See also:

• OXYGEN (symbol 0, atomic weight 16)

OXYGEN (See also:

• SYMBOL (Gr. o-uµ(3oXov, a sign)

symbol 0, atomic See also:

• WEIGHT

weight 16)  , a non-metallic chemical See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element . It was apparently first obtained in 1727 by See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen See also:

• HALES, JOHN (1584-1656)
• HALES, or HAYLES, JOHN (d. 1571)
• HALES, STEPHEN (1677-1761)

Hales by strongly See also:

• HEATING

heating minium, but he does' not seem to have recognized that he had obtained a new element, and the first published description of its properties was due to J . See also:

• PRIESTLEY, JOSEPH (1733-1804)

Priestley in 1774, who obtained the See also:

• GAS

gas by igniting mercuric See also:

• OXIDE

oxide, and gave it the name " dephlogisticated See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air." . K . W . See also:

• SCHEELE, KARL WILHELM (1742-1786)

Scheele, working independently, also announced in 1775 the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of this element which he called " empyreal air " (Crells' Annalen, 1785, 2, pp . 229, 291) . A . L . See also:

• LAVOISIER, ANTOINE LAURENT (1743-1794)

Lavoisier repeated Priestley's experiments and named the gas " See also:

• OXYGEN (symbol 0, atomic weight 16)

oxygen " (from Gr . 6Ebs, sour, yevvhw, I produce) to denote that in a large number of cases, the products formed by the See also:

• COMBUSTION (from the Lat. comburere, to burn up)

combustion of substances in the gas were of an See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . Oxygen occurs naturally as one of the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief constituents of the See also:

• ATMOSPHERE (Gr. fir µ6r, vapour; orkaipa, a sphere)

atmosphere, and in See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination with other elements it is found in very large quantities; it constitutes approximately eight-ninths by See also:

• WEIGHT

weight of See also:

• WATER

water and nearly one-See also:

• HALF

half by weight of the rocks composing the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth's crust .

It is also disengaged by growing vegetation, See also:

• PLANTS

plants possessing the See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of absorbing See also:

• CARBON (symbol C, atomic weight 12)

carbon dioxide, assimilating the carbon and rejecting the oxygen . Oxygen may be prepared by heating mercuric oxide; by strongly heating See also:

• MANGANESE (symbol Mn; atomic weight, 54.93 (0=16)], a metallic chemical element. Its dioxide (pyrolusite)

manganese dioxide and many other peroxides; by heating the oxides of See also:

• PRECIOUS (O. Fr. precios, mod. precieux, Lat. pretiosus, of high value or price, pretium)

precious metals; and by heating many oxy-acids and oxy-salts to high temperatures, for example, nitric acid, sulphuric acid, See also:

• NITRE

nitre, See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead nitrate, See also:

• ZINC

zinc sulphate, See also:

• POTASSIUM [symbol K (from kalium), atomic weight 39.114 0=16)]

potassium chlorate, &c . Potassium chlorate is generally used and the reaction is accelerated and carried out at a See also:

• LOWER

lower temperature by previously mixing the See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt with about one-third of its weight of manganese dioxide, which acts as a catalytic See also:

• AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent . The actual decomposition of the chlorate is not settled definitely; the following equations give the results obtained by P . F . See also:

• FRANKLAND, SIR EDWARD (1825-1899)

Frankland and See also:

• DINGWALL

Dingwall (Chem . See also:

• NEWS

News, 1887, 55, p . 67):—at a moderate See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat: 8KC103= 5KC1O4+3KC1+2O2, succeeded by the following reactions as the temperature increases: 2KC103=KC1O4+KC1+02 and 2KC103=2KC1+3O2 (see also F . Teed, ibid., 1887, 55, p . 91; H . N . See also:

• WARREN
• WARREN, GOUVERNEUR KEMBLE (183o-1882)
• WARREN, JOSEPH (1741—1775)
• WARREN, MERCY (1728—1814)
• WARREN, MINTON (1850-1907)
• WARREN, SAMUEL (1807-1877)
• WARREN, SIR JOHN BORLASE, BART
• WARREN, WILLIAM (1812-1888)

Warren, ibid., 1888, 58, p .

