1ST See also:

• EARL

EARL OF See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

ROBERT See also:

• WALPOLE, HORATIO
• WALPOLE, SIR SPENCER (1839-1907)

WALPOLE See also:

• ORFORD
• ORFORD, EDWARD RUSSELL, EARL OF (1653-1727)
• 1ST EARL OF ROBERT WALPOLE ORFORD (1676-1745)

ORFORD (1676-1745)  , generally known as See also:

• SIR

SIR See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

ROBERT See also:

• WALPOLE, HORATIO
• WALPOLE, SIR SPENCER (1839-1907)

WALPOLE, See also:

• PRIME, PRIMER AND PRIMING

prime See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England from 1721 to 1742, was the third but eldest surviving son of Robert Walpole, M.P., of See also:

• HOUGHTON, RICHARD MONCKTON MILNES, 1ST BARON (1809—1885)

Houghton in See also:

• NORFOLK
• NORFOLK, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Norfolk, by See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary, only daughter and heiress of Sir Jeffery Burwell, of Rougham, in See also:

• SUFFOLK
• SUFFOLK, CHARLES BRANDON, 1ST DUKE OF (c. 1484–'545)
• SUFFOLK, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• SUFFOLK, THOMAS HOWARD, 1ST EARL OF (1561-1626)
• SUFFOLK, WILLIAM DE LA POLE

Suffolk . The See also:

• FATHER

father, a See also:

• JOLLY (from O. Fr. jolif; Fr. joli, the French word is obscure in origin; it may be from late Lat. gaudivus, from gaudere, to rejoice, the change of d to 1 being paralleled by cigada and cigale, or from O. Norse jol, Eng. " yule," the northern festival of

jolly old See also:

• SQUIRE

squire of Whig politics who revelled in outdoor See also:

• SPORT (a contracted or shortened form of "disport," to amuse, divert oneself, O. Fr. se dis porter or deporter, to leave off work, hence to play, Lat. dis-, away, and portare, to carry; the origin of the meaning lies in the notion of turning away from ser

sport and the pleasures of the table, transmitted to his son the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief traits in his own See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . The future statesman was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Houghton on the 26th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1676, was an See also:

• ETON

Eton colleger from 1690 to 1695 and was admitted at See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King's See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College, See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge, as See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar on the 22nd of See also:

• APRIL

April 1696 . At this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time he was destined, as a younger son, for the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church, but his two See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers died See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young and he became the See also:

• HEIR (Lat. heres, from a root meaning to grasp, seen in heres or erus, master of a house, Gr. xeip, hand, Sans. hat ana, hand)

heir to an See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate producing about £2000 a See also:

• YEAR

year, whereupon on the 25th of May 1698 he resigned his scholarship, and was soon afterwards withdrawn by his father from the university . In classical attainments he was excelled by Pulteney, See also:

• CARTERET, SIR GEORGE (c. 1610-1680)

Carteret, and many others of his contemporaries in politics . On his father's See also:

• DEATH

death in See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1700 the See also:

• ELECTORS (Ger. Kurfursten, from Kilren, O.H.G. kiosan, choose, elect, and Furst, prince)

electors of the See also:

• FAMILY

family See also:

• BOROUGH (A.S. nominative burh, dative byrig, which produces some of the place-names ending in bury, a sheltered or fortified place, the camp of refuge of a tribe, the stronghold of a chieftain; cf. Ger. Burg, Fr. bor, bore, bourg)
• BOROUGH [BURROUGH, BURROWE, BORROWS], STEVEN (1525–1584)

borough of See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

Castle Rising returned him (See also:

• JANUARY

January 1701) to the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House of See also:

• COMMONS

Commons as their representative, but after two See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short-lived parliaments he sought the suffrages of the more important See also:

• CONSTITUENCY (from " constituent," that which forms a necessary part of a thing; Lat. constituere, to create)

constituency of King's See also:

• LYNN

Lynn (See also:

• JULY

July 23, 1702), and was elected as its member at every subsequent See also:

• DISSOLUTION (from Lat. dissolvere, to break up into parts)

dissolution until he See also:

• LEFT

left the See also:

• LOWER

Lower House . From the first his shrewdness in counsel and his zeal for the interests of the Whigs were generally recognized . In See also:

• JUNE

June 1705 he was appointed one of the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council to See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George of See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark, the inactive See also:

• HUSBAND

husband of See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen See also:

• ANNE (1665-1714)
• ANNE (1693-1740)

Anne, and then See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord high See also:

• ADMIRAL

admiral of England . Complaints against the See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of the See also:

• NAVY

navy were then loud and frequent (See also:

• BURTON, JOHN HILL (1809–1881)
• BURTON, ROBERT (1577-1640)
• BURTON, SIR FREDERICK WILLIAM (1816–f goo)
• BURTON, SIR RICHARD FRANCIS (1821-1890)
• BURTON, WILLIAM EVANS (1804-1860)

Burton's Queen Anne, ii . 22-31), and the responsibilities of his new position tested his capacity for public See also:

• LIFE

life . His abilities justified his See also:

• ADVANCEMENT

advancement, in See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession to his lifelong See also:

• RIVAL

rival, See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry St See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John, to the more important position of secretaryat-See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war (See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 25, 1708), which brought him into immediate contact with the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• MARLBOROUGH
• MARLBOROUGH, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• MARLBOROUGH, JOHN CHURCHILL, 1ST DUKE OF (1650-1722)

Marlborough and the queen . With this See also:

• POST

post he held for a short time (1710) the treasurership of the navy, and by the See also:

• DISCHARGE (adapted from the O. Fr. discharge, modern decharge, from a med. Lat. discargare, to unload, dis- and earn care, to load, cf. " charge ")

discharge of his See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official duties and by his skill in debate became admitted to the inmost See also:

• COUNCILS

councils of the See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry .

He could not succeed, however, in diverting See also:

• GODOLPHIN, SIDNEY GODOLPHIN, EARL

Godolphin from the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• ERROR (Lat. error, from errare, to wander, to err)

error of that statesman's career, the See also:

• IMPEACHMENT (O. Fr. empeahement, empeschement, from em pecher or empescher, to hinder, Late Lat. impedicare, to entangle, pedica, fetter, pes, foot)

impeachment of See also:

• SACHEVERELL, HENRY (1674-1724)
• SACHEVERELL, W
• SACHEVERELL, WILLIAM (1638-1691)

Sacheverell, and when the See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee was appointed in See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1709 for elaborating the articles of impeachment Walpole was nominated one of the managers for the House of Commons . On the See also:

• WRECK

wreck of the Whig party which ensued, Walpole shared in the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general misfortune, and in spite of the flattery, followed by the threats, of Harley he took his See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place with his See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends in opposition . His energies now shone forth with irresistible vigour; both in debate and in the pamphlet See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press he vindicated Godolphin from the See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge that See also:

• THIRTY

thirty-five millions of public See also:

• MONEY

money were not accounted for, and in revenge for his zeal his See also:

• POLITICAL

political opponents brought against him an See also:

• ACCUSATION (Lat. accusatio, accusare, to challenge to a causa, a suit or trial at law)

accusation of See also:

• PERSONAL

personal corruption . On these charges, now universally acknowledged to have proceeded from party animosity, he was in January 1712 expelled from the House and committed to the See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

Tower . His See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison See also:

• CELL (from Lat. cella, probably from an Indo-European kal —seen in Lat. celare, to hide; another suggestion connects the word with Lat. cera, wax, taking the original meaning to refer to the honeycomb)

cell now became the See also:

• RENDEZVOUS

rendezvous of the Whigs among the See also:

• ARISTOCRACY (Gr. apuvror, best; «paria, government)

aristocracy, while the populace heard his praises commemorated in the See also:

• BALLADS

ballads of the streets . The ignominy which the Tories had endeavoured to inflict upon him was turned into augmented reputation . In the last See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament of Queen Anne he took the leading See also:

• PART

part in See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of Sir See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard See also:

• STEELE
• STEELE, ANNE (1717-1778)
• STEELE, SIR RICHARD (1672-1729)
• STEELE, THOMAS (1788-1848)
• STEELE, WILLIAM (d. 1680)

Steele against the attacks of the Tories . After the See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession of George, the Whigs for nearly See also:

• HALF

half a See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century retained the See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of See also:

• ENGLISH

English politics . Walpole obtained the lucrative if unimportant post of paymaster-general of the forces in the administration which was formed under the nominal See also:

• RULE

rule of Lord See also:

• HALIFAX
• HALIFAX, CHARLES MONTAGUE, EARL OF (1661–1715)
• HALIFAX, GEORGE MONTAGU DUNK, 2ND EARL OF (1716-1771)
• HALIFAX, GEORGE SAVILE, 1ST MARQUESS OF (1633-1695)

Halifax, but of which See also:

• STANHOPE, EARLS
• STANHOPE, LADY HESTER LUCY (1776-1839)

Stanhope and See also:

• TOWNSHEND, CHARLES (1725-1767)
• TOWNSHEND, CHARLES TOWNSHEND, 2ND VISCOUNT (1674-1738)
• TOWNSHEND, GEORGE TOWNSHEND, 1ST MARQUESS (1724-1807)

Townshend were the guiding See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits . A committee of secrecy was appointed to inquire into the acts of the See also:

• LATE

late ministry, and especially into the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

Peace of See also:

• UTRECHT
• UTRECHT, TREATY OF

Utrecht, with a view to the impeachment of Harley and St John, and to Walpole was en-trusted the place of chairman . Most of his colleagues in See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office were members of the House of Lords, and the See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead in the Commons quickly became the See also:

• REWARD

reward of his talents and assiduity . Halifax died on the 19th of May 1715, and after a short See also:

• INTERVAL

interval Walpole was exalted into the conspicuous position of first lord of the See also:

• TREASURY

treasury and See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor of the See also:

• EXCHEQUER

exchequer (See also:

• OCTOBER

October 11, 1715) .

Jealousies, however, prevailed among the Whigs, and the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German favourites of the new monarch quickly showed their discontent with the heads of the ministry . Townshend was forced into resigning his secretaryship of See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state for the dignified See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile of See also:

• VICEROY (from O. Fr. viceroy, mod. viceroi, i.e. Lat. vice, in place of, and roy or roi, king)

viceroy of See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland, but he never crossed the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea to See also:

• DUBLIN

Dublin, and the support which See also:

• SUNDERLAND
• SUNDERLAND, CHARLES SPENCER, 3RD EARL OF (c. 1674-1722)
• SUNDERLAND, ROBERT SPENCER, 2ND EARL OF (1640-17o2); English politician, was the only son of Henry Spencer (162o--1643)

Sunderland and Stanhope, the new advisers of the king, received from him and from Walpole was so grudging that Townshend was dismissed from the lord-lieutenancy (April 9) 1717), and Walpole on the next See also:

• MORNING

morning withdrew from the ministry . They plunged, into opposition with unflagging See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy, and in resisting the measure by which it was proposed to limit the royal See also:

• PREROGATIVE

prerogative in the creation of peerages (See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March-December 1718) Walpole exerted all his See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers . This display of ability brought about a partial re-conciliation of the two sections of the Whigs . To Townshend was given the See also:

• PRESIDENCY

presidency of the council, and Walpole once again assumed the paymastership of the forces (June 1720) . On the See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial See also:

• CRASH

crash which followed the failure of the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South Sea See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme, the public See also:

• VOICE (Fr. voix, from Lat. vox)

voice insisted that he should assume a more prominent place in public life . At this crisis in England's fortunes Stanhope and See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James See also:

• CRAGGS, JAMES (1657–1721)

Craggs, the two secretaries of state, were seized by death, John See also:

• AISLABIE, JOHN (1670-1742)

Aislabie, the chancellor ofthe exchequer, was committed to the Tower, and Sunderland, though acquitted of corruption, was compelled to resign the lead . Walpole, at first lord of the treasury and chancellor of the exchequer (April 1721), became with Townshend responsible for the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country's See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government (though for some years they had to contend with the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of Carteret), the danger arising from the panic in South Sea stock was averted by its amalgamation with See also:

• BANK

Bank and See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India stock, and during the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the reign of George I. they remained at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the ministry . The hopes of the See also:

• JACOBITES (from Lat. Jacobus, James)

