See also:

• OZOKERITE, or OZOCERITE (Gr. 6~ ew, to emit odour, and iccpos, wax)

OZOKERITE, or OZOCERITE (Gr. 6~ ew, to emit odour, and iccpos, See also:

• WAX

wax)  , See also:

• MINERAL

mineral See also:

• WAX

wax, a combustible mineral, which may be designated as crude native See also:

• PARAFFIN

paraffin (q.v.), found in many localities in varying degrees of purity . Specimens have been obtained from See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland, See also:

• NORTHUMBERLAND
• NORTHUMBERLAND, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• NORTHUMBERLAND, JOHN DUDLEY, VISCOUNT LISLE, EARL OF WARWICK
• NORTHUMBERLAND, JOHN NEVILLE, EARL OF (c. 1430-1471)

Northumberland and See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales, as well as from about See also:

• THIRTY

thirty different countries . Of these occurrences the See also:

• OZOKERITE, or OZOCERITE (Gr. 6~ ew, to emit odour, and iccpos, wax)

ozokerite of the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of Tcheleken, near See also:

• BAKU

Baku, and the deposits of See also:

• UTAH

Utah, U.S.A., deserve mention, though the last-named have been largely worked out . The See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole See also:

• SOURCES

sources of commercial See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply are in See also:

• GALICIA (Ger. Galizien; Pol. Halicz)
• GALICIA (the ancient Gallaecia or Callaecia, KaMauci,a or KaXau da)

Galicia, at Boryslaw, Dzwiniacz and Starunia, though the mineral is found at other points on both flanks of the Carpathians . Ozokerite-deposits are believed to have originated in much the same way as mineral See also:

• VEINS

veins, the slow evaporation and oxidation of See also:

• PETROLEUM (Lat. Petra, rock, and oleuin, oil)

petroleum having resulted in the deposition of its dissolved paraffin in the fissures and crevices previously occupied by the liquid . As found native, ozokerite varies from a very soft wax to a See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass as hard as See also:

• GYPSUM

gypsum . Its specific gravity ranges from •85 to •95, and its melting point from 58° to roo° C . It is soluble in See also:

• ETHER, (C2H5)2O

ether, petroleum, See also:

• BENZENE, C6H6

benzene, See also:

• TURPENTINE (in M. Eng. turbentine, adapted through the O. Fr. turbentine or terebentine from Lat. terebinthina, sc. resina, resin of the terebinth, Gr. eepiOtvOos or eippavOos)

turpentine, See also:

• CHLOROFORM (trichlor-methane), CHC13

chloroform, See also:

• CARBON (symbol C, atomic weight 12)

carbon bisulphide, &c . Galician ozokerite varies in See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour from See also:

• LIGHT

light yellow to dark See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown, and frequently appears See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green owing to dichroism . It usually melts at 62° C . Chemically, ozokerite consists of a mixture of various See also:

• HYDROCARBONS

hydrocarbons, containing 85.7% by See also:

• WEIGHT

weight of carbon and 14.3% of See also:

• HYDROGEN [symbol H, atomic weight x-oo8 (0=16)]

hydrogen . The See also:

• MINING

mining of ozokerite was formerly carried on in Galicia by means of See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand-labour, but in the See also:

• MODERN

modern ozokerite mines owned by the Boryslaw Actien Gesellschaft and the Galizische Kreditbank, the workings of which extend to a See also:

• DEPTH

depth of 200 metres, and 225 metres respectively, See also:

• ELECTRICAL
• ELECTRICAL (or ELECTROSTATIC) MACHINE

electrical See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power is employed for hauling, pumping and ventilating .

In these mines there are the usual See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main shafts and galleries, the ozokerite being reached by levels driven along the strike of the See also:

• DEPOSIT (Lat. depositurn, from deponere, to lay down, to put in the care of)

deposit . The wax, as it reaches the See also:

• SURFACE

surface, varies in purity, and, in new workings especially, only hand-picking is needed to See also:

• SEPARATE

separate the pure material . In other cases much earthy See also:

• MATTER

matter is mixed with the material, and then the See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock or shale having been eliminated by hand-picking, the " wax-See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone " is boiled with See also:

• WATER

water in large coppers, when the pure wax rises to the surface . This is again melted without water, and the impurities are skimmed off, the material being then run into slightly conical cylindrical moulds and thus made into blocks for the See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market . The crude ozokerite is refined by treatment first with See also:

• NORDHAUSEN

Nordhausen oil of See also:

• VITRIOL

vitriol, and subsequently with See also:

• CHARCOAL

charcoal, when the ceresine or cerasin of See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce is obtained . The refined ozokerite or ceresine, which usually has a melting-point of 61° to 78° C., is largely used as an adulterant of beeswax, and is frequently coloured artificially to resemble that product in See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance . On See also:

• DISTILLATION (from the Lat. distillare, more correctly destillare, to drop or trickle down)

distillation in a current of superheated See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam, ozokerite yields a See also:

• CANDLE (Lat. candela, from candere, to glow)

candle-making material resembling the paraffin obtained from petroleum and shale-oil but of higher melting-point, and therefore of greater value if the candles made from it are to be used in hot climates . There are also obtained in the distillation light See also:

• OILS (adopted from the Fr. oile, mod. huile, Lat. oleum, olive oil)

oils and a product resembling See also:

• VASELINE

vaseline (q.v.) . The See also:

• RESIDUE (through the French, from the Lat. residuum, a remainder, from residere, to remain)

residue in the stills consists of a hard, black, waxy substance, which in admixture with See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

india-See also:

• RUBBER, INDIARUBBER

rubber is employed under the name of okonite as an electrical insulator . From the residue a See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of the material known as See also:

• HEEL

heel-See also:

• BALL (in Mid. Eng. bal; the word is probably cognate with " bale," Teutonic in origin, cf. also Lat. falls, and Gr. 7raXXa)
• BALL, JOHN (1585-1640)
• BALL, JOHN (1818-1889)
• BALL, JOHN (d. 1381)
• BALL, SIR ALEXANDER JOHN, BART
• BALL, THOMAS (1819- )

ball, used to impart a polished surface to the heels and soles of boots, is also manufactured . According to published See also:

• STATISTICS

statistics, the output of crude ozokerite in Galicia in 1906 and 1907 was as follows: r906 . 1907 .

See also:

• DISTRICT

District . Metric Tons . Metric Tons . Boryslaw . 2,205 2,240 Dzwiniacz 26o 270 Starunia . 210 135 (B .