See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

DUKE OF See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

CHARLES See also:

• ORLEANS
• DUKE OF CHARLES ORLEANS (1391-1465)
• ORLEANS, DUKES OF
• ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
• ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
• ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
• ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
• ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
• ORLEANS, PHILIP I
• ORLEANS, PHILIP II

ORLEANS (1391-1465)  , commonly called See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles d'See also:

• ORLEANS
• ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
• ORLEANS, DUKES OF
• ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
• ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
• ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
• ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
• ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
• ORLEANS, PHILIP I
• ORLEANS, PHILIP II

Orleans, See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French poet, was the eldest son of See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis, See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of Orleans (See also:

• BROTHER

brother of Charles VI. of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France), and of Valentina See also:

• VISCONTI

Visconti, daughter of Giau Galeazzo, duke of See also:

• MILAN
• MILAN (Ital. Milano, Ger. Mailand, anc. Mediolanum, q.v.)

Milan . He was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 26th of May 1391 . Although many See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor details are preserved of his youth, nothing except his reception in 1403, from his See also:

• UNCLE

uncle the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, of a See also:

• PENSION (Lat. pensio, a payment, from pendere, to weigh, to pay)

pension of 12,000 livres d'or is See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth noticing, until his See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage three years later (See also:

• JUNE

June 29, 1406) with See also:

• ISABELLA (1451-15o4)
• ISABELLA, ISABEAU

Isabella, his See also:

• COUSIN (Fr. cousin, Ital. cugino, Late Lat. cosinus, perhaps a popular and familiar abbreviation of consobrinus, which has the same sense in classical Latin)
• COUSIN, JEAN (1500-1590)
• COUSIN, VICTOR (1792–1867)

cousin, widow of See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard II. of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . The See also:

• BRIDE (a common Teutonic word, e.g..Goth. bruths, O. Eng. bryd, O. H. Ger. prs2t, Mod. Ger. Bract, Dut. bruid, possibly derived from the root bru-, cook, brew; from the med. latinized form bruta, in the sense of daughter-in-law, is derived the Fr. bru)

bride was two years older than her See also:

• HUSBAND

husband, and is thought to have married him unwillingly, but she brought him a See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• DOWRY (in Anglo-Fr. dowarie, O. Fr. douaire, Med. Lat. dotaria, from Lat. dos; from root of dare, to give; in Fr. dot)

dowry--it is said, 500,000 francs . She died three years later, leaving Charles at the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of eighteen a widower and See also:

• FATHER

father of a daughter . He was already duke of Orleans, for Louis had been assassinated by the Burgundians two years before (1407) . He soon saw himself the most important See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person in France, except the See also:

• DUKES
• DUKES, LEOPOLD (1810-1891)

dukes of See also:

• BURGUNDY

Burgundy and See also:

• BRITTANY

Brittany, the king being a See also:

• CIPHER, or CYPHER (from Arab. sifr, void)

cipher . This position his natural temperament by no means qualified him to fill . His See also:

• MOTHER

mother desired vengeance for her husband, and Charles did his best to carry out her wishes by filling France with See also:

• INTESTINE (Lat. intestinus, internal, usually in neuter plural intestina. from intus, within)

intestine See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war . Of this, however, he was only nominally one of the leaders, the real guidance of his party resting with See also:

• BERNARD, CHARLES DE
• BERNARD, CLAUDE (1813-1878)
• BERNARD, JACQUES (1658--1718)
• BERNARD, MOUNTAGUE (1S2o—1882)
• BERNARD, SAINT
• BERNARD, SAINT (Iogo-1153)
• BERNARD, SIMON (1779—1839)
• BERNARD, SIR THOMAS, BART

Bernard VII., the great See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count of See also:

• ARMAGNAC

Armagnac, whose daughter, Bonne, he married, or at least formally espoused, in 1410 . Five years of confused negotiations, plots and fightings passed before the See also:

• ENGLISH

English invasion and the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of See also:

• AGINCOURT (AZINCOURT)

Agincourt, where Charles was See also:

• JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint commanderin-See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief . According to one See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account he was dangerously wounded and narrowly escaped with his See also:

• LIFE

life .

