See also:

• ORCHOMENUS (local form on coins and inscriptions, Erchomenos)

ORCHOMENUS (See also:

• LOCAL

local See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form on coins and See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions, Erchomenos)  , the name See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne by two cities of See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• GREECE

Greece . r . A Boeotian See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city, situated in an See also:

• ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle between the Cephissus and its tributary the Melas, on a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long narrow See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill which projects See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south from See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount Acontium . Its position is exceedingly strong, being defended on every See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side by precipice or See also:

• MARSH (O. F. mersc, for merisc, a place full of "meres" or pools; cf. Ger. Meer, sea, Lat. mare)
• MARSH, ADAM (ADAM DE MARISCO) (d. c. 1258)
• MARSH, GEORGE PERKINS (1801-1882)
• MARSH, HERBERT (1757–1839)
• MARSH, NARCISSUS (1638-1713)
• MARSH, OTHNIEL CHARLES (1831-1899)

marsh or See also:

• RIVER

river, and it was admirably situated to be the stronghold of an See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom . The See also:

• ACROPOLIS (Gr. aKpos, top, a6)Xts, city)

acropolis is at the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north end of the hill, on a See also:

• PEAK, THE

peak which is overhung by Acontium, but at a distance sufficient to be safe from an enemy with the weapons of early warfare posted on the See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain . At the See also:

• FOOT

foot of the acropolis are the springs of the Melas . In prehistoric times See also:

• ORCHOMENUS (local form on coins and inscriptions, Erchomenos)

Orchomenus, as is proved alike by archaeological finds and by an extensive See also:

• CYCLE
• CYCLE (Gr. KUK)^os, a circle)

cycle of legends, was one of the most prosperous towns of Greece . It was at once a See also:

• CONTINENTAL

continental and a maritime See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power . On the mainland it controlled the greater See also:

• PART

part of See also:

• BOEOTIA

Boeotia and See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew its riches from the fertile See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low-lands of See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake CopaIs, upon the drainage of which the early See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings of Orchomenus bestowed See also:

• GREAT

great care . Its maritime connexions have not been as yet determined, but it is clear that its See also:

• ORIGINAL

original inhabitants, the Minyae, were a seafaring nation, and in See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical times Orchomenus remained a member of the Calaurian See also:

• LEAGUE

League of See also:

• NAVAL

naval states . At the end of the second See also:

• MILLENNIUM (a pseudo-Latin word formed on the analogy of biennium, triennium, from Lat. milk, a thousand, and armies, year)

millennium the Minyae were more or less supplanted by the incoming stock of Boeotians . Henceforth Orchomenus no longer figures as a great commercial See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, and its See also:

• POLITICAL

political supremacy in Boeotia passed now, if not previously, to the See also:

• PEOPLE

people of See also:

• THEBES (anciently &Oat, Thebae, or in poetry sometimes Oif3a, in modern Greek Phiva, or, according to the corrected pronunciation, Thivae)
• THEBES (e 3a1)
• THEBES, ROMANCE OF

Thebes .

Nevertheless, owing perhaps to its strong military position, it long continued to exercise some sort of overlordship over other towns of See also:

• NORTHERN

northern Boeotia, and maintained an See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent attitude within the Boeotian League . In 447 it served as the headquarters of the oligarchic exiles who freed Boeotia from Athenian See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control . In the 4th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century Orchomenus was actuated throughout by an See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-Theban policy, which may have been nothing more than a recrudescence of old-See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time rivalry, but seems chiefly inspired by aversion to the newly established See also:

• DEMOCRACY (Gr. 3np.oKparia, from S)µos, the people, i.e. the commons, and Kparos, rule)

democracy at Thebes . In the Corinthian See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War the city supported See also:

• LYSANDER (Gr. Abcavdpos)

Lysander and Agesilaus in their attacks upon Thebes, and when war was renewed between the Thebans and Spartans in 379 Orchomenus again sided with the latter . After the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of See also:

• LEUCTRA

Leuctra it was See also:

• LEFT

left at the See also:

• MERCY (adapted from Fr. merci, Lat. merces, reward)
• MERCY (or MERCI), FRANZ, FREIHERR VON

mercy of the Thebans, who first, on See also:

• EPAMINONDAS (c. 418-362)

Epaminondas's See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice, readmitted it into the Boeotian League, but in 368 destroyed the See also:

• TOWN

town and exterminated or enslaved its people . By 353 Orchomenus had been rebuilt, probably by the Phocians, who used it as a See also:

• BULWARK (a word probably of Scandinavian origin, from bol or bole, a tree-trunk, and werk, work, in Ger. Bollwerk, which has also been derived from an old German bolen, to throw, and so a machine for throwing missiles)

bulwark against Thebes . After the subjection of the Phocians in 346 it was again razed by the Thebans, but was restored by See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip of Macedon as a check upon the latter (338) . Orchomenus springs into prominence once again in 85 Inc., when it provided the battle-See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field on which others . Neottiineae, including 90 genera, also terrestrial, contains thirteen more or less widely distributed tropical or subtropical subtribes, some of which extend into temperate zones; one, Cephalanthereae, which includes our See also:

• BRITISH

British genera Cephalanthera and Epipactis is chiefly north temperate . The British genera Spiranthes, Listera and Neottia are also included in this tribe, as is also See also:

• VANILLA

Vanilla, the elongated See also:

• STEM (O. Eng. staefn, stemn, cf. Du. stain, Ger. Stamm, &c., probably related to " staff ")

stem of which climbs by means of tendril-like aerial roots—the long fleshy pod is the vanilla used for flavouring . Coelogyninae, 7 genera, mostly epiphytes, and inhabitants of tropical See also:

• ASIA

Asia . A single internode of each shoot is swollen to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a pseudobulb .

Liparidinae, 9 genera, terrestrial, two, Malaxis and Corallorhiza, 'are British . Liparis is a large genus widely distributed in the tropics . Pleurothallidinae, characterized by a thin stem bearing one See also:

• LEAF (O. Eng. leaf, cf. Dutch loof, Ger. Laub, Swed. lof, &c.; possibly to be referred to the root seen in Gr. Ma-eta, to peel, strip)

leaf which separates at a distinct See also:

• JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint; the sepals are usually much larger than the petals and See also:

• LIP (a word common in various forms, to Teutonic languages, cf Ger. Lippe, Dan. laebe; Lat. labium is cognate)

lip . Includes io genera, natives of tropical See also:

• AMERICA

America, one of which, Pleurothallis, contains about 400 See also:

• SPECIES

species . Masde'See also:

• ALLIA (mod. Fosso Bettina)
• ALLIA, PIERRE (1641-1717)

allia is See also:

• COMMON

common in cultivation and has often brilliant See also:

• SCARLET

scarlet, See also:

• CRIMSON

crimson or See also:

• ORANGE
• ORANGE (Citrus Aurantium)
• ORANGE, HOUSE OF

orange See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers . Laeliinae, with 22 genera, natives of the warmer parts of America, including three of those best known in cultivation, Epidendrum, Cattleya and Laelia . The jointed leaves are fleshy or leathery; the flowers are generally large with a well-See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed lip . Phajinae, includes 15 genera chiefly tropical See also:

• ASIATIC

Asiatic, some—Phajus and Calanthe—spreading northwards into See also:

• CHINA

China and See also:

• JAPAN

Japan . Cystopodiinae, includes 9genera tropical, but extending into north the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• SULLA, LUCIUS CORNELIUS (138–78 B.C.)

Sulla destroyed an See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army of See also:

• MITHRADATES

Mithradates VI. of See also:

• PONTUS

Pontus . Apart from this event its later See also:

• HISTORY

history is obscure, and its decadence is further attested by the neglectful drainage of the See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain and the consequent encroachments of Lake Copais . Since See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval times the site has been occupied by a See also:

• VILLAGE

village named Skripou . Since 1867 drainage operations have been resumed, and the See also:

• LAND

land thus reclaimed has been divided into small holdings .

The most remarkable relic of the early power of Orchomenus is the so-called " See also:

• TREASURY

treasury " (of " Minyas ") which resembles the buildings of similar See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style at See also:

• MYCENAE

Mycenae (see MYCENAE), and is almost exactly the same See also:

• SIZE

size as the treasury of See also:

• ATREUS

Atreus . The admiration which See also:

• PAUSANIAS

Pausanias expresses for it is justified by the beautiful ornamentation, especially of the roof, which has been brought to See also:

• LIGHT

light by See also:

• SCHLIEMANN, HEINRICH (1822-1890)

Schliemann's excavations in the inner chamber opening out of the circular vaulted See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb . The See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument, undoubtedly the tomb of some ancient ruler, or of a See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty, lies outside the city walls . Other remains of early date have been found upon this site . The See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship of the Charites (see See also:

• GRACES, THE, (Gr. X&panes, Lat. Gratiae)

GRACES) was the great cultus of Orchomenus; and the site of the See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple is now occupied by a See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel, the KoL o ris T~s Hava'yias . The Charites were worshipped under the form of See also:

• RUDE, FRANCOIS (1784–1855)

rude stones, which had fallen from See also:

• HEAVEN (0. Eng. hefen, heofon, heofone; this word appears in O.S. hevan; the High. Ger. word appears in Ger. Himmel, Dutch hemel; there does not seem to be any connexion between the two words, and the ultimate derivation of the word is unknown; the sugges

heaven during the reign of See also:

• ETEOCLES

Eteocles; and it was not till the time of Pausanias that statues of the goddesses were placed in the temple . Near this was another temple dedicated to See also:

• DIONYSUS (probably = " son of Zeus," from & Os and vv(7os, a Thracian word for " son ")

Dionysus, in whose festival, the 'Aypalw a, are apparent the traces of human See also:

• SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice in early times (see See also:

• AGRIONIA

AGRIONIA) . See See also:

• STRABO (born c. 63 n.c.)

Strabo viii. p . 374, ix. pp . 407, 414-416; Pausanias ix . 34-38; See also:

• THUCYDIDES (OovavMns)

Thucydides i . 12, iv .

76; See also:

• XENOPHON

Xenophon, Hellenica, iii . 5, iv . 3, vi . 4; Diodorus xv., xvi . ; See also:

• PLUTARCH
• PLUTARCH (Gr. llXoi rapxos) (c. A.D. 46–120)

Plutarch, Sulla, chs . 30-31; K . O . See also:

• MULLER, FERDINAND VON, BARON (1825–1896)
• MULLER, FRIEDRICH (1749-1825)
• MULLER, GEORGE (1805-1898)
• MULLER, JOHANNES PETER (18o1-1858)
• MULLER, JOHANNES VON (1752-1809)
• MULLER, JULIUS (18oi-1878)
• MULLER, KARL OTFRIED (1797-1840)
• MULLER, LUCIAN (1836-1898)
• MULLER, WILHELM (1794-1827)
• MULLER, WILLIAM JAMES (1812-1845)

Muller, Orchomenos and See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die Minyer (See also:

• BRESLAU (Polish Wraclaw)

Breslau, 1844) ; B . V . See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

Head, Historia numorum (See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford, 1877), pp . 293-294; See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal of Hellenic Studies, vol. ii. pls. xii., xiii . 2 .

An Arcadian city, situated in a See also:

• DISTRICT

district of the same name, north of See also:

• MANTINEIA, or MANTINEA

Mantineia and See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west of Stymphalus . The district was mountainous, but embraced two valleys—the northern containing a lake which is drained, like all Arcadian lakes, by a katavothron; the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern lying under the city, separated from Mantineia by a mountain See also:

• RIDGE (a word. common to many Teutonic languages, meaning " back," whether of a man or an animal, cf. German Rucke)
• RIDGE, WILLIAM PETT (1864- )

ridge called Anchisia . The old city occupied a strong and lofty situation; in the time of Strabo it was a ruin, but Pausanias mentions that a new town was built below the old . A See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive wooden See also:

• IMAGE (Lat. imago, perhaps from the same root as imitari, copy, imitate)

image of See also:

• ARTEMIS

Artemis Cedreatis stood in a large See also:

• CEDAR (Lat. cedrus, Gr. iapos)

cedar See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree outside the city . Orchomenus is mentioned in the Homeric See also:

• CATALOGUE (a Fr. adaptation of the Gr. KaraXoyos, a register, from Karalyety, to enrol or pick out)

catalogue with the epithet 7roXuµ?1Xos . In early history Orchomenus figures as a town of some importance, for its kings until the See also:

• LATE

late 7th century B.C. held some sort of See also:

• SOVEREIGNTY

sovereignty over all See also:

• ARCADIA

Arcadia . In the 5th century it was overshadowed by its southern See also:

• NEIGHBOUR (O. Eng. neahgebiir, from Walt, " nigh," " near ")

neighbour Mantineia, with whom it is henceforth generally found to be at variance . In 418 B.C . Orchomenus See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell for a time into the hands of the Mantineians; in 370 it held aloof from the new Arcadian League which the Mantineians were organizing . About this time it further declined in importance through the loss of some possessions on the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east Arcadian See also:

• WATERSHED

watershed to the new Arcadian See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital See also:

• MEGALOPOLIS

Megalopolis . In the 3rd century Orchomenus belonged in turn to the Aetolian League, to the Lacedaemonians, and, since 222, to the Achaean League . Though a fairly extensive See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement still existed on the site in the and century A.D., its history under the Roman See also:

• RULE

rule is quite obscure .

See Pausanias, viii. chs . 5, 11-13, 27; B . V . Head, Historia numorum (Oxford, 1887), pp . 377-378 .