See also:

• PALATINATE (Ger. Pfalz)

PALATINATE (Ger. Pfalz)  , a name given generally to any See also:

• DISTRICT

district ruled by a See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count See also:

• PALATINE (from Lat. palatium, a palace,)

palatine, but particularly to a district of See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, a See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of See also:

• BAVARIA (Ger. Bayern)

Bavaria, lying See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west of the See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine . It is bounded on the N. by the Prussian Rhine province and the See also:

• HESSIAN

Hessian province of Rhein-Hessen; on the E.by See also:

• BADEN
• BADEN, GRAND DUCHY OF

Baden, from which it is separated by the Rhine; on the S. by the imperial province of See also:

• ALSACE (Ger. Elsass)

Alsace-See also:

• LORRAINE

Lorraine, from which it is divided by the Lauter; and on the W. by the administrative districts of See also:

• TRIER (French Troves)

Trier and See also:

• COBLENZ (KOBLENZ)

Coblenz, belonging to the Prussian Rhine province . It has an See also:

• AREA

area of 2288 sq. m., and a See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population (1905) of 885,280, showing a See also:

• DENSITY (Lat. densus, thick)

density of 386.9 to the square mile . As regards See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion, the inhabitants are fairly equally distributed into See also:

• ROMAN

Roman Catholics and Protestants . The See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers in this fertile See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract of See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country are the Rhine, Lauter, Queich, Speirbach, Glan and Blies . The See also:

• VOSGES
• VOSGES (Lat. Vogesus or Vosagus, Ger. Wasgau or Vogesen)

Vosges, and their continuation the See also:

• HARDT, HERMANN VON DER (166o-1746)
• HARDT, THE

Hardt, run through the See also:

• LAND

land from See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south to See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north and See also:

• DIVIDE

divide it into. the fertile and mild See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain of the Rhine, together with the slope of the Hardt range, on the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east, and the rather inclement district on the west, which, See also:

• RUNNING

running between the Saarbruck carboniferous mountains and the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern spurs of the Hardt range, ends in a porphyrous cluster of hills, the highest point of which is the Donnersberg (2254 ft.) . The country on the east See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side and on the slopes of the Hardt yield a number of the most varied products, such as See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine, See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit, See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn, vegetables, See also:

• FLAX

flax and See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco . See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

Cattle are reared in See also:

• GREAT

great quantity and are of excellent quality . The mines yield See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron, See also:

• COAL

coal, quicksilver and See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt . The See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries are very active, especially in iron, machinery, See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper, chemicals, shoes, woollen goods, See also:

• BEER

beer, See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather and tobacco . The province is well served by railway communication and, for purposes of See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration, is divided into the following 16 districts: Bergzabern, See also:

• DURKHEIM

Durkheim, See also:

• FRANKENTHAL

Frankenthal, See also:

• GERMERSHEIM

Germersheim, Homburg, See also:

• KAISERSLAUTERN

Kaiserslautern, Kirchheimbolanden, Kusel, See also:

• LANDAU

Landau, See also:

• LUDWIGSHAFEN

Ludwigshafen, See also:

• NEUSTADT (Polish, Prudnik)

Neustadt, See also:

• PIRMASENS

Pirmasens, Rockenhausen, St Ingbert, See also:

• SPIRES (Ger. Speyer or Speier)

Spires and See also:

• ZWEIBRUCKEN

Zweibrucken . Spires (Speyer) is the seat of See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, and the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial centres are Ludwigshafen on the Rhine, which is the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• RIVER

river See also:

• PORT

port, Landau, and Neustadt, the seat of the wine See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade .

See A . See also:

• BECKER, HEINRICH (1770-1822)
• BECKER, WILHELM ADOLF (1796—1846)

Becker, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Pfalz and die Pfdlzer (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1857); Mehlis, Fahrten durch die Pfalz (See also:

• AUGSBURG
• AUGSBURG, CONFESSION OF
• AUGSBURG, WAR OF THE LEAGUE OF

Augsburg, 1877); Kranz, Handbuch der Pfalz (Spires, 19o2); Hensen, Pfalzfiihrer (Neustadt, 19o5); and Naher, Die Burgen der rheinischen Pfalz (See also:

• STRASSBURG, or STRASBURG (French Strasbourg)

Strassburg, 1887) . See also:

• HISTORY

History.—The count palatine of the Rhine was a royal See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official who is first mentioned in the loth See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . The first count was See also:

• HERMANN, JOHANN GOTTFRIED JAKOB (1772–1848)
• HERMANN, KARL FRIEDRICH (1804–1855)

Hermann I., who ruled from 945 to 996, and although the See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office was not hereditary it appears to have been held mainly by his descendants until the See also:

• DEATH

death of Count Hermann III. in 1155 . These See also:

• COUNTS

counts had gradually extended their See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers, had obtained the right of advocacy over the See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of Trier and the bishopric of Juliers, and ruled various isolated districts along the Rhine . In 1155 the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick I., appointed his step-See also:

• BROTHER

brother See also:

• CONRAD (d. 955)
• CONRAD, JOSEPH (1856– )
• CONRAD, or KONRAD (M. H. Ger. Kuonrdl, i.e. " keen in counsel," Lat. Conradus, It. Corrado, cf. the A.S. Ccenred)

Conrad as count palatine . Conrad took up his See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence at the See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle of Juttenbuhel, near See also:

• HEIDELBERG

Heidelberg, which became the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the See also:

• PALATINATE (Ger. Pfalz)

Palatinate . In 1195 Conrad was succeeded by his son-in-See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry, son of Henry the See also:

• LION
• LION (Lat, leo, leonis; Gr. Mew)

Lion, See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• SAXONY
• SAXONY (Ger. Provinz Sachsen)

Saxony, who was a loyal supporter of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor Henry VI . After the latter's death in 1197 he assisted his own brother See also:

• OTTO

Otto, afterwards the emperor Otto IV., in his attempts to gain the German See also:

• THRONE

throne . Otto refused to See also:

• REWARD

reward Henry for this support, so in 1204 he assisted his See also:

• RIVAL

rival, the German king See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip., but returned to Otto's side,after Philip's See also:

• MURDER

murder in 1208 . In 1211 Henry abdicated in favour of his son Henry, who died i1; 1214, when the Palatinate was given by the German king Frederick II. to Otto, the See also:

• INFANT (in early forms enfaunt, enfant, through the Fr. enfant, from Lat. infans, in, not, and fans, the present participle of fari, to speak)

infant son of See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis I., duke of Bavaria, a member of the See also:

• WITTELSBACH

Wittelsbach See also:

• FAMILY

family, who was betrothed to See also:

• AGNES, SAINT

Agnes, See also:

• SISTER

sister of the See also:

• LATE

late count, Henry . The break-up of the duchy of See also:

• FRANCONIA (Ger. Franken)

Franconia had increased the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of the count palatine of the Rhine, and the importance of his position among the princes of the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire is shown by See also:

• ROGER (d. 1139)
• ROGER (d. 1181)

Roger of Hoveden, who, See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing of the See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election to the German throne in 1198, singles out four princes as chief See also:

• ELECTORS (Ger. Kurfursten, from Kilren, O.H.G. kiosan, choose, elect, and Furst, prince)

electors, among whom is the count palatine of the Rhine .

In the Sachsenspiegcl, a collection of German See also:

• LAWS

laws which was written before 1235, the count is given as the See also:

• BUTLER
• BUTLER (or BOTELER), SAMUEL (1612–168o)
• BUTLER (through the O. Fr. bouteillier, from the Late Lat. buticularius, buticula, a bottle)
• BUTLER, ALBAN (1710-1773)
• BUTLER, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (1818-1893)
• BUTLER, CHARLES (1750–1832)
• BUTLER, GEORGE (1774-1853)
• BUTLER, JOSEPH (1692-1752)
• BUTLER, NICHOLAS MURRAY (1862– )
• BUTLER, SAMUEL (1774-1839)
• BUTLER, SAMUEL (1835-1902)
• BUTLER, SIR WILLIAM FRANCIS (1838– )
• BUTLER, WILLIAM ARCHER (1814-1848)

butler (dapifer) of the emperor, the first See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place among the See also:

• LAY

lay electors . The Palatinate was ruled by Louis of Bavaria on behalf of his son until 1228, when it passed to Otto who ruled until his death in 1253 . Otto's possessions were soon afterwards divided, and his See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder son Louis II. received the Palatinate and Upper Bavaria . Louis died in 1294 when these districts passed to his son See also:

• RUDOLPH
• RUDOLPH (d. 1o8o)
• RUDOLPH, or RAOUL

Rudolph I . (d . 1319), and subsequently to his See also:

• GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

grandson Louis, afterwards the emperor Louis IV . By the Treaty of See also:

• PAVIA (anc. Ticinum, q.v.)