He was certainly taken prisoner and carried to England, which See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country was his See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence thenceforward for a full See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter of a See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . See also:

• WINDSOR
• WINDSOR (properly NEw WINDSOR)

Windsor, See also:

• PONTEFRACT (pronounced and sometimes written " Pomfret ")

Pontefract, See also:

• AMPTHILL
• AMPTHILL, ODO WILLIAM LEOPOLD RUSSELL, 1ST BARON (18'29-1884)

Ampthill, See also:

• WINGFIELD, EDWARD MARIA (c. 156o-c. 1614)
• WINGFIELD, SIR RICHARD (c. 1469-1525)

Wingfield (See also:

• SUFFOLK
• SUFFOLK, CHARLES BRANDON, 1ST DUKE OF (c. 1484–'545)
• SUFFOLK, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• SUFFOLK, THOMAS HOWARD, 1ST EARL OF (1561-1626)
• SUFFOLK, WILLIAM DE LA POLE

Suffolk) and the See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

Tower are named among other places as the scenes of his captivity, which, how-ever, was anything but a rigorous one . He was maintained in the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state due not merely to one of the greatest nobles of France but to one who ranked high in the See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession to the See also:

• CROWN

crown . He hunted and hawked and enjoyed society amply, though the very dignities which secured him these privileges made his See also:

• RANSOM (from Lat. redemptio, through Fr. rancon)

ransom great, and his See also:

• RELEASE (O.Fr. reles, variant of relais, from relaisser, to release, let go, Lat. relaxare)

release difficult to arrange . Above all, he had leisure to devote himself to See also:

• LITERARY

literary See also:

• WORK

work . But for this he would hardly be more than a name . This work consists wholly of See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short poems in the See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar artificial metres which had become fashionable in France about See also:

• HALF

half a century or more before his See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth, and which continued to be fashionable till nearly a century after his See also:

• DEATH

death . Besides these a number of English poems have been attributed to him, but without certainty . They have not much poetical merit, but they exhibit something of the smoothness of versification not uncommon in those who write, with care, a See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language not their own . The ingenuity of a single English critic has striven to attribute to him a curious See also:

• BOOK

book in See also:

• PROSE

prose, called Le Debat See also:

• DES

des herauts de France et d'Angleterre, but See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul See also:

• MEYER, CHRISTIAN ERICH HERMANN VON (18or-1869)
• MEYER, HEINRICH AUGUST WILHELM (1800-1873)
• MEYER, JULIUS LOTHAR (183o-1895)
• MEYER, KONRAD FERDINAND (1825-1898)
• MEYER, VICTOR (1848-1897)
• MEYER, [MARIE] PAUL HYACINTHE (184o- )

Meyer, in his edition of the book in question, has completely disposed of this theory . For all See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical purposes, therefore, Charles's work consists of some hundreds of short French poems, a few in various metres, but the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority either ballades or rondels . The See also:

• CHRONOLOGY (Gr. xpovo?oyfa, computation of time, xp6vos)

chronology of these poems is not always clear, still less the identity of the persons to whom they are addressed, and it is certain that some, perhaps the greater See also:

• PART

part of them, belong to the later years of the poet's life .

But many are expressly stated in the See also:

• MANUSCRIPTS

manuscripts to have been " composed in See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison," others are obviously so composed, and, on the whole, there is in them a remarkable unity of literary flavour . Charles d'Orleans is not distinguished by any extraordinary strength of See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

passion or originality of See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character; but he is only the more valuable as the last and not the least accomplished representative of the See also:

• POETRY

poetry of the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the middle ages, in which the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form was almost everything, and the See also:

• PERSONALITY (from Lat. persona, originally an actor's mask, from personare,1 to sound through)

personality of the poet, See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save in rare instances, nothing . Yet he is not entirely without differentia . He is a See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital example of the cultivated and refined—it may almost be called the lettered—See also:

• CHIVALRY (O. Fr. chevalerie, from Late Lat. caballerius)

chivalry of the last chivalrous age, See also:

• EXPERT (Lat. expertus, from experiri, to try)

expert to the utmost degree in carrying out the traditional details of a graceful See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

convention in love and literature . But he is more than this; in a certain easy See also:

• GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
• GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )

grace and truth of expression, as well as in a peculiar mixture of See also:

• MELANCHOLY (Gr. µe)tayXotia, from µEtas, black, and Xotii, bile)

melancholy, which is not incompatible with the enjoyment of the pleasures, even the trifling pleasures, of life, with listlessness that is fully able to occupy itself about those trifles, he stands quite alone . He has the urbanity of the 18th century without its vicious and prosaic frivolity, the poetry of the middle ages without their tendency to tediousness . His best-known rondels—those on See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

