See also:

• OPORTO (i.e. o Porto, " the port ")

OPORTO (i.e. o See also:

• PORTO

Porto, " the See also:

• PORT

port ")  , the second See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal, the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the See also:

• DISTRICT

district of See also:

• OPORTO (i.e. o Porto, " the port ")

Oporto and formerly of Entre-See also:

• DOURO (Span. Duero, Port. Douro, anc. Durius)

Douro-e-Minho; on both See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks of the See also:

• RIVER

river Douro, about 3 M. from its mouth, in 41° 8' N. and 8° 37' W . Pop . (1900) 167,955 . In Portuguese the definite See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article is uncompounded in the name of the city, which in strict accuracy should always be written See also:

• PORTO

Porto; the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form Oporto has, however, been stereotyped by See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long usage in See also:

• ENGLISH

English and in some other See also:

• EUROPEAN

European See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages . The See also:

• PART

part of the city See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of the Douro is known as See also:

• VILLA

Villa Nova de Gaia . Oporto is the see of a See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop, in the archiepiscopal See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• BRAGA

Braga . It is the true capital of See also:

• NORTHERN

northern Portugal, and the commercial and See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• RIVAL

rival of See also:

• LISBON (Lisboa)

Lisbon, in much the same way as See also:

• BARCELONA

Barcelona (q.v.) is the rival of See also:

• MADRID

Madrid . Three See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main railway lines meet here—from Lisbon, from Valenga do Minho on the northern frontier, and from See also:

• BARCA (mod. Merj)

Barca d'See also:

• ALVA
• ALVA, or ALBA, FERNANDO ALVAREZ DE TOLEDO, DUKE OF, (1508-1583)

Alva on the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-western frontier . The Valenga See also:

• LINE

line has branches to See also:

• GUIMARAES (sometimes written Guimaraens)

Guimaraes and Braga, and affords See also:

• ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

access to See also:

• CORUNNA
• CORUNNA (Span. La Coruna; Fr. La Corogne; Eng. formerly often The Groyne)

Corunna and other cities of north-western See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain; the Barca d'Alva line has a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch to Mirandella and communicates with Madrid via See also:

• SALAMANCA
• SALAMANCA (anc. Salmantica or Elmantica)

Salamanca . Oporto is built chiefly on the north or right See also:

• BANK

bank of the Douro; its See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal suburbs are Bomfim on the E., See also:

• MONTE

Monte Pedral and Paranhos on the N., Villar Bicalho, Lordello and Sao Joao da Foz on the W., Ramalde, Villarinha, Matozinhos, Lega da Palmeira and the See also:

• PORT

port of See also:

• LEIXOES

Leixoes on the N.W . The mouth of the river is obstructed by a sandy See also:

• SPIT

spit of See also:

• LAND

land which has been enlarged by the deposits of silt constantly washed down by the See also:

• SWIFT
• SWIFT, JONATHAN (1667—1745)

swift current; on the north See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of this See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar is a narrow channel varying in See also:

• DEPTH

depth from 16 ft. to 19 ft . A fort in Sao Joao da Foz protects the entrance, and there is a lighthouse on a See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock outside the bar .

As large vessels cannot enter the river, a See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour of See also:

• REFUGE

refuge has been constructed at Leixoes (q.v.) . The approach to Oporto up the winding and See also:

• FJORD, or FIORD

fjord-like See also:

• ESTUARY (from the Lat. aestuarium, a place reached by aestus, the tide)

estuary is one of singular beauty . On the north the streets rise in terraces up the steep bank, built in many cases of See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite over-laid with See also:

• PLASTER

plaster, so that See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white is the prevailing See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour of the city; on the south are the hamlets of Gaia and Furada, and the red-tiled See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine lodges of Villa Nova de Gaia, in which vast quantities of " port " are manufactured and stored . The See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture of the houses and public buildings is often rather See also:

• ORIENTAL

Oriental than European in See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance . There are numerous parks and gardens, especially on the outskirts of the city, in which palms, oranges and aloes grow side by side with the See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers and fruits of northern See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, for the See also:

• CLIMATE

climate is mild and very equable, the mean temperatures for See also:

• JANUARY

January and See also:

• JULY

July—the coldest and the hottest months—being respectively about 500 and 7o° . The Douro is at all seasons crowded with See also:

• SHIPPING

shipping, chiefly small steamers and large sailing vessels . The See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design of some of the native See also:

• CRAFT (a word common to Teutonic languages for strength, or power; cf. Ger. Kraft)

craft is See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar—among them may be mentioned the highprowed See also:

• CANOE (from Carib. candoa, the West Indian name found in use by Columbus; the Fr. canot, boat, and Ger. Kahn, are derived from the Lat. canna, reed, vessel)

canoe-like fishing boats, the rascas with their three See also:

• LATEEN (the Anglicized form of Fr. latine, i.e. voile latine, Latin sail, so-called as the chief form of rig in the Mediterranean)

lateen sails, and the barcos rabello, See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat-bottomed See also:

• BARGES

barges with huge rudders, used for the See also:

• CONVEYANCE

conveyance of wine down stream . Two remarkable See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron See also:

• BRIDGES
• BRIDGES, ROBERT (1844– )

bridges, the Maria Pia and the Dom Luiz I., span the river . The first was built by Messrs Eiffel & See also:

• COMPANY

Company of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris in 1876-1877; it rests on a granite substructure and carries the Lisbon railway line across the Douro See also:

• RAVINE

ravine at a height of 200 ft . The second, constructed in 1881–1885 by a Belgian See also:

• FIRM

firm, has two decks or roadways, one 33 ft., the other 200 ft. above the usual See also:

• WATER

water-level; its See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

arch, one of the largest in Europe, has a span of 56o ft. and is supported by two massive granite towers . The Douro is liable in See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter to sudden and violent floods; in 1go9–1910 the water See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose 40 ft. at Oporto, where it is confined in a deep and narrow See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed . Though parts of the city are See also:

• MODERN

modern or have been modernized, the older quarters in the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east are extremely picturesque, with their steep and narrow lanes overshadowed by lofty balconied houses .

Overcrowding and dirt are See also:

• COMMON

common, for the See also:

• DENSITY (Lat. densus, thick)

density of See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population is nearly 13,000 per sq. m., or greater than in any other city of Portugal . Until the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early years of the loth See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, when C . a proper See also:

• SYSTEM

system of See also:

• SEWERAGE

sewerage was installed, the See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of Oporto was most insanitary . Electric See also:

• LIGHTING

lighting and tramways were introduced a little before this, but the completion of the See also:

• TRAMWAY

tramway system was long delayed, and in the hilly districts ears See also:

• DRAWN

drawn by ten mules were not an uncommon sight . Ox-carts are used for the conveyance of heavy goods, and until See also:

• LATE

late in the 19th century See also:

• SEDAN

sedan-chairs were still occasionally used . A painful feature of the See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

street-See also:

• LIFE

life of Oporto is the See also:

• GREAT

great number of the diseased and mutilated beggars who frequent the busiest thoroughfares . As a See also:

• RULE

rule, however, the natives of Oporto are strong and of See also:

• FINE

fine physique; they also show fewer signs of See also:

• NEGRO (from Lat. eager, black)

negro descent than the See also:

• PEOPLE

people of Lisbon . Their See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers tend to increase very rapidly; in 1864 the population of Oporto was 86,751, but in 1878 it rose to 105,838, in 1890 to 138,860, and in 1900 to 167,955 . Many of the men emigrate to South See also:

• AMERICA

America, where their See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry usually enables them to prosper, and ultimately to return with considerable savings . The See also:

• LOCAL

local See also:

• DIALECT (from Gr. Sia stcror, conversation, manner of speaking, &aXeyec6at, to converse)

dialect is broader than the Portuguese of the educated classes, from which it differs more in See also:

• PRONUNCIATION (Lat. pronuntiatio, from pronuntiare, proclaim, announce, pronounce)

pronunciation than in See also:

• IDIOM (Gr. t&%wµa, something peculiar and personal; lbws, one's own, personal)

idiom . The poverty of the people is very great . Out of the 597,935 inhabitants of the district of Oporto (893 sq. m.), 422,320 were returned at the See also:

• CENSUS (from Lat. censere, to estimate or assess; connected by some with centum, i.e. a count by hundreds)

census of 19oo as unable to read or write .

