See also:

• ORIGEN (c. 185-c. 254)

ORIGEN (c. 185-c. 254)  , the most distinguished and most influential of all the theologians of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church, with the possible exception of See also:

• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (354-430)
• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (d. c.613)

Augustine . He is the See also:

• FATHER

father of the church's See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science; he is the founder of a See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology which was brought to perfection in the 4th and 5th centuries, and which still retained the See also:

• STAMP (from " to stamp," to strike or tread heavily, hence to impress, O. Eng. stempen, Du. stampen, Ger. stampfen, whence, O. Fr. estamper, mod. etamper)

stamp of his See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius when in the 6th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century it disowned its author . It was See also:

• ORIGEN (c. 185-c. 254)

Origen who created the dogmatic of the church and laid the See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations of the scientific See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism of the Old and New Testaments . He could not have been what he was unless two generations before him had laboured at the problem of finding an intellectual expression and a philosophic basis for See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity (See also:

• JUSTIN (JUNIANUS JUSTINUS)

Justin, See also:

• TATIAN (2nd cent. A.D.)

Tatian, See also:

• ATHENAGORAS

Athenagoras, See also:

• PANTAENUS

Pantaenus, See also:

• CLEMENT (Lat. Clemens, i.e. merciful; Gr. K)4gs)
• CLEMENT, FRANCOIS (1714-1793)
• CLEMENT, JACQUES (1567-1589)

Clement) . But their attempts, in comparison with his, are like a schoolboy's essays beside the finished See also:

• WORK

work of a See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master . Like all See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch-making personalities, he was favoured by the circumstances of his See also:

• LIFE

life, notwithstanding the relentless persecution to which he was exposed . He lived in a See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time when the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian communities enjoyed almost uninterrupted See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace and held an acknowledged position in the See also:

• WORLD

world . By proclaiming the reconciliation of science with the Christian faith, of the highest culture with the See also:

• GOSPEL (O. Eng. godspel, i.e. good news, a translation of Lat. bona annuntiatio, or evangelium, Gr. evayyeXwv; cf. Goth. iu spillon, " to announce good news," Ulfilas' translation of the Greek, from iu, that which is good, and spellon to announce)

Gospel, Origen did more than any other See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man to win the Old World to the Christian See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion . But he entered into no See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic compromises; it was his deepest and most See also:

• SOLEMN (Lat. sollemnis, sollemnis, less correctly solennis, yearly, annual; from sollus = totus, whole, entire, Gr. Mos., and annus, year)

solemn conviction that the sacredoracles of Christendom embraced all the ideals of antiquity . His See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character was as transparent as his life was blameless; there are few church fathers whose See also:

• BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

biography leaves so pure an impression on the reader . The See also:

• ATMOSPHERE (Gr. fir µ6r, vapour; orkaipa, a sphere)

atmosphere around him was a dangerous one for a philosopher and theologian to breathe, but he kept his spiritual See also:

• HEALTH

health unimpaired, and even his sense of truth suffered less injury than was the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case with most of his contemporaries . To us, indeed, his conception of the universe, like that of See also:

• PHILO
• PHILO, HERENNIUS

Philo, seems a See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange medley, and one may be at a loss to conceive how he could bring together such heterogeneous elements; but there is no See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason to doubt that the See also:

• HARMONY (Gr. dpµovia, a concord of musical sounds, dpA'ew to join; &plan midi (sc. TeXvil)

harmony of all the essential parts of his See also:

• SYSTEM

system was obvious enough to himself .

It is true that in addressing the Christian See also:

• PEOPLE

people he used different See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language from that which he employed to the cultured; but there was no dissimulation in ORIGEN that—on the contrary, it was a requirement of his system . Orthodox theology has never, in any of the confessions, ventured beyond the circle which the mind of Origen first measured'out . It has suspected and amended its author, it has expunged his heresies; but whether it has put anything better or more tenable in their See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place may be gravely questioned . Origen was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born, perhaps at See also:

• ALEXANDRIA
• ALEXANDRIA (Arab. Iskenderia)

Alexandria, of Christian parents in the See also:

• YEAR

year 185 or 186 . As a boy he showed See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of remark-able talents, and his father See also:

• LEONIDAS

Leonidas gave him an excellent See also:

• EDUCATION

education . At a very See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, about the year 200, he listened to the lectures of Pantaenus and Clement in the catechetical school . This school, of which the origin (though assigned to Athenagoras) is unknown, was the first and for a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long time the only institution where Christians were instructed simultaneously in the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek sciences and the doctrines of the See also:

• HOLY

holy Scriptures . Alexandria had been, since the days of the See also:

• PTOLEMIES

Ptolemies, a centre for the inter-See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change of ideas between See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East and See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West—between See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt, See also:

• SYRIA

Syria, See also:

• GREECE

Greece and See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy; and, as it had furnished Judaism with an Hellenic See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy, so it also brought about the See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance of Christianity with Greek philosophy . See also:

• ASIA

Asia See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor and the West See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed the strict ecclesiastical forms by means of which the church closed her lines against heathenism, and especially against See also:

• HERESY

heresy; in Alexandria Christian ideas were handled in a See also:

• FREE

free and speculative See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion and worked out with the help of Greek philosophy . Till near the end of the 2nd century the See also:

• LINE

line between heresy and orthodoxy was less rigidly See also:

• DRAWN

drawn there than at See also:

• EPHESUS
• EPHESUS, COUNCIL OF

Ephesus, See also:

• LYONS
• LYONS (Fr. Lyon)
• LYONS, COUNCILS OF
• LYONS, EDMUND LYONS, BARON (1790-1858)
• LYONS, RICHARD BICKERTON PEMELL LYONS, 1ST EARL (1817–1887)

Lyons, See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome or See also:

• CARTHAGE
• CARTHAGE (Phoenician Kart-hadshat, " New City "; Gr. Kapxn5c; v, Lat. Carthago or Carchedon)
• CARTHAGE, SYNODS OF

Carthage . In the year 202 a persecution arose, in which the father of Origen became a See also:

• MARTYR (Gr. pimp or µaprvs)

martyr, and the See also:

• FAMILY

family lost their livelihood . Origen, who had distinguished himself by his intrepid zeal, was supported for a time by a See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady of See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank, but began about the same time to See also:

• EARN

earn his See also:

• BREAD

bread by teaching; and in 203 he was placed, with the See also:

• SANCTION (Lat. sanctia, from sancire, to decree or ordain)

sanction of the See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop See also:

• DEMETRIUS

Demetrius, at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the catechetical school .

Even then his attainments in the whole circle of the sciences were extraordinary . But the spirit of investigation impelled him to devote himself to the highest studies, philosophy and the exegesis of the sacred Scriptures . With indomitable perseverance he applied himself to these subjects; although himself a teacher, he regularly attended the lectures of Ammonius Saccas, and made a thorough study of the books of See also:

• PLATO

Plato and See also:

• NUMENIUS

Numenius, of the See also:

• STOICS

Stoics and the Pythagoreans . At the same time he endeavoured to acquire a knowledge of See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew, in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to be able to read the Old Testament in the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original . His manner of life was ascetic; the sayings of the See also:

• SERMON (Lat. sermo, a discourse)

Sermon on the See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount and the See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical See also:

• MAXIMS, LEGAL

maxims of the Stoics were his guiding stars . Four oboli a See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, earned by copying See also:

• MANUSCRIPTS

manuscripts, sufficed for his bodily sustenance . A rash resolve led him to mutilate himself that he might See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape from the lusts of the flesh, and work unhindered in the instruction of the See also:

• FEMALE

female See also:

• SEX (Lat. sexes; possibly connected with secure, to cut)

sex . This step he afterwards regretted . As the attendance at his classes continually increased—pagans thronging to him as well as Christians—he handed over the beginners to his friend Heracles, and took See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of the more advanced pupils himself . Meanwhile the See also:

• LITERARY

literary activity of Origen was increasing year by year . He commenced his great work on the textual criticism of the Scriptures; and at the instigation of his friend Ambrosius, who provided him with the necessary amanuenses, he published his commentaries on the Old Testament and his dogmatic investigations . In this manner he laboured at Alexandria for twenty-eight years (till 231-232) .

This See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, however, was broken by many journeys, undertaken partly for scientific and partly for ecclesiastical See also:

• OBJECTS

objects . We know that he was in Rome in the time of See also:

• ZEPHYRINUS, ST

Zephyrinus, again in See also:

• ARABIA

Arabia, where a See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official wanted to hear his lectures, and in See also:

• ANTIOCH

Antioch, in response to a most flattering invitation from Julia Mammaea (See also:

• MOTHER

mother of See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander See also:

• SEVERUS
• SEVERUS, SULPICIUS (c. 363–c. 425)

Severus, afterwards See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor), who wished to become acquainted with his philosophy . In the year 216—the time when the imperial executioners were ravaging Alexandria—we find Origen in See also:

• PALESTINE

Palestine . There the bishops of See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem and Caesarea received him in the most friendly manner, and got him to deliser public lectures in the churches . In the East, especially in Asia Minor, it was still no unusual thing for laymen, with permission of the bishop, to address the people in the church . In Alexandria, however, this See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom had been given up, and Demetrius took occasion to See also:

