See also:

• OTTO

OTTO OF See also:

• FREISING

FREISING (c. 1114-1158)  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop and chronicler, was the fifth son of See also:

• LEOPOLD (M.H. Ger. Liupolt; O.H. Ger. Liupald, from hut, Mod. Ger. Leute, " people," and paid, " bold," i.e. " bold for the people ")

Leopold III., See also:

• MARGRAVE (Ger. Markgraf)

margrave of See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria, by his wife See also:

• AGNES, SAINT

Agnes, daughter of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry IV . By her first See also:

• HUSBAND

husband, See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick I. of See also:

• HOHENSTAUFEN

Hohenstaufen, See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• SWABIA, SUABIA

Swabia, Agnes was the See also:

• MOTHER

mother of the German See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king See also:

• CONRAD (d. 955)
• CONRAD, JOSEPH (1856– )
• CONRAD, or KONRAD (M. H. Ger. Kuonrdl, i.e. " keen in counsel," Lat. Conradus, It. Corrado, cf. the A.S. Ccenred)

Conrad III., and grandmother of the emperor Frederick I.; and See also:

• OTTO

Otto was thus related to the most powerful families in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany . The notices of his See also:

• LIFE

life are scanty and the See also:

• DATES

dates somewhat uncertain . He studied in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, where he took an especial See also:

• INTEREST

interest in See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy, is said to have been one of the first to introduce the philosophy of See also:

• ARISTOTLE
• ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)

Aristotle into Germany, and he served as See also:

• PROVOST (through O. Fr. prevost, mod. prevot, Lat. praepositus, set over, from praeponere, to place in front)

provost of a new See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation in Austria . Having entered the Cistercian See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order, Otto became See also:

• ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
• ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
• ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
• ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
• ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)

abbot of the Cistercian monastery of Morimond in See also:

• BURGUNDY

Burgundy about 1136, and soon afterwards was elected bishop of See also:

• FREISING

Freising . This See also:

• DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese, and indeed the whole of See also:

• BAVARIA (Ger. Bayern)

Bavaria, was then disturbed by the See also:

• FEUD

feud between the Welfs and the Hohenstaufen, and the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church was in a deplorable See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition; but a See also:

• GREAT

great improvement was brought about by the new bishop in both ecclesiastical and See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular matters . In 1147 he took See also:

• PART

part in the disastrous crusade of Conrad III . The See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section of the crusading See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army led by the bishop was decimated, but Otto reached See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem, and returned to Bavaria in 1148 or 1149 . He enjoyed the favour of Conrad's successor, Frederick I.; was probably instrumental in settling the dispute over the duchy of Bavaria in 1156; was See also:

• PRESENT

present at the famous See also:

• DIET

diet at See also:

• BESANCON

Besancon in 1157, and, still retaining the See also:

• DRESS (from the Fr. dresser, to set out, arrange, formed from Lat. directus, arranged, dirigere, to direct, arrange)

dress of a Cistercian See also:

• MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
• MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
• MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
• MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)

monk, died at Morimond on the 22nd of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1158 . In 1857 a statue of the bishop was erected at Freising . Otto wrote a Chronicon, sometimes called De duabus civitatibus, an See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical and philosophical See also:

• WORK

work in eight books, which follows to some extent the lines laid down by See also:

• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (354-430)
• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (d. c.613)

Augustine and See also:

• OROSIUS, PAULUS (fl. 415)

Orosius . Written during the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of the See also:

• CIVIL

civil See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war in Germany, it contrasts Jerusalem and See also:

• BABEL

Babel, the heavenly and the earthly kingdoms, but also contains much valuable See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information about the See also:

• HISTORY

history of the time .

The See also:

• CHRONICLE (from Gr. Xpovos, time)

chronicle, which was held in very high regard by See also:

• CON

con-temporaries, goes down to 1146, and from this date until 1209 has been continued by Otto, abbot of St See also:

• BLASIUS (or BLAisE), SAINT

Blasius (d . 1223) . Better known is Otto's (fiesta Friderici imperatoris, written at the See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request of Frederick I.,.and prefaced by a See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter from the emperor to the author . The Gesta is in four books, the first two of which were written by Otto, and the remaining two, or part of them, by.his See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil Ragewin, or Rahewin; it has been argued that the third See also:

• BOOK

book and the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early part of the See also:

• FOURTH

fourth were also the work of Otto . Beginning with the See also:

• QUARREL

quarrel between See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory VII. and the emperor Henry IV., the first book takes the history down to the See also:

• DEATH

death of Conrad III. in 1152 . It is not confined to German affairs, as the author digresses to tell of the See also:

• PREACHING (Fr. preecher, from Lat. praedicare, to proclaim)

preaching of See also:

• BERNARD, CHARLES DE
• BERNARD, CLAUDE (1813-1878)
• BERNARD, JACQUES (1658--1718)
• BERNARD, MOUNTAGUE (1S2o—1882)
• BERNARD, SAINT
• BERNARD, SAINT (Iogo-1153)
• BERNARD, SIMON (1779—1839)
• BERNARD, SIR THOMAS, BART

Bernard of See also:

• CLAIRVAUX

Clairvaux, of his zeal against the heretics, and of the condemnation of See also:

• ABELARD, PETER (1079-1142)

Abelard; and discourses on philosophy and See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology . The second book opens with the See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election of Frederick I. in 1152, and deals with the history of the first five years of his reign, especially in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, in some detail . FrOm this point (1156) the work is continued by Ragewin . Otto's Latin is excellent, and in spite of a slight partiality for the Hohenstaufen, and some See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor inaccuracies, the Gesta has been rightly described as a " See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model of historical See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition." First printed by See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Cuspinian at See also:

• STRASSBURG, or STRASBURG (French Strasbourg)

Strassburg in 1515, Otto's writings are now found in the Monumenta Germaniae historica, See also:

• BAND

Band xx . (See also:

• HANOVER
• HANOVER (Ger. Hannover)

Hanover, 1868), and have been translated into German by H . See also:

• KOHL

Kohl (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1881–1886) . The Gesta Friderici has been published separately with introduction by G .

See also:

• WAITZ, GEORG (1813-1886)
• WAITZ, THEODOR (1821-1864)

Waitz . Otto is also said to have written a history of Austria (Historia Austriaca) . See J . Hashagen, Otto von Freising als Geschichtsphilosoph and Kirchenpolitiker (Leipzig, 1900) ; J . Schmidlin, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die geschichtsphilosophische and kirchenpolitische Weltanschauung Otto von Freising (See also:

• FREIBURG

Freiburg, 1906); W . See also:

• WATTENBACH, WILHELM (1819–1897)

Wattenbach, Deutschlands Geschichtsquellen, Band ii . (See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1894); and for full bibliography, A . See also:

• POTTHAST, AUGUST (1824—1898)

Potthast, Bibliotheca historica (Berlin, 1896) . (A . W .