Much had been done, however, to remedy this defect, and besides numerous See also:

• PRIMARY

primary See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools there are in the city two schools for teachers, a medical See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

academy, See also:

• POLYTECHNIC (Gr. aroWus, many, and rEXvn, an art)

polytechnic, See also:

• ART

art, See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade and See also:

• NAVAL

naval schools, and See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

institute, a commercial See also:

• ATHENAEUM

athenaeum, a See also:

• LYCEUM

lyceum for secondary See also:

• EDUCATION

education, an ecclesiastical See also:

• SEMINARY (Lat. seminarium, from semen, seed)

seminary, and a meteorological See also:

• OBSERVATORY

observatory . The See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral, which stands at the highest point of eastern Oporto, on the site of the Visigothic citadel, was originally a Romanesque See also:

• BUILDING

building of the 12th century; its cloisters are See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic of the 14th century, but the greater part of the fabric was modernized in the 17th and 18th centuries . The interior of the cloisters is adorned with See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue and white tiles, painted to represent scenes from the See also:

• SONG

Song of See also:

• SOLOMON, ODES OF
• SOLOMON, PSALMS OF

Solomon . The bishop's See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace is a large and lofty building conspicuously placed on a high rock; the interior contains a fine See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble See also:

• STAIRCASE

staircase . The Romanesque and early Gothic See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of Sao Martinho de Cedo Feita is the most interesting ecclesiastical building in Oporto, especially noteworthy being the curiously carved capitals of its pillars . Though the See also:

• PRESENT

present structure is not older, except in details, than the 12th century, the church is said to have been " hastily built " (cedo feita, cito facia) by Theodomir, See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of the Visigoths, in 559, to receive the See also:

• RELICS (Lat, reliquiae, the equivalent of the English " remains " in the sense of a dead body)

relics of St See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin of See also:

• TOURS

Tours, which were then on their way hither from See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . The Torre dos Clerigos is a granite See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower 246 ft. high, built in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 18th century at the expense of the local See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy (clen gos); it stands on a See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill and forms a conspicuous landmark for sailors . Nossa Senhora da Lapa is a fine 18th-century church, Corinthian in See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style; Sao Francisco is a Gothic See also:

• BASILICA

basilica dating from 141o; Nossa Senhora da Serra do Pilar is a secularized Augustinian See also:

• CONVENT (Lat. conventus, from convenire, to come together)

convent used as See also:

• ARTILLERY (the O. Fr. artiller, to equip with engines of war, probably comes from Late Lat. articulum, dim. of ars, art, cf. " engine " from ingenium, or of artus, joint)

artillery See also:

• BARRACKS (derived through the French from the Late Lat. barra, a bar)
• BARRACKS, CAMP

barracks, and marks the spot at which See also:

• WELLINGTON
• WELLINGTON, ARTHUR WELLESLEY, 1ST DUKE OF (1769-1852)

Wellington forced the passage of the Douro in 1809 . The See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange (lonja) is another secularized convent, decorated with coloured See also:

• MARBLES

marbles . Parts of the interior are floored and panelled with polished native-coloured See also:

• WOODS, LEONARD (1774-1854)
• WOODS, SIR ALBERT (1816-1904)

woods from See also:

• BRAZIL
• BRAZIL, or BRASIL

Brazil, which are inlaid in elaborate patterns; there is a very handsome staircase, and the fittings of one large See also:

• ROOM

room are an excellent modern copy of Moorish ornamentation . Other noteworthy public buildings are the museum, library, See also:

• OPERA (Italian for " work ")

opera-See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house, See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

bull-See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring, See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital and See also:

• QUARANTINE (Fr. quarantaine, a period of forty days 1)

quarantine station . The crystal palace is a large See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass and iron structure built for the industrial See also:

• EXHIBITION

exhibition of 1865; its See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden commands a fine view of the city and river, and contains a small See also:

• MENAGERIE

menagerie .

The English factory, built in 1790, has been converted into a See also:

• CLUB (connected with " clump ")

club for the See also:

• BRITISH

British residents—a large and important community whose members are chiefly connected with the wine and shipping trades . See also:

• LAWN

Lawn See also:

• TENNIS (sometimes called royal tennis, and, in America, court tennis)

tennis, See also:

• CRICKET
• CRICKET (Gryllidae)

cricket, See also:

• BOAT (0. Eng. bdt; the true etymological connexion with Dutch and Ger. boot, Fr. bateau, Ital. battello presents great difficulties; Celtic forms are from O. Eng.)

boat-racing on the Douro, and other British See also:

• SPORTS
• SPORTS, THE BOOK OF

sports have been successfully introduced, and there is keen competition between the Oporto clubs and those of Lisbon and Carcavellos . The English club gave its name to the Rua Nova dos Inglezes, one of the busiest streets, which Contains many banks, warehouses and steamship offices . The Rua da Alfindega, skirting the right bank of the Douro and passing the See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom house (alfdndega), is of similar See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character; here may be seen characteristic types of the fishermen and peasants of northern Portugal . The Rua das See also:

• FLORES

Flores contains, on its eastern side, the shops of the See also:

• CLOTH

cloth-dealers; on the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west are the jewellers' shops, with a remarkable display of See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold and See also:

• SILVER

silver See also:

• FILIGREE (formerly written filigrann or filigrane; the Ital. filigrana, Fr. filigrane, Span. filigrana, Ger. Drahtgefiecht)

filigree-See also:

• WORK

work and enamelled gold . Oporto is famous for these ornaments, which are often very See also:

• ARTISTIC

artistic, and are largely worn on holidays by See also:

• WOMEN

women of the poorer classes, whose savings or dowries are often kept in this readily marketable form . Oporto is chiefly famous for the export of the wine which bears its name . An See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act passed on the 29th of January 1906 defined " port " as a wine grown in the Douro district, exported from Oporto, and containing more than 16.5% of alcoholic strength . The vines from which it is made grow in the Paiz do Vinho, a hilly region about 6o m. up the river, and having an See also:

• AREA

area of 27 M. in length by 5 or 6 in breadth, cut off from the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea, and shut in from the north-east by mountains . The trade was established in 1678, but the shipments for some years did not exceed 600 pipes (of 115 gallons each) . In 1703 the British See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government concluded the See also:

• METHUEN, BARONY OF

Methuen treaty with Portugal, under which Portuguese wines were admitted on easier terms than See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French or See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German, and henceforward " port " began to be drunk (see PORTUGAL: See also:

• HISTORY

History) . In 1747 the export reached 17,000 pipes .

In 1754 the great wine See also:

• MONOPOLY (Gr. govomeXla or govoircaXwv, exclusive sale, from govds, alone, and irwXeiv, to sell)

monopoly company of Oporto originated, under which the shipments rose to 33,000 pipes . At the beginning of the x9th century the policy of the government more and more favoured port wine, besides which the vintages from 1802 to 1815 were splendid both in Portugal and in See also:

• MADEIRA
• MADEIRA, or THE MADE1RAS

Madeira—that of 1815 has, in fact, never been excelled . For the next few years the See also:

• GRAPE

grape See also:

• CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop was not at all See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good, but the 182o vintage was the most remarkable of any . It was singularly sweet and See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black, besides being equal in quality to that of 1815 . This was long regarded as the See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard in See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste and colour for true port, and to keep up the vintage of following years to this exceptional standard See also:

• ADULTERATION
• ADULTERATION (from Lat. adulterare, to defile or falsify)

adulteration by See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder berries, &c., was resorted to . This practice did not long continue, for it was cheaper to adulterate the best wines with inferior sorts of port wine itself . In 1852 the Oidium which spread over Europe destroyed many of the Portuguese vineyards . In 1865 See also:

• PHYLLOXERA (Gr. 4suXXov, leaf, and Erlpbs, dry)

Phylloxera did much damage, and in 1867 the second monopoly company was abolished . From this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time the exports again increased . (See WINE.) A third of the population is engaged in the manufacture of cottons, woollens, See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather, See also:

• SILK

silk, gloves, hats, pottery, corks, See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco, See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits, See also:

• BEER

beer, aerated See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters, preserved foods, See also:

• SOAP

soap or See also:

• JEWELRY (O. Fr. jouel, Fr. joyau, perhaps from joie, joy; Lat. gaudium; retranslated into Low Lat. jocale, a toy, from jocus, by misapprehension of the origin of the word)

jewelry . Oporto gloves and hats are highly esteemed in Portugal . See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

Cotton piece goods are sent to the See also:

• AFRICAN

African colonies, and, in small quantities, to Brazil; their value in 1905 was £12o,36o, but a larger quantity was retained for the See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market .