Pavia in 1329, Louis granted the Palatinate to his nephews Rudolph II. and See also:

• RUPERT (1352—1410)
• RUPERT (HRODBERT), ST
• RUPERT, PRINCE, COUNT PALATINE OF THE RHINE AND DUKE OF BAVARIA (1619—1682)

Rupert I., who received from him at the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time a portion of the duchy of Upper Bavaria, which was called the upper Palatinate to distinguish it from the Rhenish, or See also:

• LOWER

lower Palatinate . Rudolph died in 1353, after which Rupert ruled alone until his death in 1390 . In 1355 he had sold a portion of the upper Palatinate to the emperor See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles IV., but by various purchases he increased the area of the Rhenish Palatinate . His successor was his See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew Rupert II., who bought from the German king See also:

• WENCESLAUS (1361-1419)

Wenceslaus a portion of the territory that his See also:

• UNCLE

uncle had sold to Charles IV . He died in 1398 and was succeeded by his son Rupert III . In 1400 Rupert was elected German king, and when he died in 1410 his possessions were divided among his four sons: the eldest, Louis III., received the Rhenish Palatinate proper; the second son, See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John, obtained the upper Palatinate; while the outlying districts of Zweibrucken and Simmern passed to See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen, and that of Mosbach to Otto .

When the possessions of the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of Wittelsbach were divided in 1255 and the branches of Bavaria and the Palatinate were founded, a dispute arose over the exercise of the electoral See also:

• VOTE

vote, and the question was not settled until in 1356 the See also:

• GOLDEN

Golden See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

Bull bestowed the See also:

• PRIVILEGE

privilege upon the count palatine of the Rhine, who exercised it until 1623 . The See also:

• PART

part played by Count Frederick V., titular king of Bohemia, during the See also:

• THIRTY

Thirty Years' See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War induced the emperor See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

Ferdinand II. to deprive him of his vote and to See also:

• TRANSFER (from Lat. transferre, to bear across, carry over)

transfer it to the duke of Bavaria, See also:

• MAXIMILIAN
• MAXIMILIAN (1832—1867)

Maximilian I . By the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

Peace of See also:

• WESTPHALIA (Ger. Westfalen)
• WESTPHALIA, TREATY OF

Westphalia in 1648 an eighth electorate was created for the count palatine, to which was added the office of treasurer . In 1777, however, the count resumed the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient position of his family in the electoral See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college, and regained the office of steward which be retained until the formal See also:

• DISSOLUTION (from Lat. dissolvere, to break up into parts)

dissolution of the empire in 1806 . To return to the history of the Palatinate as divided into four parts among the sons of the German king Rupert in 1410 . John, the second of these See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers, died in 1443, and his son See also:

• CHRISTOPHER, SAINT (Christophorus, Christoferus)

Christopher, having become king of See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark in 1440, (lid not inherit the upper Palatinate, which was again See also:

• UNITED

united with the Rhenish Palatinate . Otto, the son of Otto (d . 1461), Rupert's See also:

• FOURTH

fourth son, who had obtained Mosbach, died without sons in 1499, and this See also:

• LINE

line became See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct, leaving only the two remaining lines with interests in the Rhenish Palatinate . After Rupert's death this was governed by his eldest son, the elector Louis III . (d . 1436), and then by the latter's sons, Louis IV . (d .

1449) and Frederick I . The elector Frederick, called the Victorious, was one of the foremost princes of his time . His nephew and successor, the elector Philip, carried on a war for the See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the duchy of Bavaria-See also:

• LANDSHUT

Landshut, which had .been bequeathed to his son Rupert (d . 1504), but, when in 1507 an end was put to this struggle, Rupert's son, Otto Henry, only received See also:

• NEUBURG

Neuburg and Sulzbach . Louis V. and then Frederick II. succeeded Philip, but both died without sons and Otto Henry became elector . He too died without sons in 1559, when the See also:

• SENIOR, NASSAU WILLIAM (1790-1864)

senior See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch became. extinct, leaving only the branch descended from Rupert's third son, Stephen . Already on Stephen's death in 1459 this family had been divided into two branches, those of Simmern and of Zweibrucken, and in 1514 the latter branch had been divided into the lines of Zweibrucken proper and of Veldentz . It was Frederick, count palatine of Simmern, who succeeded to the Palatinate on Otto Henry's death, becoming the elector Frederick III . The new elector, a keen but not a very bigoted Calvinist, was one of the most active of the See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant princes . His son and successor, Louis VI . (d . 1583), was a Lutheran, but another son, John Casimir, who ruled the electorate on behalf of his See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young nephew, Frederick IV., from 1583 to 1592, gave every encouragement to the Calvinists .

