See also:

• OMAR (c. 581-644)

OMAR (c. 581-644)  , in full 'See also:

• OMAR (c. 581-644)

OMAR See also:

• IBN

IBN AL-KHATTAB, the second of the See also:

• MAHOMMEDAN

Mahommedan caliphs (see See also:

• CALIPHATE

CALIPHATE, A, §§ 1 and 2) . Originally opposed to See also:

• MAHOMET (strictly MUHAMMAD, commonly also MOHAMMED)

Mahomet, he became later one of the ablest advisers both of him and of the first See also:

• CALIPH, CALIF

caliph, See also:

• ABU

Abu Bekr . His own reign (634–644) saw See also:

• ISLAM

Islam's transformation from a religious See also:

• SECT

sect to an imperial See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief events were the defeat of the Persians at Kadisiya (637) and the See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest of See also:

• SYRIA

Syria and See also:

• PALESTINE

Palestine . The conquest of See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt followed (see EGYPT and AMR IBN EL-See also:

• ASS (O.E. assa; Lat. asinus)
• ASS, FEAST OF THE

Ass) and the final rout of the Persians at Nehawend 041) brought See also:

• IRAN

Iran under Arab See also:

• RULE

rule . Omar was assassinated by a See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian slave in 644, and though he lingered several days after the attack, he appointed no successor, but only a See also:

• BODY

body of six Muhajirun who should select a new caliph . Omar was a See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

wise and far-sighted ruler and rendered See also:

• GREAT

great service to Islam . He is said to have built the so-called " See also:

• MOSQUE (through Fr. mosquie; Span. mezquila, from Arab. masjid, sajada, to adore)

Mosque of . Omar " (" the See also:

• DOME (Lat domus, house; Ital. duomo, cathedral)

Dome of the See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

Rock ") in See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem, which contains the rock regarded by Mahommedans as the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of Mahomet's ascent to See also:

• HEAVEN (0. Eng. hefen, heofon, heofone; this word appears in O.S. hevan; the High. Ger. word appears in Ger. Himmel, Dutch hemel; there does not seem to be any connexion between the two words, and the ultimate derivation of the word is unknown; the sugges

heaven, and by the See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews as that of the proposed See also:

• SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice of See also:

• ISAAC (Hebrew for " he laughs," on explanatory references to the name, see ABRAHAM)

Isaac . 'OMAR KHAYYAM [in full, GHIYATHUDDIN ABULFATH 'OMAR See also:

• BIN

BIN See also:

• IBRAHIM

IBRAHIM AL-KHAYYAMI], the great Persian mathematician, astronomer, freethinker and epigrammatist, who derived the epithet Khayyam (the tentmaker) most likely from his See also:

• FATHER

father's See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in or near See also:

• NISHAPUR
• NISHAPUR (Old Pers. Nev-shdpur-nev, New Pers. niv, nik= good; Arab. Naisabur)

Nishapur, where he is said to have died in A.H . 517 (A.D . 1123) .

At an See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age he entered into a See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close friendship both with See also:

• NIZAM

Nizam-ul-mulk and his school-See also:

• FELLOW

fellow IJassan ibn See also:

• SABBATH

Sabbath, who founded afterwards the terrible sect of the Assassins . When Nizam-ul-mulk was raised to the See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of See also:

• VIZIER

vizier by the Seljuk See also:

• SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

sultan See also:

• ALP

Alp-Arslan (A.D . 1063–1073) he bestowed upon IJassan ibn Sabbab the dignity of a chamber-lain, whilst offering a similar See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office to 'Omar Khayyam . But the latter contented himself with an See also:

• ANNUAL

annual See also:

• STIPEND

stipend which would enable him to devote all his See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time to his favourite studies of See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics and See also:

• ASTRONOMY (from Gr. &arpov, a star, and v ,usiv, to classify or arrange)

astronomy . His See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard See also:

• WORK

work on See also:

• ALGEBRA (from the Arab. al-jebr wa'l-mugabala, transposition and removal [of terms of an equation], the name of a treatise by Mahommed ben Musa al-Khwarizmi)

algebra, written in Arabic, and other See also:

• TREATISES

treatises of a similar See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character raised him at once to the foremost rank among the mathematicians of that age, and induced Sultan Malik-Shah to summon him in A.H . 467 (A.D . 1074) to See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

institute astronomical observations on a larger See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale, and to aid him in his great enterprise of a thorough reform of the See also:

• CALENDAR

calendar . The results of 'Omar's See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research were—a revised edition of the Zij or astronomical tables, and the introduction of the Ta'rikh-i-Malikshahi or Jalali, that is, the so-called Jalalian or Seljuk era, which commences in A.H . 471 (A.D . 1079, 15th See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March) . 'Omar's great scientific fame, however, is nearly eclipsed by his still greater poetical renown, which he owes to his rubd'is or quatrains, a collection of about 500 epigrams . The See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of the rubd'i—viz. four lines, the first, second and See also:

• FOURTH

fourth of which have the same See also:

• RHYME

rhyme, while the third usually (but not always) remains rhymeless—was first successfully introduced into Persian literature as the exclusive vehicle for subtle thoughts on the various topics of Sufic See also:

• MYSTICISM (from Or. µuety, to shut the eyes; µuorrts, one initiated into the mysteries)

mysticism by the See also:

• SHEIKH, or SHAIKH

sheikh Abu Said bin Abulkhair,' but 'Omar differs in its treatment considerably from Abu Said .

Although some of his quatrains are purely mystic and pantheistic, most of them See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear quite another See also:

• STAMP (from " to stamp," to strike or tread heavily, hence to impress, O. Eng. stempen, Du. stampen, Ger. stampfen, whence, O. Fr. estamper, mod. etamper)

stamp; they are the See also:

• BREVIARY (Lat. breviarium, abridgment, epitome)

breviary of a See also:

• RADICAL (Lat. radix, a root)

radical freethinker, who protests in the most forcible manner both against the narrowness, bigotry and uncompromising austerity of the orthodox See also:

• ULEMA (Arab. 'ulama, sing. 'alim, literally " knowers," in the sense of sciences)

ulema and the eccentricity, See also:

• HYPOCRISY

hypocrisy and See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild ravings of advanced Sufis, whom he successfully combats with their own weapons, using the whole mystic terminology simply to ridicule mysticism itself . There is in this respect a great resemblance between him and See also:

• HAFIZ

Hafiz, but 'Omar is decidedly See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior . He has often been called the See also:

• VOLTAIRE, FRANCOIS MARIE AROUET DE (1694–1778)

Voltaire of the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East, and cried down as materialist and atheist . As far as purity of diction, See also:

• FINE

fine wit, crushing See also:

• SATIRE (Lat. satira, satura; see below)

satire against a debased and ignorant See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy, and a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general sympathy with suffering humanity are concerned, 'Omar certainly reminds us of the great Frenchman; but there the comparison ceases . Voltaire never wrote anything equal to 'Omar's fascinating rhapsodies in praise of See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine, love and all earthly joys, and his passionate denunciations of a malevolent and inexorable ' Died See also:

• JAN

Jan . 1049 . Comp . Eth6's edition of his ruba'is in Sitzungsberichte der bayr . Akademie (1875), pp . 145 seq., and (1878) pp . 38 seq . ; and E .

G . See also:

• BROWNE
• BROWNE, EDWARD HAROLD (18,1–1891)
• BROWNE, ISAAC HAWKINS (1705-1760)
• BROWNE, JAMES (1793–1841)
• BROWNE, MAXIMILIAN ULYSSES, COUNT VON, BARON DE CAMUS AND MOUNTANY (1705-1757)
• BROWNE, PETER (?1665-1735)
• BROWNE, ROBERT (1550-1633)
• BROWNE, SIR JAMES (1839–1896)
• BROWNE, SIR THOMAS (1605-1682)
• BROWNE, WILLIAM (1591–1643)
• BROWNE, WILLIAM GEORGE (1768-1813)

Browne's See also:

• LITERARY

Literary Hist, of See also:

• PERSIA

Persia, ii . 261 . See also:

• FATE

fate which dooms to slow decay or sudden See also:

• DEATH

death and to eternal oblivion all that is great, See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good and beautiful in this See also:

• WORLD

world . There is a See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch of See also:

• BYRON, GEORGE GORDON BYRON, 6TH BARON (1788-1824)
• BYRON, HENRY JAMES (1834-1884)
• BYRON, HON
• BYRON, JOHN BYRON

Byron, See also:

• SWINBURNE, ALGERNON CHARLES (1837–1909)

Swinburne and even of See also:

• SCHOPENHAUER, ARTHUR (1788-186o)

Schopenhauer in many of his ruba'is, which clearly proves that the See also:

• MODERN

modern pessimist is by no means a novel creature in the See also:

• REALM

realm of philosophic thought and poetical See also:

• IMAGINATION

imagination . The See also:

• LEIDEN

Leiden copy of 'Omar Khayyam's work on algebra was noticed as far back as 1742 by Gerald Meerman in the See also:

• PREFACE (Med. Lat. prefatia, for classical praefatio, praefari, to speak beforehand)

preface to his Specimen calculi fluxionalis; further notices of the same work by Sedillot appeared in the Nouv . Jour . As . (1834) and in vol. xiii. of the Notices et extraits See also:

• DES

des See also:

• MSS

MSS. de la Bibl. See also:

• RAY (Lat. raia)
• RAY (or WRAY, as he wrote his name till 1670), JOHN (1628-1705)

ray . The See also:

• COMPLETE

complete See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text, together with a See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation (on the basis of the Leiden and See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris copies, the latter first discovered by M . Libri, see his Histoire des sciences mathematiques en See also:

• ITALIC

Italic, i . 300), was edited by F .