Jacobites, which revived with these financial troubles, soon drooped in disappointment . See also:

• ATTERBURY, FRANCIS (1662-1732)

Atterbury, their boldest See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader, was exiled in 1723; See also:

• BOLINGBROKE, HENRY ST JOHN, VISCOUNT (1678-1751)

Bolingbroke, in dismay at their feebleness, sued for See also:

• PARDON (through the Fr. from Late Lat. perdonare, to remit a debt or other obligation on a penalty)

pardon, and was permitted to return to his own country . The troubles which See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke out in Ireland over See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

Wood's patent for a See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper coinage were allayed through the tact of Carteret, who had been banished in April 1724 as its lord-See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant by his triumphant rivals . The See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent was still troubled with See also:

• WARS

wars and rumours of wars, but a treaty between England, See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia and See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France was successfully effected at See also:

• HANOVER
• HANOVER (Ger. Hannover)

Hanover in 1725 .

England was kept See also:

• FREE

free from warfare, and in the general prosperity which ensued Walpole basked in the royal favour . His eldest son was raised to the See also:

• PEERAGE
• PEERAGE (Fr. pairage, med. Lat. paragium; M.E. Pere, 0. Fr. per, peer, later pair; Lat. Paris, " equal ")

peerage as See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

Baron Walpole (June 1o, 1723) and he himself became a See also:

• KNIGHT, CHARLES (1791-1873)
• KNIGHT, DANIEL RIDGWAY (1845– )
• KNIGHT, JOHN BUXTON (1843–1908)

Knight of the See also:

• BATH
• BATH, THOMAS THYNNE
• BATH, WILLIAM

Bath on the 27th of May 1725, and was rewarded with the Garter in May 1726 . Next year the first King George died, and Walpole's enemies fondly believed that he would be driven from office, but their expectations were doomed to disappointment . The confidence which the old king had reposed in him was renewed by his successor, and in the See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person of Queen See also:

• CAROLINE
• CAROLINE (1683-1737)

Caroline, the discreet ruler of her royal See also:

• SPOUSE, (O. Fr. espous, mod. epoux, espouse, epouse, Lat. sponsus, sponsa, a betrothed or promised man or woman, from spondere, to promise)

spouse, the second George, the Whig minister found a faithful and lifelong friend . For three years he shared See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power with Townshend, but the jealous Walpole brooked no rival near the See also:

• THRONE

throne, and his See also:

• BROTHER

brother-in-See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law withdrew from official life to Norfolk in May 1730 . Before and after that event the administration was based on two principles, See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound See also:

• FINANCE

finance at See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home and freedom from the intrigues and wars which raged abroad . On the continent congresses and See also:

• TREATIES

treaties were matters of See also:

• ANNUAL

annual arrangement, and if the See also:

• WORK

work of the plenipotentiaries soon faded it was through their labours that England enjoyed many years of peace . Walpole's influence received a serious See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow in.1733 . The enormous frauds on the See also:

• EXCISE (derived through the Dutch, excijs or accijs, possibly from Late Lat. accensare,—ad, to, and census, tax; the word owes something to a confusion with excisum, cut out)

excise duties forced themselves on his See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention, and he proposed to check See also:

• SMUGGLING

smuggling and avoid See also:

• FRAUD (Lat. fraus, deceit)

fraud by levying the full tax on See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco and See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine when they were removed from the warehouses for See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

sale . His opponents fastened on these proposals with irresistible force, and so serious an agitation stirred the country that the ministerial measure was dropped amid general rejoicing . Several of his most active antagonists were dismissed from office or deprived of their regiments, but their spirits remained unquenched, as the incessant attacks in the Craftsman showed, and when Walpole met a new House of Commons in 1734 his supporters were far less numerous . The See also:

• GIN

Gin See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act of 1736, by which the tax on that drink was raised to an excessive amount, led to disorders in the suburbs of See also:

• LONDON

London; and the imprisonment of two notorious smugglers in the Tolbooth at See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh resulted in those See also:

• PORTEOUS, JOHN (d. 1736)

Porteous riots which have been rendered famous in the See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

Heart of Midlothian .

