the following table : in the Eocene seas (Coelopleurus, Echinolampus, Clypeaster, Scutella) . See also:

• CORALS (KoRAis), ADAMANTIOS [in French, DIAMANT CORAY] (1748–1833)

Corals were abundant, and nummulites still continued till near the close of the period, but they were diminished in See also:

• SIZE

size .