See also:

• PAESTUM (Gr.Iloveu3wvia; mod. Pesto)

PAESTUM (Gr.Iloveu3wvia; mod. Pesto)  , an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city in Lucania, near the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea, with a railway station 24 M . S.E. of See also:

• SALERNO (anc. Salernum)

Salerno, 5 M . S. of the See also:

• RIVER

river Silarus (Salso) . It is said by See also:

• STRABO (born c. 63 n.c.)

Strabo (v . 251) to have been founded by Troezenian and Achaean colonists from the still older See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony of See also:

• SYBARIS

Sybaris, on the Gulf of See also:

• TARENTUM
• TARENTUM (Gr. rapas)

Tarentum; this probably happened not later than about 600 B.C . See also:

• HERODOTUS (c. 484-425 B.C.)

Herodotus (i . 167) speaks of it as being already a flourishing city in about 540 B.C., when the neighbouring city of See also:

• VELIA (Gr. 'TEktl, later'EXfa)

Velia was founded . For many years the city maintained its See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence, though surrounded by the hostile native inhabitants of Lucania . Autonomous coins were struck, of which many specimens now exist (see See also:

• NUMISMATICS
• NUMISMATICS (Lat. numisma, nomisma, a coin; from the Greek, derived from voj4 u', to use according to law)

NUMISMATICS) . After See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long struggles the city See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell into the hands of the Lucanians (who nevertheless did not expel the Greek colonists) and in 273 B.C. it became a Latin colony under the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• RULE

rule, the name being changed to the Latin See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form See also:

• PAESTUM (Gr.Iloveu3wvia; mod. Pesto)

Paestum . It successfully resisted the attacks of See also:

• HANNIBAL
• HANNIBAL (" mercy " or " favour of Baal ")

Hannibal; and it is noteworthy that it continued to strike See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper coins even under See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus and Tiberius . The neighbourhood was then healthy, highly cultivated, and celebrated for its See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers; the " twice blooming See also:

• ROSES, WARS OF THE

roses of Paestum " are mentioned by See also:

• VIRGIL (PUBLIUS VERGILIUS MARC)
• VIRGIL, POLYDORE (c. 1470-1555)

Virgil (Geor. iv .

118), See also:

• OVID [PUBLIUS OvID1us NASO] (43 B.C.–A.D. 17)

Ovid (Met. xv . 708), See also:

• MARTIAL (MARCUS VALERIUS MARTIALIS)

Martial (iv . 41, 10; vi . 8o, 6), and other Latin poets . Its See also:

• PRESENT

present deserted and malarious See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state is probably owing to the silting up of the mouth of the Silarus, which has overflowed its See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed, and converted the See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain into unproductive marshy ground . Herds of buffaloes, and the few peasants who See also:

• WATCH (in O. Eng. wcecce, a keeping guard or watching, from wacian, to guard, watch, wacan, to wake)

watch them, are now the only occupants of this once thickly populated and See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden-like region . In 871 Paestum was sacked and partly destroyed by Saracen invaders; in the 11th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century it was further dismantled by See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert Guiscard, and in the 16th century was finally deserted . The ruins of Posidonia are among the most interesting of the Hellenic See also:

• WORLD

world . The earliest See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple in Paestum, the so-called See also:

• BASILICA

Basilica, must in . point of See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style be associated with the temples D and F at See also:

• SELINUS (EeXsvoiis)

Selinus, and i* therefore to be dated about 570-554 B.C.' It is a See also:

• BUILDING

building of unique See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan, with Dine columns in the front and eighteen at the sides, 44 ft. in See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter . A See also:

• LINE

line of columns runs down the centre of the See also:

• CELLA

cella . The columns have marked See also:

• ENTASIS (from Gr. vTelvety, to stretch a line or bend a bow)

entasis, and the flutings end in a semicircle, above which is generally a See also:

• TORUS

torus (always present in the so-called temple of See also:

• CERES

Ceres) . The capitals are remarkable, inasmuch as the necking immediately below the See also:

• ECHINUS (Gr. for " hedge-hog " or " sea-urchin ")

echinus is decorated with a See also:

• BAND

band of leaves, the arrangement of which varies in different cases .

The columns and the architraves upon them are well preserved, but there is nothing above the See also:

• FRIEZE

frieze existing, and the cella See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall has entirely disappeared . Next in point of date comes the so-called temple of Ceres, a See also:

• HEXASTYLE (Gr. gE, six, and ori)Xos, column)

hexastyle peripteros, which may be dated after 540 B.C . The columns are all See also:

• STANDING

standing, and the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west and See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east See also:

• PEDIMENT (equivalents, Gr. &ros, Lat. fastigium, Fr. ponton)

pediment are still in situ; but of the cella, again, nothing is 1 The dating adopted in the present See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article, which is in See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute See also:

• CONTRADICTION, PRINCIPLE OF (principium contradictionis)

contradiction to that given in the previous edition of this See also:

• WORK

work, is that given by R . Koldewey and O . Puchstein, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die griechischen Tempel in Unteritalien and Sicilien (See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1899), 11-35 .