See also:

• ONEIDA
• ONEIDA (a corruption of their proper name Oneyotka-ono, " people of the stone," in allusion to the Oneida stone, a granite boulder near their former village, which was held sacred by them)

ONEIDA COMMUNITY (or See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible Communists)  , an See also:

• AMERICAN

American communistic society at See also:

• ONEIDA
• ONEIDA (a corruption of their proper name Oneyotka-ono, " people of the stone," in allusion to the Oneida stone, a granite boulder near their former village, which was held sacred by them)

Oneida, See also:

• MADISON
• MADISON, JAMES (1751–1836)

Madison See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county, New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, which has attracted wide See also:

• INTEREST

interest on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of its pecuniary success and its See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar religious and social principles (see See also:

• COMMUNISM

COMMUNISM) . Its founder, See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• HUMPHREY (or HUMFREY), LAWRENCE (1527?-1590)

Humphrey Noyes (1811–1886), was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in See also:

• BRATTLEBORO

Brattleboro, See also:

• VERMONT

Vermont, on the 3rd of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1811 . He was of See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good parentage; his See also:

• FATHER

father, John Noyes (1763–1841), was a See also:

• GRADUATE (Med. Lat. graduale, to admit to an academical degree, gradus)

graduate of and for a See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time a See also:

• TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect)

tutor in See also:

• DARTMOUTH
• DARTMOUTH, EARL OF

Dartmouth See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College, and was a representative in See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

Congress in 1815–1817; and his See also:

• MOTHER

mother, Polly See also:

• HAYES, RUTHERFORD BIRCHARD (1822–1893)

Hayes, was an aunt of See also:

• RUTHERFORD, MARK
• RUTHERFORD, WILLIAM GUNION (1853–1907)

Rutherford B . Hayes, See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the See also:

• UNITED

United States . The son graduated at Dartmouth in 1830, and studied See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law for a See also:

• YEAR

year, but having been converted in a protracted revival in 1831 he turned to the See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry, studied See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology for one year at See also:

• ANDOVER

Andover (where he was a member of " The Brethren," a See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret society of students preparing for See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign missionary See also:

• WORK

work), and then a year and a See also:

• HALF

half at Yale, and in 1833 was licensed to preach by the New Haven Association; but his open See also:

• PREACHING (Fr. preecher, from Lat. praedicare, to proclaim)

preaching of his new religious doctrines, and especially that of See also:

• PRESENT

present salvation from .See also:

• SIN
• SIN (O. Eng. syn: a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zonde, Ger. Siinde)

sin, resulted in the revocation of his license in 1834, and his thereafter being called a Perfectionist . He continued to promulgate his ideas of a higher See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian See also:

• LIFE

life, and soon had disciples in many places, one of whom, Harriet A . Holton, a woman of means, he married in 1838 . In 1836 he returned to his father's See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home in Putney, Vt., and founded a See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible School; in 1843 he entered intoa " See also:

• CONTRACT
• CONTRACT (Lat. contract us, from contrahere, to draw together, to bind)

contract of See also:

• PARTNERSHIP (earlier forms, partener, parcener, from Late Lat. partionarius for partitionarius, from partitio, sharing, pars, part)

Partnership " with his Putney followers; and in See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1845 the Putney See also:

• CORPORATION (from Lat. corporare, to form into a body, corpus, corporis)

Corporation or Association of Perfectionists was formed . Although the Putney Corporation or Association was never a community in the sense of See also:

• COMMON

common-See also:

• PROPERTY

property ownership, yet it was practically a communal organization, and embodied the See also:

• RADICAL (Lat. radix, a root)

radical religious and social principles that subsequently gave such fame to the Oneida Community, of which it may justly be regarded as the beginning and precursor . These principles naturally excited the opposition of the churches in the small Vermont See also:

• VILLAGE

village where the Perfectionists resided, and indignation meetings against them were held; and although they resulted in no See also:

• PERSONAL

personal violence Mr Noyes and his followers considered it prudent to remove to a See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place where they were sure of more liberal treatment . They accordingly withdrew from Putney in 1847, and accepting the invitation of See also:

• JONATHAN
• JONATHAN (Heb. " Yah [weh] gives ")

Jonathan Burt and others, settled near Oneida, Madison county, New York . Here the community at first devoted itself to See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture and See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit raising, but had little See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial success until it began the manufacture of a See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel See also:

• TRAP (0. Eng. treppe or traepee, properly a step, as that or which an animal places its foot and is caught, cf. Ger. Treppe flight of stairs)

trap, invented by one of its members, See also:

• SEWALL, SAMUEL (1652-1730)

Sewall Newhouse; the manufacture of steel chains for use with the traps followed; the See also:

• CANNING, CHARLES JOHN, EARL (1812-1862)
• CANNING, GEORGE (1770-1827)

canning of vegetables and fruits was begun about 1854, and the manufacture of sewing and See also:

• EMBROIDERY (M.E. embrouderie, from O. Fr. embroder, Mod. Fr. broder)

embroidery See also:

• SILK

silk in 1866 .

Having started with a very small See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital (the inventoried valuation of its property in 1857 was only $67,000), the community gradually See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew in See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers and prospered as a business concern . Its relations with the surrounding See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population, after the first few years, became very friendly . The members won the reputation of being good, industrious citizens, whose word was always " as good as their See also:

• BOND
• BOND, SIR EDWARD AUGUSTUS (1815-1898)

bond "; against whom no See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of intemperance, See also:

• PROFANITY

profanity or See also:

• CRIME (Lat. crimen, accusation)

crime was ever brought . But the communists claimed that among true Christians " mine and thine " in property matters should cease to exist, as among the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early pentecostal believers; and, moreover, that the same unselfish spirit should pervade and See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control all human relations . And notwithstanding these very radical principles, which were freely propounded and discussed in their weekly See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper, the communists wee not seriously disturbed for a See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter of a See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . But from 1873 to 1879 active See also:

• MEASURES

measures favouring legislative See also:

• ACTION

action against the community, specially instigated by Prof . John W . Mears, (1825–1880, were taken by several ecclesiastical bodies of Central New York . These measures culminated in a See also:

• CONFERENCE

conference held at See also:

• SYRACUSE
• SYRACUSE (Gr. Mvpaaovoat; Lat. Syracusae, Ital. Siracusa)

Syracuse University on the 14th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1879, when denunciatory resolutions against the community were passed and legal measures advised . Mr Noyes, the founder and See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader of the community, had repeatedly said to his followers that the time might come when it would be necessary, in deference to public See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion, to recede from the See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical assertion of their social principles; and on the loth of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August of this year (1879) he said definitely to them that in his See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment that time had come, and he thereupon proposed that the community " give up the practice of Complex See also:

• MARRIAGE

Marriage, not as renouncing belief in the principles and prospective finality of that institution, but in deference to public sentiment." This proposition was considered and accepted in full See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly of the community on the 26th of the same See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month . This See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change was followed by other changes of vital importance, finally resulting in the transformation of the Oneida Community into the incorporated Oneida Community, Limited, a co-operative See also:

• JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint-stock See also:

• COMPANY

company, in which each See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person's interest was represented by the shares of stock See also:

• STANDING

standing in his name on the books of the company . In the reorganization the adult members fared alike in the See also:

• MATTER

matter of remuneration for past services—those who by See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason of See also:

• ILL

ill-See also:

• HEALTH

health had been unable to contribute to the common fund receiving the same as those who by reason of strength and ability had contributed most thereto; besides, the old and infirm had the See also:

• OPTION (Lat. optio, choice, choosing, optare, to choose)

option of accepting a life-guaranty in lieu of work; and hence there were no cases of suffering and want at the time the transformation from a common-property interest to an individual stock interest was made; and in the new company all were guaranteed remunerative labour .

