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ORCHESTRA (Fr. Orchestre; Ger. Kapelle, Orchester; Ital. Orchestra)

ORCHHA, or URCHHA (also called Tehri or Tikamgarh)

ORCHOMENUS (local form on coins and inscriptions, Erchomenos)

ORDEAL (O.Eng. ordal, ordael, judgment)

ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")

ORDER IN COUNCIL

ORDER OF THE ROMAN

ORDERIC VITALIS (1075-C. 1142)

ORDERS OF CLASS

ORDII (anc. Cotyora, where the " Ten Thousand " embarked for home)

ORDINANCE, or ORDONNANCE

ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ORDNANCE (a syncopated form of " ordinance " or " ordonnance," so spelt in this sense since the 17th century)

ORDOVICIAN SYSTEM

HANS KONRAD VON ORELLI (1846- )

JOHANN CASPAR VON ORELLI (1787-1849)

OREODON (i.e. " hillock-tooth ")

NICOLAS ORESME (c. 1320-1382)

MATHIEU JOSEPH BONAVENTURE ORFILA (1787-1853)

EARL OF EDWARD RUSSELL ORFORD (1653-1727)

1ST EARL OF ROBERT WALPOLE ORFORD (1676-1745)

ORGANIZATION AND

ORGANIZATION AND TACTICAL EMPLOYMENT

ORGANON (Gr. 6pyavov, instrument, from Epyov, work)

ORGY (through French from Lat. orgia, Gr. 6pyca, in derivation connected probably with 'ipyov, work; cf. Lat. operare, to sacrifice)

ORIBI, or OUREBI

BARON JOHN FOSTER ORIEL (1740-1828)

OR LA REGION ORIENTALE ORIENTE

ORIFICES AS ASCERTAINABLE BY

ORIGEN (c. 185-c. 254)

ORIGINAL AUTHORITIES

ORIGINAL PACKAGE

ORIOLE (O. Fr. Oriol, Lat. aureolus)

ORION (or OARION)

ORIYA (properly Oriyd)

ORIZABA (Aztec, Citlaltepetl, " star mountain ")

ORIZABA (Indian name Ahuaializ-apan, pleasant waters)

ORKHON INSCRIPTIONS

COUNTESS OF ELIZABETH HAMILTON ORKNEY

EARL OF GEORGE HAMILTON ORKNEY (1666–1737)

DUKE OF CHARLES ORLEANS (1391-1465)

DUKES OF ORLEANS

DUKE OF FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY ORLEANS (1810-1842)

PRINCE HENRI ORLEANS

DUCHESS HENRIETTA ORLEANS

DUKE JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON ORLEANS

LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH ORLEANS

DUKE LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT ORLEANS

DUKE OF LOUIS PHILIPPE ORLEANS (1725–1785)

DUKE OF LOUIS ORLEANS (1372–1407)

PHILIP I ORLEANS

PHILIP II ORLEANS

ORMAZD, or ORMUZD (O. Persian Auramazda or Ahuramazda)

ROBERT ORME (1728-1801)

ELEANOR A ORMEROD

ORMOLU (Fr. or moulu, gold ground or pounded)

EARL AND MARQUESS OF ORMONDE

1ST DUKE JAMES BUTLER ORMONDE

2ND DUKE OF JAMES BUTLER ORMONDE (1665-1745)

ORNAMENT (Lat. ornare, to adorn)

ORODES (also called HYRODES, Pers. Hurauda)

OROGRAPHY (Gr. opos, mountain, ypadeuv, to write)

PAULUS OROSIUS (fl. 415)

ORPIMENT (auripigmentum)

1ST EARL OF ROGER BOYLE ORRERY (1621-1679)

ORSHA (Polish Orsza)

FELICE ORSINI (1819-1858)

ORTELIUS (ORTELS, WORTELS), ABRAHAM

ORTHODOX EASTERN CHURCH

ORTHOGRAPHY (from Gr. Opeoc, correct, right or straight, and yp&cbecv, to write)

ORTHOPTERA (Gr. Op®os, straight, and rTepov, a wing)

ORTHORHOMBIC SERIES

ORTHOSTATAE (Gr. bpOovrarils, standing upright)

ORTHOSTYLE (Gr. opOos, straight, and vriXor, a column)

ORTNIT, or OTNIT

ORTOLAN (Fr. ortolan, Lat. hortulanus, the gardener bird, from hortus, a garden)

JOSEPH LOUIS ELZEAR ORTOLAN (1802-1873)

JOB ORTON (1717–1783)

BARON VON GEORG ORTZEN (1829– )

ORVIETO (anc. Volsinii (q.v.)

