See also:

• BART, JEAN (1651-1702)

BART See also:

• SIR

SIR See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

JAMES See also:

• BART SIR JAMES PAGET

PAGET  . (1814-1899), See also:

• BRITISH

British surgeon, See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• YARMOUTH
• YARMOUTH (GREAT YARMOUTH)

Yarmouth on the Ilth of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1814, was the son of a See also:

• BREWER, JOHN SHERREN (1810-1879)

brewer and shipowner . He was one of a large See also:

• FAMILY

family, and his See also:

• BROTHER

brother See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George See also:

• PAGET, SIR JAMES, BART

Paget (1809–1892), who became regius See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of physic at See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge in 1872, also had a distinguished career in See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine and was made a K.C.B . He attended a See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day-school in Yarmouth, and afterwards was destined for the See also:

• NAVY

navy; but this See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan was given up, and at the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of sixteen he was apprenticed to a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general practitioner, whom he served for four and a See also:

• HALF

half years, during which See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time he gave his leisure See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours to botanizing, and made a See also:

• GREAT

great collection of the See also:

• FLORA

flora of See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East See also:

• NORFOLK
• NORFOLK, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Norfolk . At the end of his See also:

• APPRENTICESHIP (from Fr. apprendre, to learn)

apprenticeship he publishedwith one of his brothers_ a very careful See also:

• SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

Sketch of the Natural See also:

• HISTORY

History of Yarmouth and its Neighbourhood . In See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1834 he entered as a student at St See also:

• BARTHOLOMEW, JOHN (1831-1893)
• BARTHOLOMEW, SAINT

Bartholomew's See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

Hospital . Medical students in those days were See also:

• LEFT

left very much to themselves; there was no See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close supervision of their See also:

• WORK

work, but it is probable that Paget gained rather than lost by having to fight his own way . He swept the See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board of prizes in 1835, and again in 1836; and in his first See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter session he detected the presence of the Trichina spiralis, a See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute See also:

• PARASITE (From Gr. irapa, beside, Tiros food)

parasite that infests the muscles of the human See also:

• BODY

body.' In May 1836 he passed his examination at the Royal See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College of Surgeons, and became qualified to practise . The next seven years (1836–1843) were spent in See also:

• LONDON

London lodgings, and were a time of poverty, for he made only £15 a See also:

• YEAR

year by practice, and his See also:

• FATHER

father, having failed in business, could not give him any help . He managed to keep himself by See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing for the medical See also:

• JOURNALS

journals, and preparing the catalogues of the hospital museum and of the pathological museum of the Royal College of Surgeons . In 1836 he had been made See also:

• CURATOR (Lat. for " one who takes care," curare, to take care of)

curator of the hospital museum, and in 1838 demonstrator of morbid See also:

• ANATOMY
• ANATOMY (Gr. avaroyil, from ava-silo c', to cut up)

anatomy at the hospital; but his See also:

• ADVANCEMENT

advancement there was hindered by the privileges of the hospital apprentices, and by the fact that he had been too poor to afford a See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house-surgeoncy, or even a See also:

• DRESSER

dresser-See also:

• SHIP

ship . In 1841 he was made surgeon to the See also:

• FINSBURY

Finsbury Dispensary; but this See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment did not give him any experience in the graver operations of See also:

• SURGERY
• SURGERY (Fr. chirurgie, from Gr. Xetpoupyfa, i.e. hand-work)

surgery .

In 1843 he was appointed lecturer on general anatomy (microscopic anatomy) and See also:

• PHYSIOLOGY (from Gr. 4 i s, nature, and koyos, discourse)

physiology at the hospital, and See also:

• WARDEN

warden of the hospital college then founded . For the next eight years he lived within the walls of the hospital, in See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of about See also:

• THIRTY

thirty students See also:

• RESIDENT

resident in the little college . Besides his lectures and his superintendence of the resident students, he had to enter all new students, to advise them how to work, and to See also:

• MANAGE

manage the finances and the general affairs of the school . Thus he was constantly occupied with the business of the school, and often passed a See also:

• WEEK (from A.S. wicu, Germanic *wikon, probably=change, turn)

week, or more, without going outside the hospital See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates . In 1844 he married See also:

• LYDIA

Lydia, youngest daughter of the Rev . See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North . In 1847 he was appointed an assistant-surgeon to the hospital, and See also:

• ARRIS (Fr. areste, or arete)

Arris and See also:

• GALE
• GALE, THEOPHILUS (1628-1678)
• GALE, THOMAS (?1636-17o2)

Gale professor at the College of Surgeons . He held this professor-ship for six years and each year gave six lectures in surgical See also:

• PATHOLOGY (from Gr. raBos, suffering)

pathology . (The first edition of these lectures, which were the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief scientific work of his See also:

• LIFE

life, was published in 1853 as Lectures on Surgical Pathology.) In 1851 he was elected a See also:

• FELLOW

Fellow of the Royal Society . In October 1851 he resigned the wardenship of the hospital . He had now become known as a great physiologist and pathologist: he had done for pathology in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England what R . See also:

• VIRCHOW, RUDOLF (1821-1902)

Virchow had done in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany; but he had hardly begun to get into practice, and he had kept himself poor that he might pay his See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share of his father's debts—a task that it took him fourteen years to fulfil .

It is probable that no famous surgeon, not"even See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• HUNTER, JOHN (1728-1793)
• HUNTER, ROBERT MERCER TALIAFERRO (r8o9-1887)
• HUNTER, SIR WILLIAM WILSON (1840-19oo)
• HUNTER, WILLIAM (1718–1783)
• HUNTER, WILLIAM ALEXANDER (1844-1898)

Hunter, ever founded his practice deeper in See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science than Paget did, or waited longer for his work to come back to him . In physiology he had mastered the chief See also:

• ENGLISH

English, See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French, See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German, Dutch and See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian literature of the subject, and by incessant study and See also:

• MICROSCOPE (Gr. µucp6s, small, asenreiv, to %view)

microscope work had put himself level with the most advanced knowledge of his time; so that it was said of him by R . See also:

• OWEN, JOHN (1616-1683)
• OWEN, JOHN [OVENUS Or AUDOENUS] (c. 1560-1622)
• OWEN, ROBERT (1771-1858)
• OWEN, SIR HUGH (1804-1881)
• OWEN, SIR RICHARD (1804–1892)

Owen, in 1851, that he had his choice, either to be the first physiologist in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, or to have the first surgical practice in London, with a baronetcy . His physiological lectures at St Bartholomew's Hospital were the chief cause of the rise in the fortunes of its school, which in 1843 had gone down to a See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low point . In pathology his work was even more important . He fills the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in pathology that had been left empty by Hunter's See also:

• DEATH

death in 1793—the time of transition from Hunter's teaching, ' This See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery is usually credited to R . Owen (q.v.) . The facts appear to be as follows: Paget was a first-year's student, and, by means of a See also:

• POCKET

pocket See also:

• LENS
• LENS (from Lat. lens, lentil, on account of the similarity of the form of a lens to that of a lentil seed)

lens, found in the dissecting-See also:

• ROOM

room that the specks in the infected muscles were parasitic See also:

• WORMS

worms and not, as previously thought, spicules of See also:

• BONE (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, in many of which it is confined to the shank of the leg, as in the German Bein)
• BONE, HENRY (1755-1834)

bone . See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas Wormal 1, the See also:

• SENIOR, NASSAU WILLIAM (1790-1864)

senior demonstrator, who was no pathologist, sent a piece of the same muscle to Owen, who authoritatively pronounced the specks to be parasites and gave them their scientific name . It is probable that Owen did not realize that Paget had already made the discovery, and it was naturally associated with the name of the professor . which for all its greatness was hindered by want of the See also:

• MODERN

modern microscope, to the pathology and See also:

• BACTERIOLOGY

bacteriology of the See also:

• PRESENT

present day . It is Paget's greatest achievement that he made pathology dependent, in everything, on the use of the microscope—especially the pathology of tumours .