The See also:

• FISHERIES

fisheries —chiefly of See also:

• HAKE (Merluccius vulgaris)
• HAKE, EDWARD (fl. 1579)
• HAKE, THOMAS GORDON (1809-1895)

hake; See also:

• BREAM (Abramis)

bream and sardines—are extensive . See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

Steam-See also:

• TRAWLING, SEINING AND NETTING

trawling, though unsuccessful in the 19th century, was resumed in 1904, and in 1906 there were 136 British, 10 Dutch and 3 Portuguese steamers thus engaged . The innovation was much resented by the owners of more than 350 small sailing boats, and protective legislation was demanded . In 1905 the combined port of Oporto and LeixOes was entered by 1734 vessels of 1,562,724 tons, but in this See also:

• TOTAL

total some vessels were counted twice over—i.e. once at each port . Nearly three-fourths of the See also:

• TONNAGE

tonnage was entered at LeixOes . About the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the 19th century there was an important development of tourist See also:

• TRAFFIC

traffic from See also:

• LIVERPOOL
• LIVERPOOL, EARLS
• LIVERPOOL, EARLS OF

Liverpool and See also:

• SOUTHAMPTON
• SOUTHAMPTON, EARL OF
• SOUTHAMPTON, HENRY WRIOTHESLEY, 3RD EARL OF (1J73—1624)

Southampton via See also:

• HAVRE
• HAVRE, LE

Havre . Reduced railway rates and improved hotel See also:

• ACCOMMODATION (Lat. accommodare, to make fit, from ad, to, cum, with, and modus, measure)

accommodation have facilitated the growth of this traffic . Many tourists land at Oporto and visit Braga (q.v.), See also:

• BUSSACO (or BusAco), SERRA DE

Bussaco (q.v.) and other places of See also:

• INTEREST

interest, on their way to Lisbon . There is also a large tourist traffic from See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany . The exports of Oporto include wine, cottons, See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood, pitwood, See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone, See also:

• CORK
• CORK (perhaps through Sp. corcha from Lat. cortex, bark, but possibly connected with quercus, oak)
• CORK, RICHARD BOYLE

cork, See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt, See also:

• SUMACH

sumach, onions, oranges, See also:

• OLIVES, MOUNT OF, or MOUNT OLIVET ("Opus 'EXc uwos or riov 'EXauav; mod. Jebel-et-Tur)

olives and beans . See also:

• AMERICAN

American competition has destroyed the export trade in live See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle for which Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain was the principal market . Dried codfish (bacalhdo) is imported in great quantities from See also:

• NEWFOUNDLAND

Newfoundland and See also:

• NORWAY
• NORWAY (Norge)

Norway; other noteworthy imports are See also:

• COAL

coal, iron, See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel, machinery and textiles .

The total yearly value of the See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign trade exceeds £g,000,000 . The history of Oporto See also:

• DATES

dates from an early See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period . Before the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman invasion, under the name of See also:

• PORTUS

Portus Cale, Gaia or Cago, it was a See also:

• TOWN

town on the south bank of the Douro with a good trade; the See also:

• ALANI (Gr. 'AXavoi, 'AAavvoi ; Chinese 'O-lan-na; since the 9th century A.U. they have been called As, Russ. Jasy, Georgian Ossi)

Alani subsequently founded a city on the north bank, calling it See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

Cast See also:

• RUM
• RUM (according to Skeat, a corruption of Malay brum or bram; the adjective " rum," i.e. " queer," being a distinct word, in Gipsy rem)

rum Novum . About A.D . 540 the Visigoths under See also:

• LEOVIGILD

Leovigild obtained See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession, but yielded See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in 716 to the See also:

• MOORS (Lat. Mauri; Gr. Mavpot, dark men)
• MOORS, KABYLES, MZABITES

Moors . The Christians, however, recaptured Oporto in 997, and it became the capital of the See also:

• COUNTS

counts of Portucalia for part of the period during which the Moors ruled in the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern provinces of Portugal . (See PORTUGAL: History.) The Moors once more became its masters for a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short period, till in 1092 it was brought finally under See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian domination . The citizens rebelled in 1628 against an unpopular tax, in 1661 for a similar See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason, in 1757 against the wine monopoly, and in 18o8 against the French . The town is renowned in British military See also:

• ANNALS (Annales, from annus, a year)

annals from the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of Wellington's passage of the Douro, by which he surprised and put to See also:

• FLIGHT

flight the French See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army under See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

Marshal See also:

• SOULT, NICOLAS JEAN DE DIEU

Soult, capturing the city on the 12th of May 1809 . Oporto sustained a severe See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege in 1832–1833, being bravely defended against the Miguelites by Dom Pedro with 7000 soldiers; 16,000 of its inhabitants perished . In the constitutional crises of 182o, 1826, 1836, 1842, 1846–1847, 1891 and 1907–1908 the See also:

• ACTION

action of Oporto, as the capital of northern Portugal, was always of the utmost importance .