See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

ORDER V  .—Tetracotylea (Taeniidae) . Scolex with four suckers, rarely hooked, and with a rostellum . Mostly parasitic in homoiothermic (warm-blooded) vertebrates . Selected forms: See also:

• TAENIA (Gr. Tatyla, ribbon, fillet)

Taenia solium, See also:

• INTESTINE (Lat. intestinus, internal, usually in neuter plural intestina. from intus, within)

intestine of See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man (fig . 3, C) . T. saginata (fig . 3) without hooklets on the rostellum; intestine of man . T. murina, in the See also:

• RAT (a word common to Teut. and Rom. languages; probably first adopted in Teut.; the ultimate origin is not known; Skeat suggests the root rad-, to scratch; cf. Ger. Ratte, Dan. rotte, Fr. rat, &c.)

rat and See also:

• MOUSE

mouse, the adult in the lumen of the intestine, the larvae in the villi . ,This See also:

• SPECIES

species therefore undergoes no See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change of See also:

• HOST

host . Cystotaenia coenurus, intestine of See also:

• DOG

dog and See also:

• WOLF
• WOLF (Canis lupus)
• WOLF, FRIEDRICH AUGUST (1759-1824)
• WOLF, HUGO (1860-1903)
• WOLF, JOSEPH (1820-1899)

wolf, larva (a coenurus, fig. i i) in the See also:

• BRAIN (A.S. braegen)

brain of See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep; allied forms occur mature in the dog and larval in the See also:

• RABBIT

rabbit . Echinococcifer echinococcus, a See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form with only three to five proglottides, in dog, wolf, See also:

• JACKAL
• JACKAL (Turk. chakal)

jackal . Larval See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage a multilocular See also:

• SAC

sac (fig .

II B) with many scolices; found in man, ungulates, carnivores, rodents and monkeys . Table of Cestodes found in Man Dibothriocephalus latus (L.) Plerocercoid See also:

• PIKE
• PIKE, ZEBULON MONTGOMERY (1779-1813)

Pike, See also:

• PERCH (through Fr. from Lat. perca, Gr. 7rEpKo; the last word is connected with 2repev6r, dark-coloured, spotted)
• PERCH (through Fr. perche from Lat. pertica, a pole or rod used for measurement)

perch, See also:

• TROUT (Salmo trutta)

trout, &c . Dibothriocephalus cordalus Unknown (Leuck.) Diplogonoporus grandis (Blanch.) Dipylidium caninum (L.) . Cysticercoid Trichodectes canis; Pulex serraticeps; P. irritans Ilymenolepis dirninnata Cysticercus Asopia far- (Rud.) inalis Anisolabis annulipes Insecta Acisspinosa Seaurus striatus H. nana (v . Sieb.) . Cysticercus See also:

• INSECTS

Insects and myria- pods Drepanidotaenia lanceolata Cysticercoid Cyclops, Diaplomus (See also:

• BLOCH, MARK ELIEZER (c. 1723–1799)

Bloch) Davainea nzadagascarensis Unknown (See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

Day.) Davainea (?) asiatica Taenia solium (L.) . 7'. saginata (Gotze) T. africana (v . Linst.) . T. confusa (See also:

• WARD
• WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
• WARD, ARTEMUS
• WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
• WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
• WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
• WARD, JAMES (1843– )
• WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
• WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
• WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
• WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
• WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)

Ward) . T. echinococcus (v . Sieb.) . and J .

See also:

• HORNELL

Hornell, See also:

• CEYLON

Ceylon See also:

• PEARL
• PEARL, THE

Pearl See also:

• OYSTER

Oyster See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

Report, See also:

• LONDON

London, The Royal Society, See also:

• PART

part ii. p . 77, part iii. p . 449, part v. p . 43, 1903—7; (7) W . B . See also:

• SPENCER
• SPENCER, HERBERT (1820-1903)
• SPENCER, JOHN CHARLES SPENCER, 3RD EARL (1782-1845)
• SPENCER, JOHNPOYNTZ SPENCER
• SPENCER, WILLIAM ROBERT (1769-1834)

Spencer " Gyrocotyle=Amphiptyches," Trans . See also:

• ROY, WILLIAM (1726-1790)

Roy . See also:

• SOC

Soc., See also:

• VICTORIA
• VICTORIA (or VITTORIA), TOMMASSO LUDOVICO DA (C. I540-C. 1613)
• VICTORIA [ALEXANDRINA VICTORIA]

Victoria, vol. i . (1889); (8) S . Goto, " Homology of Genital Ducts," Centralbl. f . Bact. u . Parasilenkunde, vol .