• EXPRESS (through the French from the past participle of the Lat. exprimere, to press out, by transference used of representing objects in painting or sculpture, or of thoughts, &c. in words)

express his disapproval and recall Origen to Alexandria . Probably the bishop was jealous of the high reputation of the teacher; and a coolness arose between them which led, fifteen years later, to an open rupture . On his way to Greece (apparently in the year 230) Origen was ordained a See also:

• PRESBYTER (Gr. apactObTepos, elder, the comparative of IrOo-Oas, an old man)

presbyter in Palestine by his See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends the bishops . This was undoubtedly an infringement of the rights of the Alexandrian bishop; at the same time it was simply a piece of spite on the See also:

• PART

part of the latter that had kept Origen so long without any ecclesiastical See also:

• CONSECRATION (Lat. consecrallo, from con and sacrare, " to make sacred ")

consecration . Demetrius convened a See also:

• SYNOD
• SYNOD (Gr. vbvobos)

synod, at which it was resolved to banish Origen from Alexandria . Even this did not satisfy his displeasure . A second synod, composed entirely of bishops, determined that Origen must be deposed from the presbyterial status .

This decision was communicated to the See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign churches, and seems to have been justified by referring to the self-See also:

• MUTILATION (from Lat. mutilus, maimed)

mutilation of Origen and adducing objectionable doctrines which he was said to have promulgated . The details of the incident are, however, unfortunately very obscure . No formal See also:

• EXCOMMUNICATION (Lat. ex, out of, away from; communis, common)

excommunication of Origen appears to have been decreed; it was considered sufficient to have him degraded to the position of a layman . The See also:

• SENTENCE (Lat. sententia, a way of thinking, opinion, judgment; vote, sentire, to feel, think)

sentence was approved by most of the churches, in particular by that of Rome . 'At a later period Origen sought to vindicate his teaching in a See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter to the Roman bishop See also:

• FABIAN [FABIANUS], SAINT (d. 250)

Fabian, but, it would seem, without success . Even Heracles, his former friend and sharer of his views, took part against him; and by this means he procured his own See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election shortly afterwards as successor to Demetrius . In these circumstances Origen thought it best voluntarily to retire from Alexandria (231-232) . He betook himself to Palestine, where his condemnation had not been acknowledged by the churches any more than it had been in See also:

• PHOENICIA

Phoenicia, Arabia and See also:

• ACHAEA

Achaea . He settled in Caesarea, and very shortly he had a flourishing school there, whose reputation rivalled that of Alexandria . His literary work, too, was prosecuted with unabated vigour . Enthusiastic pupils sat at his feet (see the See also:

• PANEGYRIC

Panegyric of See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory Thaumaturgus), and the methodical instruction which he imparted in all branches of knowledge was famous all over the East . Here again his activity as a teacher was interrupted by frequent journeys .

Thus he was for two years together at Caesarea in See also:

• CAPPADOCIA

Cappadocia, where he was over-taken by the Maximinian persecution; here he worked at his recension of the See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible . We find him again in See also:

• NICOMEDIA [mod. Ismid]

Nicomedia, in See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens, and twice in Arabia . He was called there to combat the unitarian christology of Beryllus, bishop of Bostra, and to clear up certain eschatological questions . As he had formerly had dealings with the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of Alexander Severus, so now he entered into a See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence with the emperor See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip the Arabian and his wife Severa . But through all situations of his life he pre-served his equanimity, his keen See also:

• INTEREST

interest in science, and his indefatigable zeal for the instruction of others . In the, year 250 the Decian persecution See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke out, Origen was arrested, imprisoned and maltreated . But he survived these troubles—it is a malicious invention that he recanted during the persecution—and lived a few years longer in active intercourse with his friends . He died, probably in the year 254 (consequently under See also:

• VALERIAN

Valerian), at See also:

• TYRE (Phoen. and Hebr. =" rock," Assyr. S'urru, Egypt. Dara, Early Lat. Sarra)

Tyre, where his See also:

• GRAVE

grave was still shown in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages . Writings.—Origen is probably the most prolific author of the ancient church . " Which of us," asks See also:

• JEROME, JEROME KLAPKA (1859– )
• JEROME, ST (HIERONYMUS, in full EUSEBIUS SOPHRONIUS HIERONYMUS) (c. 340–420)

Jerome, " can read all that he has written ?" The number of his See also:

• WORKS

works was estimated at 6000, but that is certainly an exaggeration . Owing to the increasing unpopularity of Origen in the church, a comparatively small portion of these works have come down to us in the original . We have more in the Latin See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of See also:

• RUFINUS, TYRANNIUS

Rufinus; but this translation in by no means trustworthy, since Rufinus, assuming that Origen's writings had been tampered with by the heretics, considered himself at See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty to omit or amend heterodox statements .

