OLYNTHUS  , an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of Chalcidice, situated in a fertile See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the Gulf of Torone, near the See also:

• NECK (O. Eng. hnecca; the word appears in many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch ride, Ger. Nacken; in O. E. the common word was heals; cf. Ger. Hals)

neck of the See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

peninsula of Pallene, at some little distance from the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea, and about 6o stadia (7 or 8 m.) from Potidaea . The See also:

• DISTRICT

district had belonged to a Thracian tribe, the Bottiaeans, in whose See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession the See also:

• TOWN

town of Olynthus remained till 479 B.C.' In that See also:

• YEAR

year the See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general Artabazus, on his return from escorting See also:

• XERXES (the Greek form of the Pers. Khshayarsha; Old Testament Ahasverus, Akhashverosh—i.e. Ahasuerus (q.v.)—with wrong vocalization and substitution of y for v, instead of Akhshavarsh; in Aramaic inscriptions and papyri from Egypt the name is written Khs

Xerxes to the See also:

• HELLESPONT (i.e. " Sea of Helle "; variously named in classical literature `EXX oirov-ros, o "EXXns a6vros, Hellespontum Pelagus, and Rectum Hellesponticum)

Hellespont, suspecting that a revolt from the See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King was meditated, slew the inhabitants and handed the town over to a fresh See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population, consisting of Greeks from the neighbouring region of Chalcidice (See also:

• HEROD
• HEROD (surnamed THE GREAT)

Herod. viii . 127) . Olynthus thus became a See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek polis, but it remained insignificant (in the See also:

• QUOTA

quota-lists of the Delian See also:

• LEAGUE

League it appears as paying on the See also:

• AVERAGE

average 2 talents, as compared with 9 paid by Scione, 8 by See also:

• MENDE

Mende, 6 by Torone) until the synoecism (oTUVOCKu6µbs), effected in 432 through the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of King See also:

• PERDICCAS

Perdiccas of Macedon, as the result of which the inhabitants of a number of See also:

• PETTY, SIR WILLIAM (1623-1687)

petty Chalcidian towns in the neighbourhood were added to its population(Thucyd. i . 58) . Henceforward it ranks as the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief Hellenic city See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west of the Strymon . It had been enrolled as a member of the Delian League (q.v.) in the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early days of the league, but it revolted from See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of its synoecism, and was never again reduced . It formed a See also:

• BASE

base for See also:

• BRASIDAS (d.422 B.C.)

Brasidas during his expedition (424) . In the 4th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century it attained to great importance in the politics of the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age as the head of the Chalcidic League (rd Kocvbv Tiav XaX,aS wv) . The league may probably be traced back to the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace of See also:

• NICIAS
• NICIAS (d. 414 B.C.)

Nicias (421), when we find the Chalcidians (oi $irl OP4L,c c XaXKu54 c) taking See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic See also:

• ACTION

action in See also:

• COMMON

common, and enrolled as members of the Argive See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance . There are coins of the league which can be dated with certainty as early as 4o5; one specimen may perhaps go back to 415-420 . Unquestionably, then, the league originated before the end of the 5th century, and the See also:

• MOTIVE (from Lat. movere, to move)

motive for its formation is almost certainly to be found in the fear of Athenian attack .

After the end of the Peloponnesian See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War the development of the league was rapid . About 390 we find it concluding an important treaty with Amyntas, king of Macedon (the See also:

• FATHER

father of See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip),2 and by 382 it had absorbed most of the Greek cities west of the Strymon, and had even got possession of See also:

• PELLA

Pella, the chief city in See also:

• MACEDONIA

Macedonia (See also:

• XENOPHON

Xenophon, See also:

• HELL (0. Eng. hel, a Teutonic word from a root meaning " to cover," cf. Ger. Holle, Dutch hel)

Hell. v . 2, 12) . In this year See also:

• SPARTA (Gr. Eirapril or AaKe5atycav)

Sparta was induced by an See also:

• EMBASSY

embassy from See also:

• ACANTHUS (the Greek and Latin name for the plant, connected with &sib a sharp point)

Acanthus and See also:

• APOLLONIA

Apollonia, which anticipated See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest by the league, to send an expedition against Olynthus . After three years of indecisive warfare Olynthus consented to dissolve the confederacy (379) . It is clear, however, that the See also:

• DISSOLUTION (from Lat. dissolvere, to break up into parts)

dissolution was little more than formal, as the Chalcidians (XaAKCbi c gird Oparcrls) appear, only a year or two later, among the members of the Athenian See also:

• NAVAL

naval confederacy of 378-377.3 Twenty years later, in the reign of Philip, the See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of Olynthus is asserted by See also:

• DEMOSTHENES

Demosthenes to have been much greater than before the Spartan expedition.' The town itself at this period ' If Olynthus was one of the early colonies of See also:

• CHALCIS

Chalcis (and there is numismatic See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence for this view; see Head, Hist . Numorum, p . 185) it must have subsequently passed into the hands of the Bottiaeans . 2 For the inscription see See also:

• HICKS, ELIAS (1748-1830)
• HICKS, HENRY (1837-1899)
• HICKS, WILLIAM (1830-1883)

Hicks, See also:

• MANUAL

Manual of Greek See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

Inscriptions, No . 74 . 2 Hicks, No . 81; C.I.A. ii .

17 . ' Demosthenes, De falsa See also:

• LEGATION (Lat. legalio, a sending or mission)

legation, §§ 263-266.is spoken of as a city of the first See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank (rats ,uapiuvapos), and the league included See also:

• THIRTY

thirty-two cities . When war See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke out between Philip and Athens (357), Olynthus was at first in alliance with Philip . Subsequently, in alarm at the growth of his power, it concluded an alliance with Athens; but in spite of all the efforts of the latter See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, and of its great orator Demosthenes, it See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell before Philip, who razed it to the ground (348) . The See also:

• HISTORY

history of the confederacy of Olynthus illustrates at once the strength and the weakness of that See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement towards federation which is one of the most marked features of the later stages of Greek history . The strength of the movement is shown both by the duration and by the extent of the Chalcidic League . It lasted for something like seventy years; it survived defeat and temporary dissolution, and it embraced upwards of thirty cities . Yet, in the end, the centrifugal forces proved stronger than the centripetal; the sentiment of See also:

• AUTONOMY (Gr. abr6s, self, and v6pos, law)

autonomy stronger than the sentiment of See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union . It is clear that Philip's victory was mainly due to the spirit of dissidence within the league itself, just as the victory of Sparta had been (cf . Diod. xvi . 53, 2 with Xen . Hell. v .

2, 24) . The See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere fact that Philip captured all the thirty-two towns without serious resistance is sufficient evidence of this . It is probable that the strength of the league was more seriously undermined by the policy of Athens than by the action of Sparta . The successes of Athens at the expense of Olynthus, shortly before Philip's See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession, must have fatally divided the Greek See also:

• INTEREST

interest See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of the See also:

• AEGEAN

Aegean in the struggle with Macedon .