This occurred on the 1st of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1881, at which time the business and property of the community were transferred to the incorporated stock company, and stock issued therefor to the amount of $600,000 . In the subsequent twenty-eight years this capital stock was doubled, and dividends averaging more than 6 % per annum were paid . Aside from the home buildings and the large acreage devoted to agriculture and fruit raising, the present capital of the company is invested, first, in its hard-See also:

• WARE

ware See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department at Kenwood, N.Y.,manufacturing steel See also:

• GAME

game-traps, and weldless chains of every description; second, the silk department at Kenwood, N.Y., manufacturing sewing silk, See also:

• MACHINE
• MACHINE (through Fr. from Lat. form machina of Gr. µnxavil)

machine twist and embroidery silks; third, the fruit department at Kenwood, N.Y., whose reputation for putting up pure, whole-some fruits and vegetables is probably the highest in the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country; See also:

• FOURTH

fourth, the tableware department, at See also:

• NIAGARA
• NIAGARA, FORT

Niagara Falls, N.Y., which manufactures the now celebrated Community See also:

• SILVER

Silver; fifth, the See also:

• CANADIAN

Canadian department, with factory at Niagara Falls, See also:

• ONTARIO
• ONTARIO, LAKE

Ontario, See also:

• CANADA

Canada, where the hardware lines are manufactured for Canadian See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade . The See also:

• ANNUAL

annual sales of all departments aggregate over $2,000,000 . The See also:

• OFFICERS

officers of the company consist of a president, secretary, treasurer and assistant treasurer, and there were in 1909 eleven See also:

• DIRECTORS

directors . Each of the five leading departments is managed by a See also:

• SUPERINTENDENT

superintendent, and all are under the supervision of the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general manager . Nearly all the superintendents and the general manager were in agog See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young men who were born in the community, and have devoted their life-work to the interests of the company . Selling offices are maintained in New York See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

City . See also:

• CHICAGO
• CHICAGO, UNIVERSITY OF

Chicago, St See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis, See also:

• CLEVELAND
• CLEVELAND (or CLEIVELAND), JOHN (1613—1658)
• CLEVELAND, BARBARA VILLIERS, DUCHESS OF (1641-1709)
• CLEVELAND, STEPHEN GROVER (1837-1908)

Cleveland, O., See also:

• RICHMOND
• RICHMOND, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• RICHMOND, LEGH (1772-1827)
• RICHMOND, SIR WILLIAM BLAKE (1842– )

Richmond, Va., See also:

• ATLANTA

Atlanta, Ga., and See also:

• SAN

San Francisco . In addition to the members of the society the company employs between 1500 and 2000 workmen . The policy has been to avoid trade-unions, but to pay higher See also:

• WAGES (the plural of " wage," from Late Lat. wadium, a pledge, O. Fr. wagier, gagier)

wages and give better conditions than other employers in similar lines, and by so doing to obtain a better selection of workmen . The conditions of work as well as of living have been studied and See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed with the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of making both healthful and attractive .

With this in view the company has laid out small villages, in many ways making them attractive and sanitary, and has encouraged the See also:

• BUILDING

building of houses by its employes . Much has been accomplished in this direction by providing desirable building-sites at moderate expense, and paying a See also:

• BONUS (a jocular application of the Lat. bonus, for bonum, " a good thing ")

bonus of from $See also:

• LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo to $200 in See also:

• CASH

cash to every employe who builds his own home . The company has also taken an interest in the See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools in the vicinity of its factories, with the idea of offering to the See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children of its employes facilities for a good See also:

• EDUCATION

education . The communism of John H . Noyes was based on his See also:

• INTERPRETATION (from Lat. interpretari, to expound, explain, inter pres, an agent, go-between, interpreter; inter, between, and the root pret-, possibly connected with that seen either in Greek 4 p4'ew, to speak, or irpa-rrecv, to do)

interpretation of the New Testament . In his pamphlet, Bible Communism (1848), he affirmed that the second coming of See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ occurred at the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the apostolic See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, immediately after the destruction of See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem, and he argued from many New Testament passages, especially r John 1, 7, that after the second coming and the beginning of Christ's reign upon the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth, the true See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard of Christian See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character was sinlessness, which was possible through vital See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union with Christ, that all selfishness was to be done away with, both in property in things and in persons, or, in other words, that communism was to be finally established in all the relations of life . But, while affirming that the same spirit which on the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day of See also:

• PENTECOST

Pentecost abolished exclusiveness in regard to See also:

• MONEY

money tends to obliterate all other property distinctions, he had no See also:

• AFFILIATION (from Lat. ad filiare, to adopt as a son)

affiliation with those commonly termed See also:

• FREE

Free Lovers, because their principles and practices seemed to him to tend toward anarchy . " Our Communities," he said, " are families as distinctly bounded and separated from promiscuous society as See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary households . The tie that binds us together is as permanent and sacred, to say the least, as that of common marriage, for it is our See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion . We receive no new members (except by deception and See also:

• MISTAKE (i.e. take amiss)

mistake) who do not give See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart and See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand to the See also:

• FAMILY

family interest for life and for ever . Community of property extends just as far as freedom of love . Every See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man's care and every See also:

• DOLLAR

dollar of the common property are pledged for the See also:

• MAINTENANCE (Fr. maintenance, from maintenir, to maintain, support, Lat. manu tenere, to hold in the hand)

maintenance and See also:

• PROTECTION

protection of the See also:

• WOMEN

women and the education of the children of the Community." The community was much interested in the question of See also:

• RACE

race improvement by scientific means, and maintained with much force of See also:

• ARGUMENT

argument that at least as much scientific See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention should be given to the See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical improvement of human beings as is given to the improvement of domestic animals; and they referred to the results of their t wn incomplete stirpicultural experiments as indicative of what may be expected in the far future, when the conditions of human See also:

• REPRODUCTION

reproduction are no longer controlled by See also:

• CHANCE (through the O. Fr. cheance, from the Late Lat. cadentia, things happening, from cadere, to fall out, happen; cf. " case ")

chance, social position, See also:

• WEALTH

wealth, impulse or lust .

The community claimed to have solved among themselves the labour question, all kinds of service being regarded as equally See also:

• HONOURABLE (Fr. honorable, from Lat. honorabilis, worthy of honour)

honourable, and every person being respected according to his real character . The members had some peculiarities of See also:

• DRESS (from the Fr. dresser, to set out, arrange, formed from Lat. directus, arranged, dirigere, to direct, arrange)

dress, mostly confined, however, to the women, whose costumes included a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short dress and pantalets, which were appreciated for their convenience, if not for their beauty . The women also adopted the practice of wearing short See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair, which it was claimed saved time and vanity . See also:

• TOBACCO

Tobacco, intoxicants, profanity, See also:

• OBSCENITY (from the adjective " obscene," Lat. obscenus, evil-looking, filthy)

obscenity found no place in the community . The community See also:

• DIET

diet consisted largely of vegetables and fruits; See also:

• MEAT

meat, See also:

• TEA (Chinese cha, Amoy dialect t€)

tea and See also:

• COFFEE (Fr: cafe, Ger. Kaffee)

coffee being served only occasionally . For securing good See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order and the improvement of the members, the community placed much reliance upon a very peculiar See also:

• SYSTEM

system of See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain speaking they termed mutual See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism; which originated in a secret society of missionary brethren with which Mr Noyes was connected while pursuing his theological studies at Andover See also:

• SEMINARY (Lat. seminarium, from semen, seed)

Seminary, and whose members submitted themselves in turn to the sincerest comment of one another as a means of personal improvement . Under Mr Noyes's supervision it became in the Oneida Community a See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal means of discipline and See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government . There was a standing See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee of criticism, selected by the community, and changed from time to time, thus giving all an opportunity to serve both as critics and subjects, and justifying the See also:

• TERM

term " mutual " which they gave to the system . The subject was free to have others besides the committee present, or to have critics only of his own choice, or to invite an expression from the whole community . Noyes edited The Perfectionist (New Haven, See also:

• CONNECTICUT

Connecticut, 1834, and Putney, Vermont, 1843-1846) ; The See also:

• WITNESS
• WITNESS (from O. Eng. witan, to know)

Witness (See also:

• ITHACA
• ITHACA ('IeaK77)

Ithaca, New York, and Putney, 1838-1843) ; The Spiritual See also:

• MAGAZINE

Magazine (Putney, 1846-1847 ; Oneida, 1848-1850) ; The Free See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church Circular (Oneida, 1850-1851); and virtually, though not always nominally, The Circular and The Oneida Circular (See also:

• BROOKLYN

Brooklyn, 1851-1854; Oneida, N.Y., and See also:

• WALLINGFORD

Wallingford, See also:

• CONN
• CONN, LOUGH

Conn., 1854-1876); and The American Socialist (Oneida, 1876-1880) . He was the author of The Way of Holiness (Putney, 1838) ; The Berean (Putney, 1847), containing See also:

• ART

art exposition of his doctrines of Salvation from Sin; the Second Coming of Christ; the Origin of Evil; the See also:

• ATONEMENT

Atonement; the Second See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

Birth; the See also:

• MILLENNIUM (a pseudo-Latin word formed on the analogy of biennium, triennium, from Lat. milk, a thousand, and armies, year)

Millennium; Our Relations to the See also:

• PRIMITIVE

Primitive Church, &c . &c.; See also:

• HISTORY

History of American See also:

• SOCIALISM

Socialism (See also:

• PHILADELPHIA

Philadelphia, 1870) ; Home Talks (Oneida, 1876) ; and numerous See also:

• PAMPHLETS

pamphlets .

See a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of articles in the Manufacturer and Builder (New York, 1891-1894). by " C . R . Edson " (i.e . C . E . See also:

• ROBINSON, EDWARD (1794–1863)
• ROBINSON, HENRY CRABB (1777–1867)
• ROBINSON, JOHN (1575–1625)
• ROBINSON, JOHN (1650-1723)
• ROBINSON, JOHN THOMAS ROMNEY (1792–1882)
• ROBINSON, MARY [" Perdita "] (1758–1800)
• ROBINSON, SIR JOHN BEVERLEY, BART
• ROBINSON, SIR JOSEPH BENJAMIN (1845– )
• ROBINSON, THEODORE (1852-1896)

Robinson) ; The Oneida Community, by See also:

• ALLAN, DAVID (1744–1796)
• ALLAN, SIR HUGH (1810–1882)
• ALLAN, SIR WILLIAM (1782–1850)

Allan Estlake (a member of the community) (Igoo); See also:

• MORRIS
• MORRIS [MORRISON], CLARA (1849– )
• MORRIS, GOUVERNEUR (1752–1816)
• MORRIS, JOHN (1810-1886)
• MORRIS, RICHARD (1833–1894)
• MORRIS, ROBERT (1734–1806)
• MORRIS, SIR LEWIS (1833–1907)
• MORRIS, WILLIAM (1834-1896)

Morris Hillquit's History of Socialism in the United States (New York, 1903), and especially See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William A . Hinds' American Communities and Co-operative Colonies (3rd ed., Chicago, 1908) . (W . A . H.) O'See also:

• NEILL, JAMES GEORGE SMITH (1810-1857)

NEILL, the name of an Irish family tracing descent from Niall, See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland early in the 5th century, and known in Irish history and See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend as Niall of the Nine Hostages . He is said to have made See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war not only against lesser rulers in Ireland, but also in See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain and See also:

• GAUL
• GAUL, GILBERT WILLIAM (1855— )

Gaul, stories of his exploits being related in the See also:

• BOOK

Book of See also:

• LEINSTER

Leinster and the Book of See also:

• BALLYMOTE

Ballymote, both of which, however, are many centuries later than the time of Niall . This king had fourteen sons, one of whom was Eoghan (See also:

• OWEN, JOHN (1616-1683)
• OWEN, JOHN [OVENUS Or AUDOENUS] (c. 1560-1622)
• OWEN, ROBERT (1771-1858)
• OWEN, SIR HUGH (1804-1881)
• OWEN, SIR RICHARD (1804–1892)

Owen), from whom the O'Neills of the later history were descended .