247; W . H . Sodeau, Proc . Chem . See also:

• SOC

Soc., 1901, 17, p . 149) . It may also be obtained by heating manganese dioxide or potassium bichromate or potassium permanganate with sulphuric acid; by the See also:

• ACTION

action of See also:

• COBALT (symbol Co, atomic weight 59)

cobalt salts or manganese dioxide on a See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution of See also:

• BLEACHING

bleaching See also:

• POWDER (through O. Fr. puldre, modern poudre, from Lat. pulvis, pulveris, dust)

powder (Th . Fleitmann, See also:

• ANN

Ann., 1865, 134, p . 64); by the action of a ferrous or manganous salt with a salt of cobalt, See also:

• NICKEL
• NICKEL (symbol Ni, atomic weight 58.68 (0=16))

nickel or See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper on bleaching powder (G . F . See also:

• JAUBERT, PIERRE AMEDEE

Jaubert, Ger. pat . 157171); by passing See also:

• CHLORINE (symbol Cl, atomic weight 35`46 (0=16)

chlorine into See also:

• MILK (0. Eng. meoluc; from a common Indo-European root, cf. Lat. mulgere, Gr. ?t dXyetv)

milk of See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime (C .

Winkler, Jour. prakt . Chem., 1866, 98, p . 340); by the action of chlorine on See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam at a See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

bright red heat; by the decomposition of See also:

• HYDROGEN [symbol H, atomic weight x-oo8 (0=16)]

hydrogen peroxide by bleaching powder, manganese dioxide, potassium ferricyanide in alkaline solution, or potassium permanganate in acid solution; by heating See also:

• BARIUM (symbol Ba, atomic weight 137'37 [0=16])

barium peroxide with an aqueous solution of potassium ferricyanide (G . Kassner, Zeit. angew . Chem., 189o, p . 448) BaO2+2K3Fe(CN)6=Ba[FeK3(CN)s]2+02; by the decomposition of See also:

• SODIUM [symbol Na, from Lat. natrium; atomic weight 23.00 (0=16)]

sodium and potassium peroxides with a solution of potassium permanganate in the presence of a trace of nickel salts (G . F . Jaubert, Comptes rendus, 1902, 134, P . 778) . Numerous methods have been devised-for the manufacture of oxygen . The more important See also:

• ATE

ate as follows: by decomposing strongly heated sulphuric acid in the presence of a contact substance; by heating an intimate mixture of one See also:

• PART

part of sodium nitrate with two parts of zinc oxide (T . H .

See also:

• PEPPER
• PEPPER, WILLIAM (1843–1898)

Pepper, Dingler's Jour., 1863, 167, p . 39): 2ZnO+4NaNO3= 2Zn(ONa)2+2N2+502; by the use of cuprous chloride which when mixed with See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay and See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand, moistened with water and heated in a current of air at 100-200° C. yields an oxychloride, which latter yields oxygen when heated to 400° C (A . See also:

• MALLET (or MALLOCH), DAVID (?17o5–1765)
• MALLET, PAUL HENRI (173o–18o7)

Mallet, Comptes rendus, 1867, 64, p . 226; 1868, 66, p . 349); by the See also:

• ELECTROLYSIS (formed from Gr. Xbety, to loosen)

electrolysis of solutions of sodium hydroxide, using nickel electrodes; by heating See also:

• CALCIUM [symbol Ca, atomic weight 40.0 (o= x6)]

calcium plumbate (obtained from litharge and calcium carbonate) in a current of carbon dioxide (G . Kassner, Monit . Scient., 189o, pp . 503, 614); and from air by the See also:

• PROCESS

process of Tessie du Motay (Ding . Jour., 1870,196, p . 230), in which air is See also:

• DRAWN

drawn over a heated mixture of manganese dioxide and sodium hydroxide, the sodium manganate so formed being then heated to about 450° C. in a current of steam, the following reversible reaction taking See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place: 4NaOH+2MnOs+ 02--_42Na2MnO4+2H2O . Oxygen is largely prepared by See also:

• BRIN, BENEDETTO (1833—1898)

Brin's process (Mem. soc. See also:

• DES

des Ingen. civ., 1881, p . 45o) in which barium monoxide is heated in a current of air, forming the dioxide, which when the retorts are exhausted yields up oxygen and leaves a See also:

• RESIDUE (through the French, from the Lat. residuum, a remainder, from residere, to remain)

residue of monoxide; but this method is now being superseded, its place being taken by the fractional See also:

• DISTILLATION (from the Lat. distillare, more correctly destillare, to drop or trickle down)

distillation of liquid air (The Times, Engin .

Suppl., See also:

• APRIL

April 14, 1909, p . 13) as carried out by the Linde method (Eng . Pat . 14111; 1902) . Oxygen is a colourless, odourless and tasteless gas . It is somewhat heavier than air, its specific gravity being 1.10523 (A . Leduc, Comptes rendus, 1896, 123, p . 8o5) . It is slightly soluble in water and more so in See also:

• ALCOHOL

alcohol . It also dissolves quite readily in some molten metals, especially See also:

• SILVER

silver . Oxygen does not See also:

• BURN, RICHARD (1709-1785)

burn, but is the greatest supporter of combustion known, nearly all the other elements combining with it under suitable conditions (cf . OXIDE) .

These reactions, however, do not take place if the substances are absolutely dry . Thus H . B . See also:

• BAKER, HENRY (1698-1774)
• BAKER, SIR BENJAMIN (1840-1907)
• BAKER, SIR RICHARD (1568-1644/5)
• BAKER, SIR SAMUEL WHITE (1821-1893)
• BAKER, THOMAS (1656-1740)
• BAKER, VALENTINE [BAKER PASHA] (1827-1887)

Baker (Proc . Chem . Soc., 1902, 18, p . 40) has shown that perfectly dry oxygen and hydrogen will not combine even at a temperature of loco° C . It is the only gas capable of supporting respiration . For the properties of liquid oxygen see LIQUID GASES . It is found, more especially in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of organic compounds, that if a substance which oxidizes readily at See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary temperature be mixed with another which is not capable of such oxidation, then both are oxidized simultaneously, the amount of oxygen used being shared equally between them; or in some cases when the substance is spontaneously oxidized an See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent amount of oxygen is converted into See also:

• OZONE

ozone or hydrogen peroxide . This phenomenon was first noticed by C . F .

See also:

• SCHONBEIN, CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH (1799-1868)

Schonbein (Jour. prakt . Chem., 1858–1868), who found that on oxidizing lead in the presence of sulphuric acid, the same quantity of oxygen is used to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form lead oxide as is converted into hydrogen peroxide . In a similar manner M . Traube (Ber., 1882–1893) found that when zinc is oxidized in presence of water equivalent quantities of zinc hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide are formed at first, thus: Zn+See also:

• H2O (combined)

H2O+02=ZnO+H2O2, followed by ZnO+H2O=Zn(OH)i,Zn+H202=Zn(OH)2 . The oxygen uniting with the substance undergoing oxidation is generally known as See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound oxygen," whilst that which is transformed into ozone or hydrogen peroxide is usually called " active oxygen." C . Engler (Ber., 1897, 3o, p . 1669) calls the substance which undergoes oxidation the " autoxidizer " and the substance which unites with the active oxygen the " acceptor "; in the oxidation of metals he expresses results as: M+02=MO2, followed by MO2–~M•O+O, and if water be See also:

• PRESENT

present, O+H2O = H2O2 . Various theories have been See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account for these phenomena . Schonbein (loc. cit.) assumed that the ordinary oxygen See also:

• MOLECULE (from mod. Lat. molecula, the diminutive of moles, a mass)

molecule is decomposed into two parts which carry See also:

• ELECTRICAL
• ELECTRICAL (or ELECTROSTATIC) MACHINE

electrical charges of opposite kinds, the one with the See also:

• POSITIVE (or PORTABLE) ORGAN

positive See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge being called " antozone " and the other carrying the negative charge being called " ozone," one variety being preferentially used up by the oxidizing See also:

• COMPOUND
• COMPOUND (from Lat. componere, to combine or put together)

compound or element and the other for the secondary reaction . J . H . See also:

• VAN

Van't Hoff (Zeit. phys .

Chem., 1895, 16, p . 411) is of the See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion that the oxygen molecule is to a certain extent ionized and that the ions of one See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind are preferably used by the oxidizing compound . Traube (loc. cit.), on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, concludes that the oxygen molecule enters into action as a whole and that on the oxidation of metals, hydrogen peroxide and the oxide of the See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal are the See also:

• PRIMARY

primary products of the reaction . A . See also:

• BACH, JOHANN SEBASTIAN (1685–1750)
• BACH, KARL PHILIPP EMANUEL (1714-1788)

Bach (Comptes rendus, 1897, 124, p . 2) considers that the first See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage in the reaction consists in the See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of a peroxide which then interacts with water to form hydrogen peroxide (see also W . Manchot, Ann., 1901, 314, p . 177; 1902, 325, p . 95) . Oxygen is a member of the See also:

• SIXTH

sixth See also:

• GROUP

group in the periodic See also:

• CLASSIFICATION (Lat. classis, a class, probably from the root cal-, cla-, as in Gr. icaMce, clamor)

classification, and consequently possesses a maximum See also:

• VALENCY

valency of six . In most cases it behaves as a divalent element, but it may also be quadrivalent . A. v .

See also:

• BAEYER, JOHANN FRIEDRICH WILHELM ADOLF VON (1835– )

Baeyer and V . Villiger (Ber., 1901, 34, pp . 2679, 3612) showed that many organic compounds (See also:

• ETHERS

ethers, See also:

• ALCOHOLS
• ALCOHOLS, ALDEHYDES AND
• ALCOHOLS, BENZYL ALCOHOL, BUTYL ALCOHOLS, METHYL ALCOHOL

alcohols, See also:

• ALDEHYDES

aldehydes, See also:

• KETONES

ketones, &c.) behave towards acids, particularly the more complex acids, very much like bases and yield crystallized salts in which quadrivalent oxygen must be assumed as the basic element . These salts are considered to be derived from the hypothetical See also:

• BASE

base OH3.OH, oxonium, hydroxide (compare sulphonium salts) . Further see J . See also:

• SCHMIDT, H
• SCHMIDT, HEINRICH JULIAN (1818-1886)
• SCHMIDT, KARL VON (1817-1875)
• SCHMIDT, WILHELM ADOLF (1812-1887)

Schmidt, " Ober See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die basischen Eigenschaften des Sauerstoffs " (See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1904) . Baeyer and Villiger assume for the configuration of the salts of carbonyl compounds the arrangement > C : 0 <1c, whilst J . W . See also:

• BRUHL
• BRUHL, HEINRICH, COUNT VON (1700-1763)

Bruhl and P . W . See also:

• WALDEN, ROGER (d. 1406)

Walden point out from the physico-chemical standpoint that in water and hydrogen peroxide the oxygen See also:

• ATOM (Gr. &rows, indivisible, from a- privative, and TE,aPfw, to cut)

atom is probably quadrivalent . The atomic weight of oxygen is now generally taken as 16, and as such is used as the See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard by which the atomic weights of the other elements are determined, owing to the fact that most elements combine with oxygen more readily than with hydrogen (see ELEMENT) .