He and Virchow may truly be called the founders of modern pathology; they stand together, Paget's Lectures on Surgical Pathology and Virchow's Cellular-Pathologic . When Paget, in 1851, began practice near See also:

• CAVENDISH
• CAVENDISH, GEORGE (1500-1562?)
• CAVENDISH, HENRY (1731-1810)
• CAVENDISH, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1505-1557)

Cavendish Square, he had still to wait a few years more for success in professional life . The " turn of the See also:

• TIDE (O. Eng. lid, cf. Ger. Zeit, time or season, connected with root of Sanskrit a-diti, endless)

tide " came about 1854 or 1855; and in 1858 he was appointed surgeon extraordinary to See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen See also:

• VICTORIA
• VICTORIA (or VITTORIA), TOMMASSO LUDOVICO DA (C. I540-C. 1613)
• VICTORIA [ALEXANDRINA VICTORIA]

Victoria, and in 1863 surgeon in See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary to the See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales . He had for many years the largest and most arduous surgical practice in London . His day's work was seldom less than sixteen or seventeen hours . Cases sent to him for final See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment, with especial frequency, were those of tumours, and of all kinds of disease of the bones and See also:

• JOINTS

joints, and all " neurotic " cases having symptoms of surgical disease . His supremacy See also:

• LAY

lay rather in the science than in the See also:

• ART

art of surgery, but his name is associated also with certain great See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical advances . He discovered the disease of the See also:

• BREAST (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. the Ger. Brust, possibly connected with an O. Sax. brustian, to bud)

breast and the disease of the bones (osteitis deformans) which are called after his name; and he was the first at the hospital to urge enucleation of the See also:

• TUMOUR (Lat. tumor, a swelling)

tumour, instead of amputation of the See also:

• LIMB

limb, in cases of myeloid sarcoma . In 1871 he nearly died from infection at a See also:

• POST

post mortem examination, and, to lighten the See also:

• WEIGHT

weight of his work, was obliged to resign his surgeoncy to the hospital . In this same year he received the See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of a baronetcy . In 1875 he was See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the Royal College of Surgeons, and in 1877 Hunterian orator . In 1878 he gave up operating, but for eight or ten years longer he still had a very heavy consulting practice .

In 1881 he was president of the Inter-See also:

• NATIONAL

national Medical See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

Congress held in London; in 188o he gave, at Cambridge, a memorable address on " Elemental Pathology," setting forth the likeness of certain diseases of See also:

• PLANTS

plants and trees to those of the human body . Besides shorter writings he also published Clinical Lectures and Essays (1st ed . 1875) and Studies of Old See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

Case-books (1891) . In 1883, on the death of Sir George See also:

• JESSEL, SIR GEORGE (1824-1883)

Jessel, he was appointed See also:

• VICE

vice-See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor of the university of London . In 1889 he was appointed a member of the royal See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission on See also:

• VACCINATION (from Lat. vacca, a cow)

vaccination . He died in London on the 3oth of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1899, in his eighty-fifth year . Sir See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James Paget had the See also:

• GIFT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. die Gift, gift, das Gift, poison, formed from the Teut. stem gab-, to give, cf. Dutch geven, Ger. geben; in O. Eng. the word appears with initial y, the guttural of later English is due to Scandinavian influence)

gift of eloquence, and was one of the most careful and most delightful speakers of his time . He had a natural and unaffected See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure in society, and he loved See also:

• MUSIC

music . He possessed the rare gift of ability to turn swiftly from work to See also:

• PLAY

play; enjoying his holidays like a schoolboy, easily moved to See also:

• LAUGHTER

laughter, keen to get the maximun of happiness out of very ordinary amusements, emotional in spite of incessant self-See also:

• RESTRAINT (from " to restrain," Lat. restringere, to hold back, prevent)

restraint, vigorous in spite of See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant overwork . In him a certain See also:

• LIGHT

light-hearted enjoyment was combined with the utmost reserve, unfailing religious faith, and the most scrupulous honour . He was all his life profoundly indifferent toward politics, both national and medical; his ideal was the unity of science and practice in the professional life . (S .