Origen's real See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion, however, may frequently be gathered from the Philocalia—a sort of See also:

• ANTHOLOGY

anthology from his works prepared by See also:

• BASIL (Russ. VASILY)

Basil the Great and Gregory Nazianzenus . The fragments in See also:

• PHOTIUS
• PHOTIUS (c. 82o-891)

Photius and in the See also:

• APOLOGY (from Gr. &aoXoyia, defence)

Apology of See also:

• PAMPHILUS
• PAMPHILUS (1st century A.D.)

Pamphilus servefor comparison . The writings of Origen consist of letters, and of works in textual criticism, exegesis, See also:

• APOLOGETICS

apologetics, dogmatic and practical theology . 1 . See also:

• EUSEBIUS
• EUSEBIUS (Gr. EuOi/3tos, from ebaegils, pious, cf. the Latin name Pius)
• EUSEBIUS [OF CAESAREA] (c. 260-c. 340)
• EUSEBIUS [OF EMESA] (d. c. "36o)

Eusebius (to whom we owe our full knowledge of his life) collected more than a See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred of Origen's letters, arranged them in books, and deposited them in the library at Caesarea (H . E. vi . 36) . In the church library at Jerusalem (founded by the bishop Alexander) there were also numerous letters of this father (Euseb . H . E. vi . 20) . But unfortunately they have all been lost except two—one to See also:

• JULIUS

Julius See also:

• AFRICANUS, SEXTUS JULIUS

Africanus (about the See also:

• HISTORY

history of Susanna) and one to Gregory Thaumaturgus .

There are, besides, a couple of fragments . 2 . Origen's textual studies on the Old Testament were under-taken partly in order to improve the See also:

• MANUSCRIPT

manuscript tradition, and partly for apologetic reasons, to clear up the relation between the LXX and the original Hebrew See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text . The results of more than twenty years' labour were set forth in his See also:

• HEXAPLA (Gr. for " sixfold ")

Hexapla and Tetrapla, in which he placed the Hebrew text See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side by side with the various Greek versions, examined their mutual relations in detail, and tried to find the basis for a more reliable text of the LXX . The Hexapla was probably never fully written out, but excerpts were made from it by various scholars at Caesarea in the 4th century; and thus large sections of it have been saved.' Origen worked also at the text of the New Testament, although he produced no recension of his own . 3 . The exegetical labours of Origen extend over the whole of the Old and New Testaments . They are divided into Scholia (0-7]l1ELWQELS, See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short annotations, mostly grammatical), Homilies (edifying expositions grounded on exegesis), and Commentaries (roµot) . In the Greek original only a very small portion has been preserved; in Latin See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations, however, a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• DEAL

deal . The most important parts are the homilies on See also:

• JEREMIAH

Jeremiah, the books of See also:

• MOSES (Gr. Mwvo c, Mcoo-i3s)
• MOSES, ASSUMPTION OF

Moses, See also:

• JOSHUA, BOOK OF

Joshua and See also:

• LUKE
• LUKE, GOSPEL OF ST

Luke, and the commentaries on See also:

• MATTHEW, GOSPEL OF ST
• MATTHEW, ST (MaOOaior or MarOaIos, probably a shortened form of the Hebrew equivalent to Theodorus)
• MATTHEW, TOBIAS

Matthew, See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John and See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans . With grammatical precision, antiquarian learning and See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical discernment Origen combines the allegorical method of See also:

• INTERPRETATION (from Lat. interpretari, to expound, explain, inter pres, an agent, go-between, interpreter; inter, between, and the root pret-, possibly connected with that seen either in Greek 4 p4'ew, to speak, or irpa-rrecv, to do)

interpretation—the logical corollary of his conception of the See also:

• INSPIRATION (Lat. inspirare, breathe upon or into)

inspiration of the Scriptures . He distinguishes a threefold sense of scripture, a grammaticohistorical, a moral and a pneumatic—the last being the proper and highest sense .

