ORGANIZATION AND See also:

• TACTICAL

TACTICAL EMPLOYMENT  2 Although See also:

• MACHINE
• MACHINE (through Fr. from Lat. form machina of Gr. µnxavil)

machine-See also:

• GUN

gun See also:

• TACTICS (Gr. TaeTOc*, sc. TEXvnI, from TavQecv, to arrange in order of battle)

tactics are still somewhat indefinite, at least there are well-marked tendencies which have a See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close relation to the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• TACTICAL

tactical See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme or See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine adopted by each of the various armies as suited to its own purposes and conditions . For many years before the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• AFRICAN

African and Manchurian See also:

• WARS

wars, the machine-gun had been freely spoken of as " a diabolical weapon before which nothing could live," but this did not contribute much to the See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science of handling it . Most military See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers, indeed, distrusted it—actuated perhaps by the remembrance of the vain hopes excited by the See also:

• CANON

canon d balles . It was not until the second See also:

• HALF

half of the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war of 1904-05 that the See also:

• JAPANESE

Japanese, taught by the effective handling of the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian machine-guns at Liao-Yang, introduced it into their See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field armies, and although See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain had provided every See also:

• REGULAR

regular See also:

• BATTALION

battalion with a See also:

• MAXIM, SIR HIRAM STEVENS (184o- )

Maxim-gun See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section some years before the See also:

• BOER

Boer War, and a Volunteer See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps, the Central See also:

• LONDON

London Rangers (now 12th bn . London See also:

• REGIMENT (from Late Latin regimentum, rule, regere, to rule, govern, direct)

Regiment) had maintained a (Nordenfeldt) gun section since 1882, instruction in the tactics of the weapon was confined practically to the See also:

• SIMPLE

simple phrase " the machine-gun is a weapon of opportunity." More than this, at any See also:

• RATE

rate, is attempted in the See also:

• DRILL

drill-books of to-See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day . One important point is that, whether the guns are used as an See also:

• ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

arm, in See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers, or as auxiliaries, in sections, they should be See also:

• FREE

free to move without having to maintain their exact position relatively to some other unit . It was in following the See also:

• INFANTRY

infantry firing lines of their own battalion over the open that the See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• MAXIMS, LEGAL

Maxims suffered most heavily in South See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa . Another of equal importance is that the machine guns must co-operate with other troops of their See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side in the closest possible way; more, in this regard, is demanded of them than of See also:

• ARTILLERY (the O. Fr. artiller, to equip with engines of war, probably comes from Late Lat. articulum, dim. of ars, art, cf. " engine " from ingenium, or of artus, joint)

artillery, owing to their mobility and the relative ease of obtaining See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover . A third See also:

• FACTOR (from Lat. facere, to make or do)

factor, which has been the subject of numerous experiments, is the precise value of a machine-gun, stated in terms of infantry, i.e. how many rifles would be required to produce the See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire-effect of a machine-gun . A See also:

• FOURTH

fourth—and on this the teaching of military See also:

• HISTORY

history is quite definite—is the need of concealment and of evading the enemy's shrapnel . These points, once the datum of efficiency of fire has been settled, resolve themselves into two conclusions—the See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity for combining See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence and co-operation, and the desirability of See also:

• MERCURY
• MERCURY (MERCU1uus)
• MERCURY (symbol Hg, atomic weight = 2oo)

Mercury's winged feet and cap of darkness for the weapon itself . It is on the former that opinions in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe vary most .

Some armies ensure co-operation by making the machine-gun section an integral See also:

• PART

part of the infantry regimental organization, but in this See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case the officer commanding it must be taught and allowed to shake himself free from his comrades and immediate superiors when necessary . Others ensure co-operation of the machine-guns as an arm by using them, absolutely free of infantry See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control, on batteries; but this brings them See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face to face with the risks of showing, not one or two See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low-lying gun-barrels, but a number of carriages, limbers and gun teams, within range of the enemy's artillery . ' At See also:

• SAN

San-de-pu 1905 the Japanese machine-guns (Hotchkiss) sustained damage averaging, i extractor broken per gun, i jam in every 300 rounds . It should be mentioned, however, that the machine-gun companies were only formed shortly before the See also:

• BATTLE

battle . 2 In field operations only .