The descendants of Niall spread over Ireland and became divided into two See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main branches, the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern and the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern Hy Neill, to one or other of which nearly all the high-See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings (and-ri) of Ireland from the 5th to the 12th century belonged; the descendants of Eoghan being the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of the northern Hy Neill.' Eoghan was grandfather of Murkertagh (Muircheartach) (d . 533), ' A See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of these kings will be found in P . W . Joyce's A Social History of See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

Ancient Ireland (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1903), vol. i. pp . 70, 71 . said to have been the first Christian king of Ireland, whose mother, Eirc or Erca, became by a subsequent marriage the grandmother of St See also:

• COLUMBA, SAINT (Irish, Colum)

Columba . Of this monarch, known as Murkertagh See also:

• MACNEILL, HECTOR (1946-1818)

MacNeill (Niall), and sometimes by reference to his mother as Murkertagh Mac Erca, the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story is told, illustrating an ancient See also:

• CELTIC

Celtic See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom, that in making a See also:

• LEAGUE

league with a tribe in icleath he emphasized the inviolability of the treaty by having it written with the See also:

• BLOOD

blood of both clans mixed in one See also:

• VESSEL (O. Fr. vaissel, from a rare Lat. vascellum, dim. of vas, vase, urn)

vessel . Murkertagh was chief of the great See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north Irish See also:

• CLAN (Gaelic clann, O. Ir. cland, connected with Lat. planta, shoot or scion, the ancient Gaelic or Goidelic substituting k for p)

clan, the Cinel Eoghain,l and after becoming king of Ireland about the year 517, he wrested from a neighbouring clan a See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract of country in the mod.ern County Derry, which remained till the 17th century in the See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the Cinel Eoghain . The inauguration See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone of the Irish kings, the Lia Fail, or Stone of Destiny, fabled to have been the See also:

• PILLOW (O. Eng. pylu; Lat. pulvinus, a cushion)

pillow of the See also:

• PATRIARCH (M.E. and O. Fr. patriarche, Lat. patriarcha, Gr. aarpuipxtis, from srarptu., clan, and apxil, rule)

patriarch See also:

• JACOB
• JACOB, JOHN (1812-1858)

Jacob on the occasion of his See also:

• DREAM (from a root dreug, connected with Germ. trugen, to deceive)

dream of the heavenly See also:

• LADDER, (0. Eng. hlaeder; of Teutonic origin, cf. Dutch leer, Ger. Leiter; the ultimate origin is in the root seen in " lean," Or. KNiµat)

ladder, was said to have been presented by Murkertagh to the king of See also:

• DALRIADA

Dalriada, bywhom it was conveyed toDunstaffnage See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

Castle in See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland (see See also:

• SCONE
• SCONE (pron. Skoon; Gaelic, skene, "a cutting")

SCONE) . A lineal descendent of Murkertagh was Niall Frassach (i.e. of the showers), who became king of Ireland in 763; his surname, of which several fanciful explanations have been suggested, probably commemorating merely See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather of exceptional severity at his birth . His See also:

• GRAND

grand-son, Niall (791–845), drove back the Vikings who in his time began to infest the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of See also:

• DONEGAL

Donegal . Niall's son, Aedh (See also:

• HUGH
• HUGH, ST

Hugh) Finnlaith, was father of Niall Glundubh (i.e .

Niall of the See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black See also:

• KNEE (O. E. cneow, a word common to Indo-European languages, cf. Ger. Knie, Fr. genou, Span. hinojo, Lat. genu, Gr. ybvv, Sansk. janu)

knee), one of the most famous of the early Irish kings, from whom the family surname of the O'Neills was derived . His See also:

• BROTHER

brother Domhnall (Donnell) was king of Ailech, a See also:

• DISTRICT

district in Donegal and Derry; the royal See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace, the ruined See also:

• MASONRY

masonry of which is still to be seen, being on the See also:

• SUMMIT

summit of a See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill 800 ft. high overlooking loughs Foyle and, Swilly . On the See also:

• DEATH

death of Domhnall in 911 Niall Glundubh became king of Ailech, and he then attacked and defeated the king of Dalriada at Glarryford, in County See also:

• ANTRIM
• ANTRIM, RANDAL MACDONNELL, 1ST EARL OF (d. 1636)
• ANTRIM, RANDAL MACDONNELL, 1ST MARQUESS OF (1609-1683)

Antrim, and the king of Ulidia near See also:

• BALLYMENA

Ballymena . Having thus extended his dominion he became king of Ireland in 915 . To him is attributed the revival of the ancient See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting of Irish clans known as the See also:

• FAIR

Fair of Telltown (see IRELAND: Early History) . He fought many battles against the Norsemen, in one of which he was killed in 919 at Kilmashoge, where his place of See also:

• BURIAL

burial is still to be seen . His son Murkertagh, who gained a great victory over the Norse in 926, is celebrated for his triumphant march See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round Ireland; the Moirthimchell Eiream, in which, starting from Portglenone on the See also:

• BANN

Bann, he completed a See also:

• CIRCUIT (Lat. circuitus, from circum, round, and ire, to go)

circuit of the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of his armed clan, returning with many See also:

• CAPTIVE (from Lat. capere, to take)

captive kings and chieftains . From the dress of his followers in this expedition he was called " Murkertagh of the See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

Leather Cloaks." The exploit was celebrated by Cormacan, the king's See also:

• BARD

bard, in a poem that has been printed by the Irish Archaeological Society; and a number of Murkertagh's other deeds are related in the Book of Leinster . He was killed in See also:

• BATTLE

battle against the Norse in 943, and was succeeded as king of Ailech by his son, Donnell Ua Niall (i.e . O'Neill, See also:

• GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

grandson of Neill, or Niall, the name O'Neill becoming about this time an hereditary family surname 2), whose grandson, Flaherty, became renowned for piety by going on a See also:

• PILGRIMAGE (Fr. pelerinage, Lat. peregrinatio)

pilgrimage to See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome in 1030 . Aedh (Hugh) O'Neill, chief of the Cinel Eoghain, or See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord of Tir-Eoghain (Tir-Owen, See also:

• TYRONE
• TYRONE, EARLS OF

Tyrone) at the end of the 12th century, was the first of the family to be brought prominently into conflict with the Anglo-See also:

• NORMAN
• NORMAN, SIR HENRY WYLIE (1826-1904)

Norman See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy, whose pretensions he took the See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead in disputing in See also:

• ULSTER
• ULSTER, EARLS OF

Ulster . It was probably his son or See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew (for the relationship is uncertain, the genealogies of the O'Neills being rendered obscure by the contemporaneous occurrence of the same name in different branches of the family) Hugh O'Neill, lord of Tyrone, who was styled " Head of the liberality and valour of the Irish." Hugh's son, See also:

• BRIAN (926-1014)

Brian, by gaining 1 The Cinel, or Kinel, was a See also:

• GROUP

group of related clans occupying an extensive district .

See Joyce, op. cit. i . 166 . 2 The See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption of hereditary names became general in Ireland, in obedience, it is said, to an See also:

• ORDINANCE
• ORDINANCE, or ORDONNANCE

ordinance of Brian Born, about the end of the loth century . For the method of their formation see Joyce, op. cit. ii . 19 . the support of the See also:

• EARL

earl of Ulster, was inaugurated' See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince, or lord, of Tyrone in 1291; and his son See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry became lord of the Clann Aodha Buidhe (Clanaboy or Clandeboye), early in the 14th century . Henry's son Murkertagh the Strongminded, and his great-grandson Hugh, described as " the most renowned, hospitable and valorous of the princes of Ireland in his time," greatly consolidated the See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of the O'Neills . Niall Og O'Neill, one of the four kings of Ireland, accepted See also:

• KNIGHTHOOD

knighthood from See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard II. of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England; and his son Eoghan formally acknowledged the supremacy of the See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• CROWN

crown, though he after-wards ravaged the See also:

• PALE (through Fr. pal, from Lat. palms, a stake, for paglus, from the stem pag- of pangere, to fix; " pole " is from the same original source)

Pale, and was inaugurated " the O'Neill " (i.e. chief of the clan) on the death of his kinsman Domhnall Boy O'Neill; a dignity from which he was deposed in 1455 by his son Henry, who in 1463 was acknowledged as chief of the Irish kings by Henry VII. of England . Contemporary with him was Neill Mor O'Neill (see below), lord of Clanaboy, from whose son Brian was descended the See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the O'Neills who, settling in See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal in the 18th century, became prominent among the Portuguese See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility, and who at the present day are the representatives in the male See also:

• LINE

line of the ancient Irish kings of the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of O'Neill .