He thus set up a formal theory of allegorical exegesis, which is not quite See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct in the churches even yet, but in his own system was of fundamental importance . On this method the sacred writings are regarded as an inexhaustible mine of philosophical and dogmatic See also:

• WISDOM, BOOK OF, or WISDOM OF SOLOMON (Sept. Io4ia IaXwµwvos; Lat. Vulg. Liber sapientiae)

wisdom; in reality the exegete reads his own ideas into any passage he chooses . The commentaries are of course' intolerably diffuse and tedious, a great deal of them is now quite unreadable; yet, on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, one has not unfrequently occasion to admire the See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound linguistic See also:

• PERCEPTION (from Lat. percipere, to perceive)

perception and the critical See also:

• TALENT (Lat. talentum, adaptation of Gr. TaXavrov, balance, ! Recollections of a First Visit to the Alps (1841); Vacation Rambles weight, from root raX-, to lift, as in rXi vac, to bear, 1-aXas, and Thoughts, comprising recollections of three Continental

talent of the author ? 4 . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal apologetic work of Origen is his See also:

• BOOK

book rcara KEXaov (eight books), written at Caesarea in the time of Philip the Arabian . It has been completely preserved in the original . This work is invaluable as a source for the history and situation of the church in the 2nd century; for it contains nearly the whole of the famous work of See also:

• CELSUS (c. A.D. 178)

Celsus (Aoyos auuOic) against Christianity . What makes Origen's See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer so instructive is that it shows how See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close an See also:

• AFFINITY (Lat. affinitas, relationship by marriage, from offinis, bordering on, related to; finis, border, boundary)
• AFFINITY, CHEMICAL

affinity existed between Celsus and himself in their fundamental philosophical and theological presuppositions . The real See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of the case is certainly unsuspected by Origen himself; but many of his opponent's arguments he is unable to meet except by a speculative reconstruction of the church See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine in question . Origen's apologetic is most effective when he appeals to the spirit and See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of Christianity as an evidence of its truth . In details his See also:

• ARGUMENT

argument is not free from sophistical subterfuges and superficial reasoning.' 1 See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

Field, Origenis Hexaplorum quae supersunt (2 vols., Oxon., 1867-1874) . 2 See See also:

• REUSS
• REUSS, EDOUARD GUILLAUME EUGENE (1804–18gr)

Reuss, Geschichte der heil .

Schriften d . N.T . (5th ed.), § 511 . Kelm, Celsus (1873) ; See also:

• AUBE

Aube, Hist. See also:

• DES

des persecut. de l'eglise, vol. ii . (1875) ; Ornsby, Origen against Celsus," See also:

• DUBLIN

Dublin See also:

• REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

Review (See also:

• JULY

July 1879), p . 58; Pelagaud, Etude sur Celse (1878) ; Lebedeff, Origen's Book against Celsus (See also:

• MOSCOW (Russian Moskva)
• MOSCOW, (Russian Moskva)

Moscow, 1878) (See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian) ; See also:

• OVERBECK, JOHANN FRIEDRICH (1789-1869)

Overbeck in the Theolog . Lit . Zeitung (1878), No . 22 (1879), No . 9; Orig. c . Cels., ed . See also:

• SELWYN, ALFRED RICHARD CECIL (1824-1902)
• SELWYN, GEORGE AUGUSTUS (1719-1791)
• SELWYN, GEORGE AUGUSTUS (1809-1878)

Selwyn (1876) .

5 . Of the dogmatic writings we possess only one in its integrity, and that only in the translation of Rufinus,' Hepl apXiov (On the Fundamental Doctrines) . This work, which was composed before 228, is the first See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt at a dogmatic at once scientific and accommodated to the needs of the church . The material is drawn from Scripture, but in such a way that the propositions of the See also:

• REGULA

regula fidei are respected . This material is then formed into a system by all the resources of the See also:

• INTELLECT (Lat. intellectus, from intelligere, to understand)

intellect and of See also:

• SPECULATION

speculation . Origen thus solved, after his own fashion, a problem which his predecessor Clement had not even ventured to grapple with . The first three books treat of See also:

• GOD

God, the world, the fall of See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits, See also:

• ANTHROPOLOGY (Gr. avOpw1ror man, and Xoyos, theory or science)

anthropology and See also:

• ETHICS
• ETHICS, SHAFTESBURY, HOBBES

ethics . " Each of these three books really embraces, although not in a strictly comprehensive way, the whole See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme of the Christian view of the world, from different points of view, and with different contents." The See also:

• FOURTH

fourth book explains the divinity of the Scriptures, and deduces rules for their interpretation . It ought properly to stand as first book at the beginning . The ten books of Stromata (in which Origen compared the teaching of the Christians with that of the philosophers, and corroborated all the Christian dogmas from Plato, See also:

• ARISTOTLE
• ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)

Aristotle, Numenius and See also:

• CORNUTUS, LUCIUS ANNAEUS

Cornutus) have all perished, with the exception of small fragments; so have the tractates on the resurrection and on freewill ? 6 . Of practical theological works we have still the HporpeanKds fis ,uaprbptov and the EGirayµa srepl eOxiis .