14 (1893), p . 797; (9) Mrazek, Archigetes," Verhandl. d. bohm . Akad . Sci . (See also:

• PRAGUE (Ger. Prag; Bohemian Praha)

Prague, 1897) . Full references to further literature will be found in Braun's See also:

• WORKS

works . (F . W . GA.) See also:

• MEDICINE

Medicine.—For See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical purposes we have only three varieties of See also:

• TAPEWORMS

tapeworms to See also:

• DEAL

deal with as inhabitants of the human alimentary See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal: Taenia saginata, the See also:

• BEEF (through O. Fr. boef, mod. boeuf, from Lat. bos, bovis, ox, Gr. f3oiir, which show the ultimate connexion with the Sanskrit go, gaits, ox, and thus with " cow")

beef tapeworm; Taenia solium, the pork tapeworm; and Dibothriocephalus latus, the See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish tapeworm . The first of these is prevalent in countries where much and imperfectly cooked beef is eaten, and where See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle in their turn are exposed to the infection of the tapeworm ova . Comparatively uncommon in Western See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, the Taenia saginata is See also:

• COMMON

common in Eastern Europe, See also:

• ASIA

Asia and See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• AMERICA

America . It is calculated that in the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West Provinces of See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India 5 per cent. of the cattle are affected with cysticerci owing to the filthy habits of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people .

Measly beef (that infected with the Cysticercus bovis) is easily recognized . In See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin the proportion of cattle said to be found infected on inspection in 1893 was 1 in 672 . See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

Cold storage for a See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of over three See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks is said to kill the cysticercus . The tapeworm most frequently found in man in Western Europe is the Taenia solium, which is See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant wherever pork is consumed, and is more common in parts where raw or imperfectly cooked pork is eaten . In North See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany the mature tapeworm was found on See also:

• POST

post-mortem examination once in every 200 bodies examined, while its embryo, the Cysticercus cellulosae, was found in I in every 76 bodies . In See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain and the See also:

• UNITED

United States the prevalence is not so great . The Dibothriocephalus latus is not generally found except in districts bordering the Baltic See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea, the districts See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the Franco-Swiss lakes and See also:

• JAPAN

Japan . In St See also:

• PETERSBURG

Petersburg 15 per cent. of the in-habitants are said to be affected . The eggs are See also:

• FREE

free in fresh-See also:

• WATER

water lakes and See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers, where they enter the bodies of pike, turbot and other fishes, and are thus eaten by man . In many instances the existence of a tapeworm may not cause any inconvenience to its host, and its presence may be only made known by the presence of the proglottides or mature segments in the stools . In the Taenia solium it takes 3 to 32 months from the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of ingestion of the embryo to the passage of the matured segments, but in the Taenia saginata the time is only about 6o days . The segments of the Taenia solium are usually given off in chains, those of the Taenia saginata singly .

In a number of cases there are colicky pains in the See also:

• ABDOMEN (a Latin word, either from abdere, to hide, or from a form adipomen, from adeps, fat)

abdomen, with See also:

• DIARRHOEA (from Gr. &Q, through, pfw, flow)

diarrhoea or See also:

• CONSTIPATION (from Lat. constipare, to press closely together, whence also the adjective " costive ")

constipation and more or less See also:

• ANAEMIA (from Gr. ay-, privative, and aiµa, blood)

anaemia, while the Dibothriocephalus latus is capable of producing a profound and severe anaemia closely resembling pernicious anaemia . The knowledge of the presence of the See also:

• PARASITE (From Gr. irapa, beside, Tiros food)

parasite adversely affects See also:

• NERVOUS

nervous people and may See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead to See also:

• MENTAL

mental depression and hypochondria . Nervous phenomena, such as chorea and epileptic seizures, have been attributed to the presence of the tapeworm . The prophylaxis is important in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to limit the spread of the parasites . All segments passed should be burnt, and they should never be thrown where the embryos may become scattered . See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

Attention should be paid to the careful cooking of See also:

• MEAT

meat, so that any parasite See also:

• PRESENT

present should be killed . Efficient inspection of meat in the abattoirs should eliminate a large proportion of the diseased animals . In the treatment of a See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case where the parasite is already present, for two days previous to the employment of a vermifuge a See also:

• LIGHT

light See also:

• DIET

diet should be given and the bowels moved by a purgative . For twelve See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours previously to its See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration no See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food should be given, in order that the intestinal See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract should be empty so as to expose the tapeworm to the full See also:

• ACTION

action of the See also:

• DRUG
• DRUG (from Fr. drogue, a word common in Romance languages, cf. Span. and Ital. droga; the origin of the word is obscure, but may possibly be connected with Dutch droog, dry)

drug . The vermifuge is given in the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• MORNING

morning, and should consist of the liquid See also:

• EXTRACT (from Lat. extrahere, to draw out)

extract of See also:

• FELIX
• FELIX, ANTONIUS
• FELIX, LIA (1830– )

felix mas, male See also:

• FERN (from O. Eng. fearn, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch varen, and Ger. Farn; the Indo-European root, seen in the Sanskrit parna, a feather, shows the primary meaning; cf. Gr. rmep6 , feather, rTepis, fern)

fern, one drachm in emulsion or in capsules to be followed in See also:

• HALF

half an See also:

• HOUR

hour by a See also:

• CALOMEL

calomel purgative . See also:

• CASTOR

Castor-oil should not he used as a purgative . See also:

• POMEGRANATE

Pomegranate See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root, or, better, the sulphate of pelletierine in dose of 5 grains with an equal quantity of tannic See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid, may be used to replace the male fern .

In from 5o to 8o per cent. of cases the entire tapeworm is expelled . The See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head must be carefully searched for by the physician, as should it fail to be brought-away the parasite continues to grow, and within a few months the segments again begin to appear .