See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

LAKE See also:

• ONTARIO
• LAKE ONTARIO

ONTARIO  , the smallest and most easterly of the See also:

• GREAT

Great Lakes of See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North .See also:

• AMERICA

America . It lies between 43° II' and 440 12' N. and 76° 12' and 79° 49' W., and is bounded on the N. by the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• ONTARIO
• ONTARIO, LAKE

Ontario and on the S. by the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York . It is roughly elliptical, its See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

major See also:

• AXIS (Lat. for " axle ")

axis, 18o m. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long, lying nearly See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east and See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west, and its greatest breadth is 53 M . The See also:

• AREA

area of its See also:

• WATER

water See also:

• SURFACE

surface is 7260 sq. m. and the See also:

• TOTAL

total area of its See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin 32,980 sq. m . Its greatest See also:

• DEPTH

depth is 738 ft., its See also:

• AVERAGE

average depth much in excess of that of See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake See also:

• ERIE

Erie, and it is as a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• RULE

rule See also:

• FREE

free from outlying shoals or dangers . On the north See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the lake the See also:

• LAND

land rises gradually from the See also:

• SHORE

shore, and spreads out into broad plains, which are thickly settled by farmers . A marked feature of the See also:

• TOPOGRAPHY
• TOPOGRAPHY (Gr. Toros, place, -partied', to write)

topography of the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south shore is what is known as the Lake See also:

• RIDGE (a word. common to many Teutonic languages, meaning " back," whether of a man or an animal, cf. German Rucke)
• RIDGE, WILLIAM PETT (1864- )

ridge, or, as it approaches the See also:

• NIAGARA
• NIAGARA, FORT

Niagara See also:

• RIVER

river, the See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

Mountain ridge . This ridge extends, with breaks, from Sodus to the Niagara river, and is distant from the lake 3 to 8 m . The See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low ground between it and the shore, and between the Niagara escarpment and the water on the See also:

• CANADIAN

Canadian shore, is a celebrated See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit growing See also:

• DISTRICT

district, covered with See also:

• VINE

vine-yards, See also:

• PEACH
• PEACH, CHARLES WILLIAM (1800-1886)

peach, See also:

• APPLE (a common Teut. word, A.S. aepl, aeppel, O.H.G. aphul, aphal, apfal, mod. Ger. Apfel)

apple and See also:

• PEAR (Pyrus communis)

pear orchards and fruit farms . The Niagara river is the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main feeder of the lake; the other largest See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers emptying into the lake are the Genesee, See also:

• OSWEGO

Oswego and See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black from the south side, and the See also:

• TRENT
• TRENT (Lat. Tridentum; Ital. Trento; Ger. relent)
• TRENT, COUNCIL OF

Trent, which discharges into the upper end of the See also:

• BAY

bay of Quinte, a picturesque inlet 70 M. long, on the north shore, between the See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

peninsula of See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince See also:

• EDWARD

Edward, near the eastern extremity of the lake, and the mainland . The east end of the lake, where it is 30 M. wide, is crossed by a See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain of five islands, and the lake has its outlet near See also:

• KINGSTON
• KINGSTON, ELIZABETH, DUCHESS OF (1720-1788)
• KINGSTON, WILLIAM HENRY GILES (1814-188o)

Kingston, where it discharges into the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the St See also:

• LAWRENCE
• LAWRENCE (LAURENTIUS, LORENZO), ST
• LAWRENCE, AMOS (1786—1852)
• LAWRENCE, AMOS ADAMS (1814–1886)
• LAWRENCE, GEORGE ALFRED (1827–1876)
• LAWRENCE, JOHN LAIRD MAIR LAWRENCE, 1ST BARON (1811-1879)
• LAWRENCE, SIR HENRY MONTGOMERY (1806–1857)
• LAWRENCE, SIR THOMAS (1769–1830)
• LAWRENCE, STRINGER (1697–1775)

Lawrence river between a See also:

• GROUP

group of islands . Elsewhere the lake is practically free from islands .

There is a general surface current down the lake towards the eastward of about 8 m. a See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, strongest along the south shore, but no noticeable return current . As a result of its relatively great depth there are seldom any great fluctuations of level in this lake due to See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind disturbance, but the lake follows the general rule of the Great Lakes (q.v.) of seasonal and See also:

• ANNUAL

annual variation . See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

Standard high water (of 1870) is 2.77 ft. below the mean level, of 246.18 ft. above mean See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-level, and standard low water 3'24 ft. below the same See also:

• PLANE

plane . The lake never freezes over, and is less obstructed by See also:

• ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

ice than the other lakes, but the harbours are closed by ice from about the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December to the middle of See also:

• APRIL

April . The See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce of Lake Ontario is limited in comparison with that of the lakes above Niagara Falls, and is restricted to vessels that can pass through the Welland See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal locks, which are 270 ft. long, 45 ft. wide and 14 ft. deep . See also:

• FREIGHT, (pronounced like " weight "; derived from the Dutch vracht or vrecht, in Fr. fret, the Eng. " fraught " being the same word, and formerly used for the same thing, but now only as an adjective= " laden ")

Freight consists principally of See also:

• COAL

coal shipped from See also:

• CHARLOTTE

Charlotte, Great and Little Sodus bays and Oswego to Canadian ports in the lakes, and to ports on the St Lawrence river; of See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain shipped through the Welland canal to the St Lawrence; and of See also:

• LUMBER

lumber from Canadian ports . There is a large passenger See also:

• TRAFFIC

traffic, including See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure trips, principally radiating from See also:

• TORONTO

Toronto . Ports on the lake are limited in capacity to vessels See also:

• DRAWING

drawing not more than 14 ft. of water . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal Canadian ports are Kingston, at the head of the St Lawrence river; Toronto, where the See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour is formed by an See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island with improved entrance channels constructed both east and west of it; and See also:

• HAMILTON
• HAMILTON (GRAND or ASHUANIPI)
• HAMILTON, ALEXANDER (1757-1804)
• HAMILTON, ANTHONY, or ANTOINE (1646-1720)
• HAMILTON, ELIZABETH (1758–1816)
• HAMILTON, EMMA, LADY (c. 1765-1815)
• HAMILTON, JAMES (1769-1831)
• HAMILTON, JAMES HAMILTON, 1ST DUKE OF (1606-1649)
• HAMILTON, JOHN (c. 1511–1571)
• HAMILTON, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• HAMILTON, PATRICK (1504-1528)
• HAMILTON, ROBERT (1743-1829)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM (1730-1803)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM ROWAN (1805-1865)
• HAMILTON, THOMAS (1789-1842)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM (1704-1754)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM GERARD (1729-1796)

Hamilton, at the head of the lake, situated on a landlocked See also:

• LAGOON (Fr. lagune, Lat. lacuna, a pool)

lagoon, connected with the main lake by See also:

• BURLINGTON

Burlington channel, an artificial cut . The principal See also:

• UNITED

United States See also:

• PORT

port is Oswego, where a See also:

• BREAKWATER

breakwater has been built, making an See also:

• OUTER

outer harbour . The construction of a breakwater was undertaken in 1907 by the United States See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government at Cape See also:

• VINCENT (or VINCENTIUS), ST
• VINCENT, GEORGE (1796-1831?)
• VINCENT, MARY ANN (1818-1887)

Vincent to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a harbour where westbound vessels can shelter from See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

storm before See also:

• CROSSING

crossing the lake . The difference of 327 ft. in level between Lake Ontario and Lake Erie is overcome by the Welland canal, which leads southward from Port See also:

• DALHOUSIE, FOX MAULE RAMSAY
• DALHOUSIE, JAMES ANDREW BROUN RAMSAY, 1ST MARQUESS

Dalhousie .

It accommodates vessels 255 ft. in length, with a See also:

• DRAUGHT (from the common Teutonic word " to draw "; cf. Ger. 7'racht, load; the pronunciation led to the variant form " draft," now confined to certain specific meanings)

draught of 14 ft . The See also:

• MURRAY
• MURRAY (or MORAY), EARLS OF
• MURRAY (or MORAY), JAMES STUART, EARL OF (c. 1531-1570)
• MURRAY (or MORAY), SIR ROBERT (c. 1600-1673)
• MURRAY, ALEXANDER STUART (1841-1904)
• MURRAY, DAVID (1849– )
• MURRAY, EUSTACE CLARE GRENVILLE (1824–1881)
• MURRAY, JAMES (c. 1719-1794)
• MURRAY, JOHN
• MURRAY, JOHN (1778–1820)
• MURRAY, LINDLEY (1745–1826)
• MURRAY, LORD GEORGE (1694–1760)
• MURRAY, SIR JAMES AUGUSTUS HENRY (1837– )
• MURRAY, SIR JOHN (1841– )

Murray canal, opened for traffic on the 14th of April 1890, extends from Presqu'ile bay, on the north of the lake, to the head of the bay of Quinte, and enables vessels to avoid 70 M. of open See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation . It is 11 ft. deep below the lowest lake level, and has no locks . It is proposed to have the eastern See also:

• TERMINUS

terminus of the Trent canal See also:

• SYSTEM

system (see GREAT LAKES) at the head of the bay of Quinte, entering through the Trent river . At Kingston the Rideau canal, extending 128 m. to See also:

• OTTAWA

Ottawa, enters the St Lawrence river at the See also:

• FOOT

foot of the lake . (W . P .