For a knowledge of Origen's Christian estimate of life and his relation to the faith of the church these two See also:

• TREATISES

treatises are of great importance . The first was written during the persecution of Maximinus Thrax, and was dedicated to his friends Ambrosius and Protoctetus . The other also See also:

• DATES

dates from the Caesarean period; it mentions many interesting details, and concludes with a See also:

• FINE

fine exposition of the See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord's See also:

• PRAYER (from Lat. precari, entreat; Ital. pregaria, Fr. priere)
• PRAYER, BOOK OF COMMON

Prayer . 7 . In his own lifetime Origen had to complain of falsifications of his works and forgeries under his name . Many pieces still in existence are wrongly ascribed to him; yet it is doubtful whether a single one of them was composed on purpose to deceive . The most noteworthy are the Dialogues of a certain Adamantius "de recta in Deum fide," which seem to have been erroneously attributed to Origen so early as the 4th century, one reason being the fact that Origen himself also See also:

• BORE

bore that name . (Eusebius, H.E. vi . 14.) Outline of Origen's View of the Universe and of Life.—The system of Origen was formulated in opposition to the Greek philosophers on the one hand, and the Christian Gnostics on the other ? But the science of faith, as expounded by him, bears unmistakably the stamp both of Neo-See also:

• PLATONISM

Platonism and of See also:

• GNOSTICISM (Gr. yvwvcs, knowledge)

Gnosticism . As a theologian, in fact, Origen' is not merely an orthodox traditionalist and believing exegete, but a speculative philosopher of Neo-Platonic tendencies . He is, moreover, a judicious critic .

The See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union of these four elements gives character to his theology, and in a certain degree to all subsequent theology . It is this See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination which has determined the See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar and varying relations in which theology and the faith of the church have stood to each other since the time of Origen . That relation depends on the predominance of one or other of the four factors embraced in his theology . As an orthodox traditionalist Origen holds that Christianity is a practical and religious saving principle, that it has unfolded itself in an See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of revealing facts, that the church has accurately embodied the substance of her faith in the regula fidei, and that See also:

• SIMPLE

simple faith is sufficient for the renewal and salvation of man . As a philosophical idealist, however, he transmutes the whole contents of the faith of the church into ideas which See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear the See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark of Neo-Platonism, and were accordingly recognized by the later Neo-Platonists as Hellenic.' In Origen, however, ' There are, however, extensive fragments of the original in existence . 2 See Redepenning, Origenis de principiis, first sep. ed . (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1836) ; Schnitzer, Orig. fiber See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die Grundlehren des Glaubens, an attempt at reconstruction (1835) . 3 The opposition to the unitarians within the church must also be kept in mind . 4 See also:

• PORPHYRY (IlopcPisptos) (A.D. 233-c. 304)

Porphyry says of Origen, Kara -sets irepl rpayµhrwv Kai roi Oelov (Was 'EXX,~vilwv (Euseb . H.E. vi . 19).the mystic and ecstatic See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element is held in See also:

• ABEYANCE (O. Fr. abeance, " gaping")

abeyance . The ethico-religious ideal is the sorrowless See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition, the state of superiority to all evils, the state of order and of See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest .

In this condition man enters into likeness to God and blessedness; and it is reached through contemplative See also:

• ISOLATION

isolation and self-knowledge, which is divine wisdom . " The soul is trained as it were to behold itself in a See also:

• MIRROR (through O. Fr. mirour, mod. miroir, from a sup-posed Late Lat. miratorium, from mirari, to admire)

mirror, it shows the divine spirit, if it should be found worthy of such fellowship, as in a mirror, and thus discovers the traces of a See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret path to participation in the divine nature." As a means to the realization of this ideal, Origen introduces the whole ethics of Stoicism . But the See also:

• LINK

link that connects him with churchly See also:

• REALISM (from Low Lat. realis, appertaining to res, things, as opposed to ideas and imaginations)

realism, as well as with the Neo-Platonic See also:

• MYSTICISM (from Or. µuety, to shut the eyes; µuorrts, one initiated into the mysteries)

mysticism, is the conviction that See also:

• COMPLETE

complete and certain knowledge rests wholly on divine See also:

• REVELATION, BOOK OF

revelation, i.e. on oracles . Consequently his theology is cosmological speculation and ethical reflection based on the sacred Scriptures . The -Scriptures, however, are treated by Origen on the basis of a matured theory of inspiration in such a way that all their facts appear as the vehicles of ideas, and have their highest value only in this aspect . That is to say, his gnosis neutralizes all that is empirical and historical, if not always as to its actuality, at least absolutely in respect of its value . The most convincing See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof of this is that Origen (r) takes the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of the immutability of God as the regulating idea of his system, and (2) deprives the historical " Word made flesh " of all significance for the true Gnostic . To him See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ appears simply as the See also:

• LOGOS (X4os)

Logos who is with the Father from eternity, and works from all eternity, to whom alone the instructed Christian directs his thoughts, requiring nothing more than a perfect—i.e. divine—teacher . In such propositions historical Christianity is stripped off as a See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere husk . The objects of religious knowledge are beyond the See also:

• PLANE

plane of history, or rather—in a thoroughly Gnostic and Neo-Platonic spirit—they are regarded as belonging to a supra-mundane history . On this view contact with the faith of the church could only be maintained by distinguishing an exoteric and an See also:

• ESOTERIC

esoteric See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of Christianity . This distinction was already current in the catechetical school of Alexandria, but Origen gave it its boldest expression, and justified it on the ground of the incapacity of the Christian masses to grasp the deeper sense of Scripture, or unravel the difficulties of exegesis .

On the other hand, in dealing with the problem of bringing his heterodox system into conformity with the regula fidei he evinced a high degree of technical skill . An See also:

• EXTERNAL

external conformity was possible, inasmuch as speculation, proceeding from the higher to the See also:

• LOWER

lower, could keep by the stages of the regula fidei, which had been developed into a history of salvation . The system itself aims in principle at being thoroughly monistic; but, since See also:

• MATTER

matter, although created by God out of nothing, was regarded merely as the See also:

• SPHERE (Gr. vclsa?pa, a ball or globe)

sphere in which souls are punished and purified, the system is pervaded by a strongly dualistic element . The immutability of God requires the eternity of the Logos and of the world . At this point Origen succeeded in avoiding the heretical Gnostic idea of God by assigning to the Godhead the attributes of goodness and righteousness . The pre-existence of souls is another inference from the immutability of God, although Origen also deduced it from the nature of the soul, which as a spiritual potency must be eternal . Indeed this is the fundamental idea of Origen—" the original and indestructible unity of God and all spiritual essences." From this follows the See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity for the created spirit, after See also:

• APOSTASY (aaoafiavis, in classical Greek a defection or revolt from a military commander)

apostasy, See also:

• ERROR (Lat. error, from errare, to wander, to err)

error and See also:

• SIN
• SIN (O. Eng. syn: a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zonde, Ger. Siinde)

sin, to return always to its origin in God . The actual sinfulness of all men Origen was able to explain by the theological See also:

• HYPOTHESIS (from Gr. inrorcOivat, to put under; cf. Lat. suppositio, from sub-ponere)

hypothesis of pre-existence and the premundane fall of each individual soul . He holds that freedom is the inalienable See also:

• PREROGATIVE

prerogative of the finite spirit; and this is the second point that distinguishes his theology from the heretical Gnosticism . The system unfolds itself like a See also:

• DRAMA (literally "action," from Gr. Snail, act or do)

drama, of which the successive stages are as follows: the transcendental fall, the creation of the material world, inaugurating the history of See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment and redemption, the clothing of fallen souls in flesh, the dominion of sin, evil and the demons on See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth, the appearing of the Logos, His union with a pure human soul, His esoteric See also:

• PREACHING (Fr. preecher, from Lat. praedicare, to proclaim)

preaching of salvation, and His See also:

• DEATH

death in the flesh, then the imparting of the Spirit, and the ultimate restoration of all things . The doctrine of the restoration appeared necessary because the spirit, in spite of its inherent freedom, cannot lose its true nature, and because the final purposes of God cannot be foiled . The end, however, is only relative, for spirits are continually falling, and God remains through eternity the creator of the world .

Moreover the end is not conceived as a transfiguration of the world, but as a liberation of the spirit from its unnatural union with the sensual . Here the Gnostic and philosophical character of the system is particularly See also:

• MANIFEST (Lat. manifestus, clear, open to view)

manifest . The old Christian See also:

• ESCHATOLOGY
• ESCHATOLOGY (Gr. &rXaros, last, and A6yos, science; the " doctrine of last things ")

eschatology is set aside; no one has dealt such deadly blows to See also:

• CHILIASM (from Gr. xiAeao-6s, XL)woI, a thousand)

Chiliasm and Christian apocalypticism as Origen . It need hardly be said that he spiritualized the church doctrine of the resurrection of the flesh . But, while in all these doctrines he appears in the character of a Platonic philosopher, traces of rational criticism are not wanting . Where his fundamental conception admits of it, he tries to solve historical problems by historical methods . Even in the christology, where he is treating of the historical Christ, he entertains critical considerations; hence it is not altogether without reason that in after times he was suspected of " Ebionitic " views of the See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

Person of Christ . Not unfrequently he represents the unity of the Father and the Son as a unity of agreement and harmony and " identity of will." Although the theology of Origen exerted a considerable See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence as a whole in the two following centuries, it certainly lost nothing by the circumstance that several important See also:

• PRO

pro-positions were capable of being torn from their original setting and placed in new connexions . It is in fact one of the peculiarities of this theology, which professed to be at once churchly and philosophical, that most of its formulae could be interpreted and appreciated in utramque partem . By arbitrary divisions and rearrangements the doctrinal statements of this " science of faith " could be made to serve the most diverse dogmatic tendencies . This is seen especially in the doctrine of the Logos . On the basis of his idea of God Origen was obliged to insist in the strongest manner on the See also:

• PERSONALITY (from Lat. persona, originally an actor's mask, from personare,1 to sound through)

personality, the eternity (eternal See also:

• GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation) and the essential divinity of the Logos .l On the other hand, when he turned to consider the origin of the Logos he did not hesitate to speak of Him as a KTL?µa, and to include Him amongst the rest of God's spiritual creatures .

A via-pa, which is at the same time ii oovacop rco Sew, was no See also:

• CONTRADICTION, PRINCIPLE OF (principium contradictionis)

contradiction to him, simply because he held the immutability, the pure know-ledge and the blessedness which constituted the divine nature to be communicable attributes . In later times both the orthodox and the Arians appealed to his teaching, both with a certain plausibility; but the inference of See also:

• ARIUS ("Apews)

Arius, that an imparted divinity must be divinity in the second degree, Origen did not draw . With respect to other doctrines also, such as those of the Holy Spirit and the incarnation of Christ, &c., Origen prepared the way for the later dogmas . The technical terms See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round which such See also:

• BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

bitter controversies raged in the 4th and 5th centuries are often found in Origen lying peacefully side by side . But this is just where his epoch-making importance lies, that all the later parties in the church learned from him . And this is true not only of the dogmatic parties; solitary monks and ambitious priests, hard-headed critical exegetes,2 allegorists, mystics, all found something congenial in his writings . The only man who tried to shake off the theological influence of Origen was See also:

• MARCELLUS

Marcellus of See also:

• ANCYRA (mod. Angora, q.v.)

Ancyra, who did not succeed in producing any lasting effect on theology . The attacks on Origen, which had begun in his lifetime, did not cease for centuries, and only subsided during the time of the fierce Arian controversy . It was not so much the relation between pistis and gnosis—faith and knowledge—as defined by Origen that gave offence, but rather isolated propositions, such as his doctrines of the pre-existence of souls, of the soul and See also:

• BODY

body of Christ, of the resurrection of the flesh, of the final restoration, " Communis substantiae est filio cum patre; &ir6ppota enim bµootvLos videtur, i.e. unius substantiae cum illo corpore ex quo est tlaroppouz." 'E .g . See also:

• DIONYSIUS
• DIONYSIUS (c. 432–367 B.C.)

Dionysius of Alexandria; compare his judicious See also:

• VERDICT (O. Fr. verdit, Lat. vere dictum, truly said, used in Late Latin in one word with its present significance)

verdict on the See also:

• APOCALYPSE
• APOCALYPSE (Gr. aaoKaXvti/hr, disclosure)
• APOCALYPSE, KNIGHTS OF THE

Apocalypse.and of the See also:

• PLURALITY (0. Fr. pluralitd, Late Lat. pluralitas, plural number)

plurality of worlds . Even in the 3rd century Origen's view of the Trinity and of the Person of Christ was called in question, and that from various points of view . It was not till the 5th century, however, that objections of this See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind became frequent .

In the 4th century Pamphilus, Eusebius of Caesarea, See also:

• ATHANASIUS (293-373)

Athanasius, the Cappadocians, See also:

• DIDYMUS (?3o9-?394)

Didymus, and Rufinus were on the side of Origen against the attacks of See also:

• METHODIUS (c. 825-885)

Methodius and many others . But, when the zeal of See also:

• EPIPHANIUS, SAINT (c. 315-402)

Epiphanius was kindled against him, when Jerome, alarmed about his own reputation, and in See also:

• DEFIANCE

defiance of his past attitude, turned against his once honoured teacher, and See also:

• THEOPHILUS

Theophilus, See also:

• PATRIARCH (M.E. and O. Fr. patriarche, Lat. patriarcha, Gr. aarpuipxtis, from srarptu., clan, and apxil, rule)

patriarch of Alexandria, found it prudent, for See also:

• POLITICAL

political reasons, and out of See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration for the uneducated monks, to condemn Origen—then his authority received a See also:

• SHOCK, or COLLAPSE

shock from which it never recovered . There were, doubtless, in the 5th century church historians and theologians who still spoke of him with reverence, but such men became fewer and fewer . In the West See also:

• VINCENT (or VINCENTIUS),