Oxygen is widely used in medical practice as well as in See also:

• SURGERY
• SURGERY (Fr. chirurgie, from Gr. Xetpoupyfa, i.e. hand-work)

surgery . Inhalations of the gas are of service in See also:

• PNEUMONIA (Gr. ?rveu AMP, lung)

pneumonia, See also:

• BRONCHITIS

bronchitis, See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart disease, See also:

• ASTHMA (Gr. avBµa, gasping, whence lio-Ogaivw, I gasp for breath)

asthma, angina and other conditions accompanied by cyanosis and dyspnoea . They often avert See also:

• DEATH

death from See also:

• ASPHYXIA (Gr. a- priv., a fn ts, a pulse)

asphyxia, or render the end less distressing . Oxygen is also administered in See also:

• CHLOROFORM (trichlor-methane), CHC13

chloroform poisoning, and in threatened death from the inhalation of See also:

• COAL

coal gas or nitrous oxides . It is of value in See also:

• CYANIDE

cyanide and See also:

• OPIUM (Gr. amov, dim. from Orbs, juice)

opium poisoning and in the resuscitation of the apparently drowned . The mode of See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration is by an inhaler attached to an inhalation bag, which serves to break the force with which the oxygen issues from the cylinders in which it is sold in a compressed form . It can be administered pure or mixed with air as required . If given in too See also:

• GREAT

great quantity a temporary See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of See also:

• APNOEA (Gr. airvoia, from a-, privative, avEOiv, to breathe)

apnoea (cessation of breathing) is produced, the See also:

• BLOOD

blood being fully charged with the gas . Oxygen may be applied locally as a disinfectant to foul and diseased surfaces by the use of the peroxide of hydrogen, which readily parts with its oxygen; a solution of hydrogen peroxide therefore forms a valuable spray in See also:

• DIPHTHERIA (from 8c4BEpa, a skin or membrane)

diphtheria, See also:

• TONSILLITIS

tonsillitis, laryngeal See also:

• TUBERCULOSIS

tuberculosis and ozaena . It can also be used with See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage in inoperable uterine See also:

• CANCER (" THE CRAB ")
• CANCER, LUIS (d. 1549)
• CANCER, or CARCINOMA (from Lat. cancer, Gr. KapKivwga, an eating ulcer)

cancer, See also:

• FAVUS (Lat. for honeycomb)

favus and See also:

• LUPUS (Lat. lupus, wolf)
• LUPUS, PUBLIUS RUTILIUS

lupus, and as an injection in gonorrhoea and suppurative conditions of the See also:

• EAR (common Teut.; O.E. are, Ger. Ohr, Du. oor, akin to Lat. auris, Gr. ovs)

ear . It relieves the See also:

• PAIN (from Lat. poena, Gr. robin, penalty, that which must be paid: O. Fr. peine)
• PAIN, BARRY (1867– )

pain of See also:

• WASP (Lat. vespa)

wasp and See also:

• BEE (Sanskrit blza, AS. ben, Lat. apis)

bee stings . Internally hydrogen peroxide is used in various diseased conditions of the gastro-intestinal See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract, such as See also:

• DYSPEPSIA (from the Gr. prefix Sur-, hard, ill, and 'irirreiv, to digest)

dyspepsia, See also:

• DIARRHOEA (from Gr. &Q, through, pfw, flow)

diarrhoea and enteric See also:

• FEVER (Lat. febris, connected with fervere, to burn)

fever .

The B.P. preparation Liquor Hydrogenii Peroxidi dose z to 2 drs. is synonymous with the Aqua Hydrogenii Dioxidi of the U.S.P. and the ten-See also:

• VOLUME

volume solution termed eau oxygenee in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . It is customary to use oxygen in combination with chlorofarm, or nitrous oxide in order to produce insensibility to pain (see ANAESTHETICS) .