ORIENTATION  , the See also:

• TERM

term in See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture given to the position of a See also:

• BUILDING

building generally with reference to the points of the See also:

• COMPASS (Fr. corn pas, ultimately from Lat. cum, with, and passus, step)

compass, and more especially (as the word implies) to that of the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East . It would seem that some of the See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian temples were orientated in the direction of the See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun or of some selected See also:

• STAR

star, the exact position of which on some particular See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day would be an indication to the See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest of the exact See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of the See also:

• YEAR

year—a See also:

• MATTER

matter of See also:

• GREAT

great importance in an agricultural See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, when the See also:

• CALENDAR

calendar was not known . The orientation of See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek temples has enabled astronomers to calculate the See also:

• DATES

dates of the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early temples, See also:

• ALLOWANCE (from "allow,' derived through 0. Fr. alouer from the two Lat. origins adlaudare, to praise, and allocare, to assign a place; so that the English word combined the general idea of "assigning with approval")

allowance being made for the See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual changes which in the course of centuries had taken See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in the precession of the See also:

• EQUINOX (from the Lat. aequus, equal, and nox, night)

equinox . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal front of the Greek See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple always faced east; and the rays of the rising sun, passing through the great See also:

• DOORWAY (corresponding to the Gr. Iran, Lat. porte)

doorway of the naos, lighted up the statue at the further end, this being the only occasion on which the See also:

• PEOPLE

people who came to See also:

• WITNESS
• WITNESS (from O. Eng. witan, to know)

witness the event were able to gaze on the sculptured figure of the deity . In early See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian architecture, in the five first basilicas built by See also:

• CONSTANTINE

Constantine, the See also:

• APSE
• APSE (Gr. alkir, a fastening, especially the felloe of a wheel; Lat. absis)

apse of the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church was at the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west end, and the priest, See also:

• STANDING

standing behind the See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar, faced the east; this orientation being probably derived from that of the church of the See also:

• HOLY

Holy See also:

• SEPULCHRE, CANONS REGULAR OF THE HOLY
• SEPULCHRE, EASTER
• SEPULCHRE, THE HOLY

Sepulchre at See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem and the church at See also:

• BETHLEHEM
• BETHLEHEM (Heb. " House of Bread," or, according to a more questionable etymology, " of [the god] Lakhmu ")

Bethlehem . Three-fourths of the early churches in See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome followed this orientation, but in many it was reversed at a later date . In Sta . See also:

• SOPHIA (1630-1714)

Sophia, See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople, and all the See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine churches, the apse was always at the east end, and the same See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom obtains in the early churches in See also:

• SYRIA

Syria and the Coptic churches in See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt . In See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain, See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany and See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England generally the eastern orientation is generally observed, but in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy there are many See also:

• VARIATIONS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS OF

variations . In See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland it was the custom to See also:

• FIX, THEODORE (180o-1846)

fix a See also:

• POLE (FAMILY)
• POLE, REGINALD (1500-1558)
• POLE, RICHARD DE LA (d. 1525)
• POLE, WILLIAM (1814—1900)

pole in the ground over See also:

• NIGHT

night, and in the See also:

• MORNING

morning at sunrise to See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note the direction taken by the See also:

• SHADOW (0. Eng. Schadewe, sceadu; a form of " shade "; connected with Gr. 6-Ore's, darkness)

shadow of the pole, which was followed when setting out the See also:

• AXIS (Lat. for " axle ")

axis of the See also:

• CHOIR (0. Fr. cuer from Lat. chorus; pronounced quire, and until the end of the 17th century so spelt, the spelling being altered to agree with the Fr. chceur)

choir; if such a custom had been followed in an early church, when setting out another of later date there should be some difference in the orientation of the two, on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the variation of the obliquity of the See also:

• ECLIPTIC

ecliptic in the See also:

• INTERVAL

interval, and this in some cases accounts for the See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change of the axial See also:

• LINE

line which is found in some churches, either when the east end has been rebuilt, as was constantly the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case throughout See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, or when a See also:

• NAVE

nave has been added to an earlier structure . In describing churches it is usual to use the terms east, west, See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north and See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south, on the See also:

• ASSUMPTION, FEAST OF

assumption that the altar is at the east end, although this may not be the real bearing of the edifice . Indirectly also the term is sometimes used in the planning of houses and the relation of the windows of the various rooms to the See also:

• SUNSHINE

sunshine and the See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather—in other words, to the points of the compass; thus an eastward aspect should be provided for the morning- and dining-rooms, a south-western aspect for the See also:

• DRAWING

drawing-See also:

• ROOM

room, a westward for the library, and north by west for the See also:

• KITCHEN (O.E. cycene; this and other cognate forms, such as Dutch keuken, Ger. Kiuche, Dan. kokken, Fr. cuisine, are formed from the Low Lat. cucina, Lat. coquina, coquere, to cook)

kitchen, larder, &c .

(R . P . S.) .