A similar line of See also:

• ACTION

action was followed by Frederick IV. himself after 1592 . He was the founder and See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the Evangelical See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

Union established to combat the aggressive tendencies of the Roman Catholics . His son, the elector Frederick V., accepted the throne of Bohemia and thus brought on the Thirty Years' War . He was quickly driven from that country, and his own electorate was devastated by the Bavarians and Spaniards . At the peace of Westphalia in 1648 the Palatinate was restored to Frederick's son, Charles Louis, but it was shorn of the upper Palatinate, which Bavaria retained as the See also:

• PRIZE, or PRIZE OF WAR (Fr. prise, from prendre, to take)

prize of war . Scarcely had the Palatinate begun to recover when it was attacked by Louis XIV . For six years (1673—79) the electorate was devastated by the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French troops, and even after the Treaty of See also:

• NIJMWEGEN, NIMEGUEN, NYMEGEN

Nijmwegen it suffered from the aggressive policy of Louis . In See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 168o the elector Charles Louis died, and when his son and successor, Charles, followed him to the See also:

• GRAVE

grave five years later the ruling family became extinct in the senior line . Mention has already been made of a See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of this family into two lines after 1459, and of a further division of the Zweibrucken line in 1514, when again two lines were founded . The junior of these, that. of Veldentz, became extinct in 1694, but the senior, that of Zweibrucken proper, was still very flourishing . Under Count Wolfgang (d . 1569) it had See also:

• PURCHASED

purchased Sulzbach and Neuburg in 1557, and in the See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person of his grandson, Wolfgang See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William (d .

1653) it had secured the coveted duchies of Juliers and See also:

• BERG (Ducatus Montensis)

Berg . It was Philip William of Neuburg, the son of Wolfgang William, who became elector palatine in See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession to Charles in 1685 . The French king's brother, Philip, duke of See also:

• ORLEANS
• ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
• ORLEANS, DUKES OF
• ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
• ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
• ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
• ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
• ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
• ORLEANS, PHILIP I
• ORLEANS, PHILIP II

Orleans, had married See also:

• CHARLOTTE

Charlotte See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth, a sister of the late elector Charles, and consequently the French king claimed a part of Charles's lands in 1680 . His troops took Heidelberg and devastated the Palatinate, while Philip William took See also:

• REFUGE

refuge in See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna, where he died in 1690 . Then in 1697, by the Treaty of See also:

• RYSWICK, TREATY OF

Ryswick, Louis abandoned his claim in return for a sum of See also:

• MONEY

money . Just before this date the Palatinate began to be disturbed by troubles about religion . The great See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of the inhabitants were Protestants, but the family which succeeded in 1685 belonged to the Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church . Philip , William, however, gave equal rights to all his subjects, but under his son and successor, the elector John William, the Protestants were deprived of various See also:

• CIVIL

civil rights until the intervention of See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia and of See also:

• BRUNSWICK
• BRUNSWICK (Ger. Braunschweig)
• BRUNSWICK, KARL WILHELM FERDINAND, DUKE OF (1735-18o6)

Brunswick in 1705 gave them some redress . The next elector, a brother of the last one, was Charles Philip, who removed his capital from Heidelberg to See also:

• MANNHEIM

Mannheim in 1720 . He died without male issue in See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1742 . His successor was his kinsman, Charles See also:

• THEODORE
• THEODORE (602-690)
• THEODORE (Fedor) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1741–1796)
• THEODORE (Rus. Fedor, or Feodor)

Theodore, count palatine of Sulzbach, a See also:

• CADET (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. capitettum, a diminutive of caput, head, through the Provencal form capdet)

cadet of the Zweibrucken-Neuburg line, and now with the exception of one or two small pieces the whole of the Palatinate was united under one ruler . Charles Theodore was a See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of refined and educated tastes and during his See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long reign his country enjoyed prosperity .

In 1777 on the extinction of the other branch of the house of Wittelsbach, he became elector of Bavaria, and the Palatinate was henceforward united with Bavaria, the elector's capital being See also:

• MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)

Munich . Charles Theodore died without legitimate sons in 1799, and his successor was Maximilian See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph, a member of the See also:

• BIRKENFELD

Birkenfeld branch of the Zweibrucken family, who later became king of Bavaria as Maximilian I . In 1802 the elector was obliged to cede the portion of the Palatinate lying on the See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• BANK

bank of the Rhine to See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, and other portions to Baden and to See also:

• HESSE
• HESSE (Lat. Hessia, Ger. Hessen)

Hesse-See also:

• DARMSTADT

Darmstadt . Much of this, however, was regained in 1815, and since that date the Palatinate has formed part of the kingdom of Bavaria . See Widder, Versuch einer vollstdndigen geographisch-historischen Beschreibung der Kurfurstlichen Pfalz (See also:

• FRANKFORT

Frankfort, 1786—1788); L . Musser, Geschichte der Rheinischen Pfalz (Heidelberg, 1845); Nebenius, Geschichte der Pfalz (Heidelberg, 1874) ; G6mbel, Geschichte der protestantischen Kirche der Pfalz (Kaiserslautern, 1885) ; the Regesten der Pfalzgrafen am Rhein, 1214—1508, edited by See also:

• KOCH
• KOCH, ROBERT (1843–1910)

Koch and Wille (See also:

• INNSBRUCK

Innsbruck, 1894) ; and See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

Wild, Bilderatlas zur badischpfdlzischen Geschichte (Heidelberg, 1904) .