BART

See also:

• SIR

SIR

See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

JAMES

See also:

• BART SIR JAMES PAGET

PAGET  . (1814-1899), British surgeon, born at Yarmouth on the Ilth of January 1814, was the son of a brewer and shipowner . He was one of a large family, and his brother Sir George Paget (1809–1892), who became regius professor of physic at Cambridge in 1872, also had a distinguished career in medicine and was made a K.C.B . He attended a day-school in Yarmouth, and afterwards was destined for the navy; but this plan was given up, and at the age of sixteen he was apprenticed to a general practitioner, whom he served for four and a half years, during which time he gave his leisure hours to botanizing, and made a great collection of the flora of East Norfolk . At the end of his apprenticeship he publishedwith one of his brothers_ a very careful Sketch of the Natural History of Yarmouth and its Neighbourhood . In October 1834 he entered as a student at St Bartholomew's Hospital . Medical students in those days were left very much to themselves; there was no close supervision of their work, but it is probable that Paget gained rather than lost by having to fight his own way . He swept the board of prizes in 1835, and again in 1836; and in his first winter session he detected the presence of the Trichina spiralis, a minute parasite that infests the muscles of the human body.' In May 1836 he passed his examination at the Royal College of Surgeons, and became qualified to practise . The next seven years (1836–1843) were spent in London lodgings, and were a time of poverty, for he made only £15 a year by practice, and his father, having failed in business, could not give him any help . He managed to keep himself by writing for the medical journals, and preparing the catalogues of the hospital museum and of the pathological museum of the Royal College of Surgeons . In 1836 he had been made curator of the hospital museum, and in 1838 demonstrator of morbid anatomy at the hospital; but his advancement there was hindered by the privileges of the hospital apprentices, and by the fact that he had been too poor to afford a house-surgeoncy, or even a dresser-ship . In 1841 he was made surgeon to the Finsbury Dispensary; but this appointment did not give him any experience in the graver operations of surgery .

In 1843 he was appointed lecturer on general anatomy (microscopic anatomy) and

physiology at the hospital, and warden of the hospital college then founded . For the next eight years he lived within the walls of the hospital, in charge of about thirty students resident in the little college . Besides his lectures and his superintendence of the resident students, he had to enter all new students, to advise them how to work, and to manage the finances and the general affairs of the school . Thus he was constantly occupied with the business of the school, and often passed a week, or more, without going outside the hospital gates . In 1844 he married Lydia, youngest daughter of the Rev . Henry North . In 1847 he was appointed an assistant-surgeon to the hospital, and Arris and Gale professor at the College of Surgeons . He held this professor-ship for six years and each year gave six lectures in surgical pathology . (The first edition of these lectures, which were the chief scientific work of his life, was published in 1853 as Lectures on Surgical Pathology.) In 1851 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society . In October 1851 he resigned the wardenship of the hospital . He had now become known as a great physiologist and pathologist: he had done for pathology in England what R . Virchow had done in Germany; but he had hardly begun to get into practice, and he had kept himself poor that he might pay his share of his father's debts—a task that it took him fourteen years to fulfil .

It is probable that no famous surgeon, not"even

John Hunter, ever founded his practice deeper in science than Paget did, or waited longer for his work to come back to him . In physiology he had mastered the chief English, French, German, Dutch and Italian literature of the subject, and by incessant study and microscope work had put himself level with the most advanced knowledge of his time; so that it was said of him by R . Owen, in 1851, that he had his choice, either to be the first physiologist in Europe, or to have the first surgical practice in London, with a baronetcy . His physiological lectures at St Bartholomew's Hospital were the chief cause of the rise in the fortunes of its school, which in 1843 had gone down to a low point . In pathology his work was even more important . He fills the place in pathology that had been left empty by Hunter's death in 1793—the time of transition from Hunter's teaching, ' This discovery is usually credited to R . Owen (q.v.) . The facts appear to be as follows: Paget was a first-year's student, and, by means of a pocket lens, found in the dissecting-room that the specks in the infected muscles were parasitic worms and not, as previously thought, spicules of bone . Thomas Wormal 1, the senior demonstrator, who was no pathologist, sent a piece of the same muscle to Owen, who authoritatively pronounced the specks to be parasites and gave them their scientific name . It is probable that Owen did not realize that Paget had already made the discovery, and it was naturally associated with the name of the professor . which for all its greatness was hindered by want of the modern microscope, to the pathology and bacteriology of the present day . It is Paget's greatest achievement that he made pathology dependent, in everything, on the use of the microscope—especially the pathology of tumours .

He and Virchow may truly be called the founders of modern pathology; they stand together, Paget's Lectures on Surgical Pathology and Virchow's Cellular-Pathologic . When Paget, in 1851, began practice near

Cavendish Square, he had still to wait a few years more for success in professional life . The " turn of the tide " came about 1854 or 1855; and in 1858 he was appointed surgeon extraordinary to Queen Victoria, and in 1863 surgeon in ordinary to the prince of Wales . He had for many years the largest and most arduous surgical practice in London . His day's work was seldom less than sixteen or seventeen hours . Cases sent to him for final judgment, with especial frequency, were those of tumours, and of all kinds of disease of the bones and joints, and all " neurotic " cases having symptoms of surgical disease . His supremacy lay rather in the science than in the art of surgery, but his name is associated also with certain great practical advances . He discovered the disease of the breast and the disease of the bones (osteitis deformans) which are called after his name; and he was the first at the hospital to urge enucleation of the tumour, instead of amputation of the limb, in cases of myeloid sarcoma . In 1871 he nearly died from infection at a post mortem examination, and, to lighten the weight of his work, was obliged to resign his surgeoncy to the hospital . In this same year he received the honour of a baronetcy . In 1875 he was president of the Royal College of Surgeons, and in 1877 Hunterian orator . In 1878 he gave up operating, but for eight or ten years longer he still had a very heavy consulting practice .

In 1881 he was president of the Inter-

national Medical Congress held in London; in 188o he gave, at Cambridge, a memorable address on " Elemental Pathology," setting forth the likeness of certain diseases of plants and trees to those of the human body . Besides shorter writings he also published Clinical Lectures and Essays (1st ed . 1875) and Studies of Old Case-books (1891) . In 1883, on the death of Sir George Jessel, he was appointed vice-chancellor of the university of London . In 1889 he was appointed a member of the royal commission on vaccination . He died in London on the 3oth of December 1899, in his eighty-fifth year . Sir James Paget had the gift of eloquence, and was one of the most careful and most delightful speakers of his time . He had a natural and unaffected pleasure in society, and he loved music . He possessed the rare gift of ability to turn swiftly from work to play; enjoying his holidays like a schoolboy, easily moved to laughter, keen to get the maximun of happiness out of very ordinary amusements, emotional in spite of incessant self-restraint, vigorous in spite of constant overwork . In him a certain light-hearted enjoyment was combined with the utmost reserve, unfailing religious faith, and the most scrupulous honour . He was all his life profoundly indifferent toward politics, both national and medical; his ideal was the unity of science and practice in the professional life . (S .