Woepcke, L'Algebre d'Omar Alkhayyami (Paris, 1851) . Articles on 'Omar's See also:

• LIFE

life and See also:

• WORKS

works are found in See also:

• REINAUD, JOSEPH TOUSSAINT (1795-1867)

Reinaud's Geographie d'Aboulfeda, pref., p . 1o1; Notices et extraits, ix . 143 seq.; See also:

• GARCIA
• GARCIA (DEL POPOLO VICENTO), MANOEL (1775-1832)

Garcia de Tassy, See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

Note sur See also:

• LES

les Ruba'iyat de 'Omar Hhaiyam (Paris, 1857) ; See also:

• RIEU, CHARLES PIERRE HENRI (182o-1902)

Rieu, See also:

• CAT
• CAT, CIVET
• CAT, HOUSE

Cat . Pers . MSS. in the Br . See also:

• MUS

Mus., ii . 546; A . Christensen, Recherches sur les Ruba'iyat de 'Omar Hayyam (See also:

• HEIDELBERG

Heidelberg, 1905) ; V . Zhukovski's ' See also:

• UMAR

Umar Khayyam and the " Wandering " Quatrains, translated from the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian by E . D . See also:

• ROSS
• ROSS, ALEXANDER (1699-1784)
• ROSS, GEORGE WILLIAM (1841- )
• ROSS, JOHN, or KOOESKOOWE (179o-1866)
• ROSS, ROBERT (1766-1814)
• ROSS, SIR HEW DALRYMPLE (1779-1868)
• ROSS, SIR JAMES CLARK (1800-1862)
• ROSS, SIR JOHN (1777-1856)

Ross in the See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal of the Royal See also:

• ASIATIC

Asiatic Society, See also:

• XXX

xxx .

(1898); E . G . Browne, Literary See also:

• HISTORY

History oPersia, ii . 246 . The quatrains have been edited at See also:

• CALCUTTA

Calcutta (1836) and See also:

• TEHERAN
• TEHERAN (more properly TEHRAN)

Teheran (1857 and 1862); text and French translation by J . B . See also:

• NICOLAS
• NICOLAS, SIR NICHOLAS HARRIS (1799–1848)

Nicolas (Paris, 1867) (very incorrect and misleading) ; a portion of the same, rendered in See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse, by E . See also:

• FITZGERALD
• FITZGERALD, EDWARD (1809–1883)
• FITZGERALD, LORD E
• FITZGERALD, LORD EDWARD (1763-1798)
• FITZGERALD, LORD THOMAS (loth earl of Kildare), (1513-1537)
• FITZGERALD, RAYMOND, or REDMOND (d. ca. 1182)

FitzGerald (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1859, 1872 and 1879) . FitzGerald's translation has been edited with commentary by H . M . Batson (1900), and the and ed. of the same (1868) by E . See also:

• HERON (Fr. heron; Ital. aghirone, airone; Lat. ardea; Gr. ipw&bs: A.-S. hragra; Icelandic, hegre; Swed. hager; Dan. heire; Ger. Heiger, Reiher, Heergans; Dutch, reiger)

Heron See also:

• ALLEN, BOG OF
• ALLEN, ETHAN (1739–1789)
• ALLEN, GRANT CHARLES GRANT BLAIRFINDIEI, (1848–1899)
• ALLEN, JAMES LANE (1850– )
• ALLEN, JOHN (1476–1534)
• ALLEN, or ALLEYN, THOMAS (1542-1632)
• ALLEN, WILLIAM (1532-1594)
• ALLEN, WILLIAM FRANCIS (183o-1889)

Allen (1908) .

A new English version was published in Triibner's " See also:

• ORIENTAL

Oriental " See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series (1882) by E . H . Whinfield, and the first See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical edition of the text, with translation, by the same (1883) . Important later works are N . H . See also:

• DOLE
• DOLE (from Old Eng. dal, cf. mod. " deal ")

Dole's variorum edition (1896), J . See also:

• PAYNE, PETER (c. 138o-1455)

Payne's translation (1898), E . Heron Allen's edition (1898) and the Life by J . K . M . Shirazi (1905); but the literature in new See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations and imitations has recently multiplied exceedingly . (H .