OSNABRUCK  , a See also:

• TOWN

town and episcopal see of See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, in the Prussian See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• HANOVER
• HANOVER (Ger. Hannover)

Hanover, situated on the See also:

• HASE, CARL BENEDICT (1780-1864)
• HASE, KARL AUGUST VON (1800-1890)

Hase, 7o m . W. of the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of Hanover, 31 M. by See also:

• RAIL

rail N.E. of See also:

• MUNSTER
• MUNSTER, SEBASTIAN (1489-1552)

Munster, and at the junction of the lines See also:

• HAMBURG

Hamburg-See also:

• COLOGNE (Ger. Koln, or officially, since 1900, Coln)

Cologne Wand See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin-See also:

• AMSTERDAM
• AMSTERDAM (NEw AMSTERDAM)

Amsterdam . Pop . (1905) 59,580 . The older streets contain many interesting examples of See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic and See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance domestic See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture, while the substantial houses of the See also:

• MODERN

modern quarters testify to the See also:

• PRESENT

present prosperity of the town . The old fortifications have been converted into promenades . The See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral, with its three towers, is a spacious See also:

• BUILDING

building of the 13th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, partly in the Romanesque and partly in the Transitional See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style; but it is inferior in architectural See also:

• INTEREST

interest to the Marienkirche, a See also:

• FINE

fine Gothic structure of the 14th and 15th centuries . The town See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall, a 15th-century Gothic building, contains portraits of some of the plenipotentiaries engaged in concluding the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace of See also:

• WESTPHALIA (Ger. Westfalen)
• WESTPHALIA, TREATY OF

Westphalia, the negotiations for which were partly carried on here from 1644 to 1648 . Other important buildings are the museum, erected in 1888–1889 and containing scientific and See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical collections; the episcopal See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace and the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law courts . The lunatic See also:

• ASYLUM (from Gr. b.-, privative, arid earl, right'of seizure)
• ASYLUM, RIGHT OF (Fr. droit d'asile; Ger. Asylrecht)

asylum on the Gertrudenberg occupies the site of an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient nunnery . The town has an equestrian statue of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William I., a statue of Justus See also:

• MOSER, JOHANN JAKOB (1701-1785)
• MOSER, JUSTUS (172o-1794)

Moser (1720–1794) and a memorial of the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war of 187o–1871 . See also:

• LINEN

Linen was formerly the See also:

• STAPLE

staple product, but it no longer retains that position .

The manufactures include machinery, See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper, chemicals, See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco and cigars, pianos and See also:

• BEER

beer . Other See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries are See also:

• SPINNING (from O. Eng. spinnen, to spin, cf. Ger. spinnen, &c., the Teut. root is seen, to draw out, cf. span, spider)

spinning and See also:

• WEAVING

weaving . The town has large See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron and See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel See also:

• WORKS

works and there are See also:

• COAL

coal mines in the neighbourhood . A brisk See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade is carried on in See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain and See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood, textiles, iron goods and Westphalian hams, while important See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle and See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse fairs are held here . Osnabruck is an ancient See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place and in 888 received the right to establish a See also:

• MINT
• MINT (Lat. moneta; Mid. Eng. mynt)

mint, a See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market and a See also:

• TOLL (etymologically, that which is numbered or counted; from a common Teutonic form, cf. " tale," " tell ")
• TOLL, JOHAN KRISTOFFER, COUNT (1743-1817)

toll-See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house . Surrounded with walls towards the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the xlth century, it maintained an See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent attitude towards its nominal ruler, the See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop, and joined the Hanseatic See also:

• LEAGUE

League, reaching the height of its prosperity in the 15th century . The decay inaugurated by the dissension, of the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation was accelerated by the ravages of the See also:

• THIRTY

Thirty Years' War, but a new See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of prosperity began about the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 18th century . The bishopric of Osnabruck was founded by See also:

• CHARLEMAGNE [CHARLES THE GREAT] (c. 742-814)
• CHARLEMAGNE, JEAN ARMAND (1753–1838)

Charlemagne about 800, after he had subdued the See also:

• SAXONS

Saxons . It embraced the See also:

• DISTRICT

district between the See also:

• EMS

Ems and the Hunte, and was included in the archbishopric of Cologne . By the peace of Westphalia it was decreed that it should be held by a Roman Catholic and a See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant bishop alternately, and this See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of affairs lasted until the secularization of the see in 1803 . In 1815 the bishopric was given to Hanover . The last bishop was See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick, See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, a son of the See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George III .

Since 1857 Osnabruck has been the seat of a Roman Catholic bishop . See Friederici and Stieve, Geschichte der Stadt Osnabruck (Osnabruck, 1816-1826); Wurm, Osnabruck, See also:

• SEINE
• SEINE (Lat. Sequana)
• SEINE, or SEAN (O. Fr. seigne, mod. seine, Lat. sagena, Gr. vaytivrl, a draw-net)

seine Geschichte, seine Bauund Kunstdenkmaler (Osnabruck, 1906) ; and Hoff See also:

• MEYER, CHRISTIAN ERICH HERMANN VON (18or-1869)
• MEYER, HEINRICH AUGUST WILHELM (1800-1873)
• MEYER, JULIUS LOTHAR (183o-1895)
• MEYER, KONRAD FERDINAND (1825-1898)
• MEYER, VICTOR (1848-1897)
• MEYER, [MARIE] PAUL HYACINTHE (184o- )

meyer, Geschichte der Stadt and See also:

• DES

des Regierungsbezirks Osnabruck (Osnabruck, 1904) . See also the Osnabrilcker Geschichtsquellen (Osnabruck, 1891 fol.); the Osnabriicker Urhundenbuch, edited by F . See also:

• PHILIPPI (Turk. Filibejik)

Philippi and M . See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

Bar (Osnabruck, 1892-1902); and the publications of the Verein See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur Geschichte and Landeskunde von Osnabruck (Osnabruck, 1882 fol.) . For the See also:

• HISTORY

history of the bishopric see J . C . Moller, Geschichte der Weihbischofe von Osnabruck (See also:

• LINGEN
• LINGEN, RALPH ROBERT WHEELER LINGEN, BARON (1819-1905)

Lingen, 1887) ; and C . Stiive, Geschichte des Hochstifts Osnabruck (See also:

• JENA

Jena, 1872-1882) .