ORYX (Gr. opvE, a pickaxe, hence applied to the animal)

SHERARD OSBORN (1822—1875)

OSCA LINGUA, or OSCAN

OSCEOLA (a corruption of the Seminole As-se-he-ho-lar, meaning black drink) (c. 1804—1838)

ANDREAS OSIANDER (1498–1552)

OSIER (through Fr. from Late Lat. osaria, auxaria, a bundle of osier or willow twigs)

OSIMO (anc. Auximum, q.v.)

OSMAN (1832-1900)

atomic weight 190.9 OSMIUM [symbol Os. (0= r6)]

JERONYMO OSORIO (1506-1580)

OSPREY, or OSPRAY

OSROES (also OSDROES or CHOSROES)

OSSA (mod. Kissovo or Kissavo)

VISCOUNT JOHN EVELYN DENISON OSSINGTON (1800–1873)

OSSORY (Osraighe)

EARL OF THOMAS BUTLER OSSORY (1634-1680)

OSTEND (Flemish and French Ostende)

OSTEOLOGY (Gr. ovTeov, bone)

COUNT ANDREI IVANOVICH OSTERMAN (1686—1747)

JEAN FREDERIC OSTERVALD (1663–1747)

OSTIAKS, or OSTYAKS

OSTROGOTHS, or EAST GOTHS

ALEXANDER NIKOLAIVICH OSTROVSKIY (1823-1886)

PEDRO TELLEZ GIRON OSUNA

OSWALD (c. 605—642)

OSWALD (d. 992)

OSWIO (c. 612-670)

OTHER GOSPELS MAINLY GNOSTIC AND ALMOST ALL LOST

OTHMAN (c. 574-656)

MARCUS SALVIUS OTHO (32-69)

HARRISON GRAY OTIS (1765-1848)

JAMES OTIS (1725–1783)

OTTAKAR I (d. 1230)

OTTER (0. Eng. ate, otor, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch and Ger. Otter, Dan. odder, Swed. utter; it is to be referred to the root seen in Gr. 6&ep, water)

OTTO DEVRIENT (1838-1894)

OTTO IV (c. 1182–1218)

OTTO OF FREISING (c. 1114-1158)

OTTO OF NORDHEIM (d. 1083)

OTTONE ORSEOLO (d: 1032)

THOMAS OTWAY (1652-1685)

EUGENE ANDRE OUDINE (1810--1887)

CHARLES NICOLAS OUDINOT (1767-1847)

WILLIAM OUGHTRED (fl. 1575-166o)

OURO PRETO (" Black Gold ")

OUSEL, or OUZEL

SIR FREDERICK ARTHUR GORE OUSELEY (1825-1889)

SIR WILLIAM OUSELEY (1769—1842)

OUSTER (from Anglo-Fr. ouster, to remove, take away, O. Fr. oster, mod. Fr. oter, Eng. " oust," to eject, exclude; the derivation is not known; Lat. obstare, to stand in the way of, resist, would give the form but does not suit the sense; a more probable

OUTRAGE (through O. Fr. ultrage, oltrage, oultrage, from Lat. ultra, beyond, exceeding, cf. Ital. oltraggio; the meaning has been influenced by connexion with " rage," anger)

SIR JAMES OUTRAM (1803—1863)

OVAL (Lat. ovum, egg)

OVATION (Lat. ovatio)

OVEN (O. Eng. of n,Ger. Ofen, cf. Gr. Irvin, oven)

JOHANN FRIEDRICH OVERBECK (1789-1869)

SIR THOMAS OVERBURY (1581-1613)

OVERSOUL (Ger. Uberseele)