Spring, on the Harbingers of Summer, and others—See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank second to nothing of their See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind . Poetry, however, could hardly be an entire See also:

• CONSOLATION (Fr. consolation, Lat. consolatio, from consolari, to assuage, comfort, console)

consolation, and Charles was perpetually scheming for See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty . But the English See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government had too many reasons for keeping him, and it was not till his hereditary foe See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip the See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

Good of Burgundy interested himself in him that the government of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry VI., which had by that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time lost most of its hold on France, released him in return for an immediate See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment of 8o,000 saluts d'or, and an engagement on his part to pay 140,000 crowns at a future time . The agreement was concluded on the 2nd of See also:

• JULY

July, 1440 . He was actually released on the 3rd of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November following, and almost immediately cemented his friendship with Duke Philip by marrying his niece, See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary of See also:

• CLEVES (Ger. Cleve or Kleve)

Cleves, who brought him a considerable dowry to assist the payment of his ransom . He had, however, some difficulty in making up the See also:

• BALANCE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. bilantia, an apparatus for weighing, from bi, two, and lanx, a dish or scale)

balance, as well as the large sum required for his brother, See also:

• JEAN

Jean d'See also:

• ANGOULEME
• ANGOULEME, CHARLES DE VALOIS, DUKE OF (1573-1650)

Angouleme, who also was an English prisoner .

The last twenty-five years of his life (for, curiously enough, it divides itself into three almost exactly equal periods, each of that length) were spent partly in negotiating, with a little fighting intermixed, for the purpose of gaining the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county of See also:

• ASTI (anc. Hasta)

Asti, on which he had claims through his mother, partly in travelling about, but chiefly at his See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal seat of See also:

• BLOIS

Blois . Here he kept a See also:

• MINIATURE

miniature See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court which, from the literary point of view at least, was not devoid of brilliancy . At this most of the best-known French men-of-letters at the time—See also:

• VILLON, FRANCOIS (1431-c. 1463)

Villon, See also:

• OLIVIER, JUSTE DANIEL (1807-1876)

Olivier de la See also:

• MARCHE
• MARCHE, or LA MARCHE

Marche, Chastelain, Jean Meschinot and others—were residents or visitors or correspondents . His son, afterwards Louis XII., was not born till 1462, three years before Charles's own death . He had become, notwithstanding his high position, something of a nullity in politics, and tradition ascribes his death to vexation at the harshness with which Louis XI. rejected his See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to mediate on behalf of the duke of Brittany . At any See also:

• RATE

rate he died, on the 4th of See also:

• JANUARY

January, 1465, at See also:

• AMBOISE
• AMBOISE, GEORGES

Amboise . Many of his later poems are small occasional pieces addressed to his courtiers and companions, and in not a few cases answers to them by those to whom they were addressed exist . The best edition of Charles d'Orleans's poems, with a brief but sufficient account of his life, is that of C. d'Hericault in the Nouvelle collection Jannet (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1874) . For the English poems see the edition by See also:

• WATSON, RICHARD (1737-1816)
• WATSON, THOMAS (c. 1557–1592)
• WATSON, WILLIAM (1858- )
• WATSON, WILLIAM (c. 1559-1603)

Watson See also:

• TAYLOR
• TAYLOR, ANN (1782-1866)
• TAYLOR, BAYARD (1825–1878)
• TAYLOR, BROOK (1685–1731)
• TAYLOR, ISAAC (1787-1865)
• TAYLOR, ISAAC (1829-1901)
• TAYLOR, JEREMY (1613-1667)
• TAYLOR, JOHN (158o-1653)
• TAYLOR, JOHN (1704-1766)
• TAYLOR, JOSEPH (c. 1586-c. 1653)
• TAYLOR, MICHAEL ANGELO (1757–1834)
• TAYLOR, NATHANIEL WILLIAM (1786-1858)
• TAYLOR, PHILIP MEADOWS (1808–1876)
• TAYLOR, ROWLAND (d. 1555)
• TAYLOR, SIR HENRY (1800-1886)
• TAYLOR, THOMAS (1758-1835)
• TAYLOR, TOM (1817-1880)
• TAYLOR, WILLIAM (1765-1836)
• TAYLOR, ZACHARY (1784-1850)

Taylor for the See also:

• ROXBURGHE, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Roxburghe See also:

• CLUB (connected with " clump ")

Club (1827) . (G .