These events weakened his influence with large classes in England and See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland, but his See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary supremacy remained umimpaired, and was illustrated in 1737 by his defeat of Sir John See also:

• BARNARD, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS PORTER (1809–1889)
• BARNARD, GEORGE GREY (1863— )
• BARNARD, HENRY (1811-1900)
• BARNARD, JOHN
• BARNARD, LADY ANNE (1750–1825)

Barnard's See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan for the reduction of the See also:

• INTEREST

interest on the See also:

• NATIONAL

national See also:

• DEBT (Lat. debitum, a thing owed)

debt, and by his passing of the Playhouse Act, under which the London theatres are still regulated . That year, however, heralded his fall from power . His See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant friend Queen Caroline died on the 20th of November 1737, and the prince of See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales, See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long discontented with his parents and their minister, flung himself into active opposition . Many of the boroughs within the limits of the duchy of See also:

• CORNWALL

Cornwall were obedient to the prince's will, and he quickly attracted to his cause a considerable number of adherents, of whom See also:

• PITT, THOMAS (1653-1726)
• PITT, WILLIAM (1759-1806)

Pitt and the Grenvilles were the most influential . The leading orators of England thundered against Walpole in the See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

senate, and the press resounded with the taunts of the poet and pamphleteer, illustrious and obscure, who found abundant See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food for their invectives in the troubles with See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain over its exclusive pretensions to the continent of See also:

• AMERICA

America and its claim to the right of searching English vessels . The minister long resisted the pressure of the opposition for war, but at the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of 1739 he abandoned his efforts to See also:

• STEM (O. Eng. staefn, stemn, cf. Du. stain, Ger. Stamm, &c., probably related to " staff ")

stem the current, and with a divided See also:

• CABINET

cabinet was forced, as the king would not allow him to resign, into hostility with Spain . The Tory minority known as " the patriots " had seceded from parliament in March 1739, but at the commencement of the new session, in November 1739, they returned to their places with redoubled energies . The See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign was prosecuted with vigour, but the successes of the troops- brought little strength to Walpole's declining popularity, and when parliament was dissolved in April 1741 his influence with his See also:

• FELLOW

fellow-countrymen had faded away . His enemies were active in opposition, while some of his colleagues were lukewarm in support . In the new House of Commons political parties were almost evenly balanced . Their strength was tried immediately on the opening of parliament . After the ministry had sustained some defeats on See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election petitions, the voting on the return for See also:

• CHIPPENHAM

Chippenham was accepted as a decisive test of parties, and,asWalpole was beaten in the divisions, he resolved on resigning his places .

On the 9th of February 1742 he was created See also:

• EARL

earl of See also:

• ORFORD
• ORFORD, EDWARD RUSSELL, EARL OF (1653-1727)
• ORFORD, ROBERT WALPOLE, 1ST EARL OF (1676-1745)

Orford, and two days later he ceased to be prime minister . A committee of inquiry into the conduct of his ministry for the previous ten years was ultimately granted, but its deliberations ended in nought . Although he withdrew to Houghton for a time, his influence over public affairs was unbroken and he was still consulted by the monarch . He died at See also:

• ARLINGTON
• ARLINGTON, HENRY BENNET, EARL OF (1618-1685)

Arlington See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

Street, London, on the 18th of March 1745 and was buried at Houghton on the 25th of March . With the permanent places, valued at £15,000 per annum, which he had secured for his family, and with his accumulations in office, he had rebuilt the See also:

• MANSION (through O. Fr. mansion, mod. maison, from Lat. mansio, dwelling-place, stage on a journey; manere, to remain)

mansion at great expense, and formed a See also:

• GALLERY (through Ital. galleria, from Med. Lat. galeria, of which the origin is unknown)

gallery of pictures within its walls at a cost of 40,000, but the collection was sold by his See also:

• GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

grandson for -a much larger sum in 1779 to the empress of See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia, and the estate and house of Houghton passed to Lord Cholmondeley, the third earl having married the premier's younger daughter . Walpole was twice married—in 1700 to See also:

• CATHERINE
• CATHERINE, SAINT

Catherine, eldest daughter of John Shorter and See also:

• GRAND

grand-daughter of Sir John Shorter, lord See also:

• MAYOR (Lat. major, greater)
• MAYOR, JOHN EYTON BICKERSTETH (1825– )

mayor of London, who died in 1737, having had issue three sons and two daughters, and in March 1738 to Maria, daughter of See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas Skerret, a See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady often mentioned in the letters of Lady Mary Wortley See also:

• MONTAGU (Family)
• MONTAGU (or MOUNTAGUE), RICHARD (1577-1641)
• MONTAGU, ELIZABETH ROBINSON (1720-1800)
• MONTAGU, LADY MARY WORTLEY (1689–1762)
• MONTAGU, RALPH, 1ST DUKE OF (c. 1638-1709)

Montagu . He was succeeded in his earldom and other titles by his eldest son Robert (1701-1751), who had been created Baron Walpole of Walpole in 1723; the 3rd earl was the latter's only son George (1730-1791), " the last of the English See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility who practised the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient sport of hawking," and the 4th earl was the famous See also:

• HORACE [QuINTus HORATIUS FLACCUS] (65-8 B.C.)

Horace Walpole (q.v.) the youngest son of the great Sir Robert . Horace Walpole died unmarried on the 2nd of March 1797, when the earldom became See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct, but the See also:

• BARONY

barony of Walpole of Walpole passed to his See also:

• COUSIN (Fr. cousin, Ital. cugino, Late Lat. cosinus, perhaps a popular and familiar abbreviation of consobrinus, which has the same sense in classical Latin)
• COUSIN, JEAN (1500-1590)
• COUSIN, VICTOR (1792–1867)

cousin, Horatio (1723-1809), who had already succeeded his father, Horatio Walpole, 1st Baron Walpole of Wolterton in that barony . In 18o6 he was created earl of Orford, and this See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title still remains in the See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of his descendants, Robert Horace Walpole (b . 1854) becoming the 5th earl in 1894 . When Horace Walpole died his splendid See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence at Houghton and the Norfolk estates did not pass with the title, but were inherited by George James Cholmondeley, 4th earl and afterwards 1st See also:

• MARQUESS (1760-1842)
• MARQUESS, or MARQUIS (Fr. marquis, Ital. marchese; from med. Lat. marchio, marchisus, i.e. comes marchiae, " count of the March ")

marquess of Cholmondeley . Sir R .

Walpole's life has been written by See also:

• ARCHDEACON (Lat. archidiaconus, Gr. &oxt3tauovor)

Archdeacon See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• COXE, HENRY OCTAVIUS (1811–1881)
• COXE, WILLIAM (1747-1828)

Coxe (1798 and 1800, 3 vols.), A . C . See also:

• EWALD, GEORG HEINRICH AUGUST VON (1803-1875)
• EWALD, JOHANNES (1743-1781)

Ewald (1878) and John See also:

• VISCOUNT (through O. Fr. viscomte, mod. vicomte, from Low Lat. vice-comes, cf. Portug. visconde, Ital. visconte)

Viscount See also:

• MORLEY
• MORLEY [oP BLACKBURN], JOHN MORLEY
• MORLEY, BARONS AND EARLS OF
• MORLEY, GEORGE (1597-1684)
• MORLEY, HENRY (1822-1894)
• MORLEY, SAMUEL (18o9–1886)

Morley (1889) . See also Walpole, a Study in Politics, by See also:

• EDWARD

Edward See also:

• JENKS, JEREMIAH WHIPPLE (1856– )

Jenks (1894) ; English Hist . Rev. xv . 251, 479, 665, xvi . 67, 308, 439 (his See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign policy, by See also:

• BASIL (Russ. VASILY)

Basil See also:

• WILLIAMS
• WILLIAMS, JOHN (1582-1650)
• WILLIAMS, JOHN (1796-1839)
• WILLIAMS, ROGER (c. 1604–1684)
• WILLIAMS, ROWLAND (1817-1870)
• WILLIAMS, SIR WILLIAM FENWICK

Williams); Bolingbroke, by See also:

• WALTER, HUBERT (d. 1205)
• WALTER, JOHN (1738/9-1812)

Walter Sichel (1901-1902, 2 vols.); the histories, letters and reminiscences by his son, Horace Walpole; and the other lives of the chief political personages of the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period . (W . P .