1ST BARON SAMUEL JONES LOYD OVERSTONE

OVERT ACT (0. Fr. overt, from ouvrir, to open)

OVERTURE (Fr. ouverture, opening)

OVERYSEL, or OVERYSSEL

OVID [PUBLIUS OvID1us NASO] (43 B.C.–A.D. 17)

GONZALO FERNANDEZ DE OVIEDO Y VALDES (1478-1557)

OVOLO (adapted from Ital. uovolo, diminutive of uovo, an egg; other foreign equivalents are Fr. ore, echine, quart de rond; Lat. echinus)

JOHN OWEN (1616-1683)

JOHN [OVENUS Or AUDOENUS] OWEN (c. 1560-1622)

ROBERT OWEN (1771-1858)

SIR HUGH OWEN (1804-1881)

SIR RICHARD OWEN (1804–1892)

JOHN OWENS (1790-1846)

OWL (O. Eng. Ule, Swed. Uggla, Ger. Eule—all allied to Lat. Ulula, and evidently of imitative origin)

112 C203 OXALIC ACID

JOHN OXENFORD (1812—1877)

HENRY NUTCOMBE OXENHAM (1829—1888)

EARLS OF OXFORD

17TH EARL EDWARD DE VERE OXFORD

13TH EARL OF JOHN DE VERE OXFORD (1443-1513)

PROVISIONS OF OXFORD

9TH EARL OF ROBERT DE VERE OXFORD (1362-1392)

1ST ROBERT HARLEY OXFORD

OXFORDSHIRE (or OxoN)

OXYGEN (symbol 0, atomic weight 16)

OXYHYDROGEN FLAME

PRINCE IWAO OYAMA (1842– )

OYER AND TERMINER

OYSTERMOUTH, or THE MUMBLES

ANTOINE FREDERIC OZANAM (1813-1853)

OZOKERITE, or OZOCERITE (Gr. 6~ ew, to emit odour, and iccpos, wax)

PABNA, or PUBNA

FREDERICK PABST (1836-1904)

LATINUS PACATUS DREPANIUS (or LATINIUS)

GIROLAMO DEL PACCHIA

PACE (through O. Fr. pas, from Lat. passus, step, properly the stretch of the leg in walking, from pandere, to stretch)

RICHARD PACE (c. 1482-1536)

JEAN NICOLAS PACHE (1746-1823)

FRANCISCO PACHECO (1571-1654)

PACHISI (Hindu pachis, twenty-five)

VLADIMIR DE PACHMANN (1848– )

ST PACHOMIUS (292-346)

GEORGIUS PACHYMERES (1242-c. 1310)

PACIFIC BLOCKADE

PACK (apparently from the root pak-, paq-, seen in Lat. pangere, to fasten; cf. " compact ")

OTTO VON PACK (c. 1480-1537)

ASA PACKER (1805-1879)

MARCUS PACUVIUS (c. 220-130 B.C.)

PADERBORN (Lat. Paderae Fontes, i.e. the springs of the Pader)

IGNACE JAN PADEREWSKI (186o- )

JUAN LOPEZ DE PADILLA

PADUA (Lat. Patavium ; Ital. Padova)

PAEONY (botanically Paeonia; Nat. ord. Ranunculaceae q.v.)

FERDINANDO PAER (1771-1839)

PAESTUM (Gr.Iloveu3wvia; mod. Pesto)

JOSE ANTONIO PAEZ (1790-1873)

PEDRO PAEZ (1564-1622)

PAGAN (Lat. paganus, of or belonging to a pagus, a canton, county district, village, commune)

NICOLO PAGANINI (1784-1840)

THOMAS NELSON PAGE (1853- )

WILLIAM PAGE (1811-1885)

1ST WILLIAM PAGET PAGET OF BEAUDESERT

BART SIR JAMES PAGET

PAGODA (Port. pagode, a word introduced in the 16th century by the early Portuguese adventurers in India, reproducing phonetically some native word, possibly Pers. but-kadah, a house for an idol, or some form of Sansk. bhagavat, divine, holy)

PAHARI (properly Pahari, the language of the mountains)

PAHLAVI, or PEHLEVI